4049. Armatellaceae Hosag.
Hosagoudar (2003: 165) proposed the new family Armatellaceae in the Meliolales to accommodate the genus Armatella Theiss. & Syd. Key characters were "Hyphae without phialides; asci cylindrical to subcylindrical, ascospores 1-septate". One other genus in the Meliolaceae has been reported to lack phialides (mucronate hyphopodia), viz. Diporotheca C.C. Gordon & C.G. Shaw (Hughes 1981: 1517). That genus was accommodated in a separate family, Diporothecaceae, by Mibey & Hawksworth (1995: 27), and placed in Ascomycota incertae sedis. Armatella differs in several respects and the new family may be accepted in Meliolales, but molecular data from both Armatella and Diporotheca are needed and should be analyzed with data from Meliola. äÏ 2004-04-26.

3934. Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug
Miller (2003: 16) accepted this genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological data. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3935. Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter
Miller (2003: 16) accepted this genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological data. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4215. Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4218 (Dothideomycetes)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

Lumbsch et al. (2005: 512) received strong statistical support in a phylogenetic analyses for a close relationship between the Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes, but not with the Sordariomycetes. This strengthens our opinion that it is too early to treat these three classes as subclasses of the Sordariomycetes. - 2005-03-18.

4187. Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer
Campbell & Shearer (2004: 829) described the new genus Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer (Annulatascaceae) with the single species A. austriacus (Reblov"", Winka & Jaklitsch) J. Campb. & Shearer. äÏ 2004-10-16.

3936. Ascocodinaea Samuels, Candoussau & Magni
Ascoconidaea and Porosphaerellopsis are currently accommodated in Chaetosphaeriaceae, but Miller (2003: 58) stated that they have a net-like hamathecium, not seen in other members of that family. He (2003: 16, 36) included Ascocodinaea stereicola and Porosphaerellopsis sporoschismophora in a phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genera should be listed among Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4016. Ascomycota
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 449) performed a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear LSU and SSU rDNA sequences from 113 individuals that represented "virtually all main lineages of ascomycetes". In a phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), the subphyla Taphrinomycotina (Taphrina, Schizosaccharomyces, Neolecta) and Saccharomycotina branched off first after the outgroup taxa (two members of Basidiomycota). The sister group of Saccharomycotina was Pezizomycotina with 100% posterior probability (PP) support. Within the latter suphylum the class Pezizomycetes branched off with 100% PP support. All this is in accordance with previous studies. The sister group of Pezizomycetes was a clade of four subclades, which the authors treated as classes, viz.:
1. Lecanoromycetes was divided into four subclasses
a. Acarosporomycetidae represented by two taxa, 100% PP support
b. Ostropomycetidae represented by Baeomycetales (1 repr.), Ostropales (incl. Agyriales and Gyalectales, 6), Pertusariales (incl. Icmadophilaceae, 9) with 70% PP support
c. Lecanoromycetidae, a clade with 100% PP support, represented by a large number of peltigeralean taxa and by some other taxa currently classified in Lecanorales
d. Eurotiomycetidae had only 51% PP support and consisted of taxa currently classified in Myconet in the classes Chaetothyriomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and the family Umbilicariaceae. äÏ See Note 4018 (Chaetothyriomycetes)!
2. Leotiomycetes was represented by three genera (Cudonia, Fabrella, Rhytisma), and had 97% PP support
3. Lichinomycetes three taxa (Peltula, Lempholemma) formed a clade with 100% PP support
4. Sordariomycetes was divided into three subclasses
a. Arthoniomycetidae äÏ See Note 4022(Dothideomycetes)
b. Dothideomycetidae äÏ See Note 4022 (Dothideomycetes)
c. Sordariomycetidae äÏ See Note 4022 (Dothideomycetes)
2004-04-01.

4216. Ascomycota
Lutzoni et al. (2004: 1446) included members of all major lineages of Fungi in their paper "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". The paper presented results from phylogenetic analyses of (1) a combined two-locus data set (nSSU and nLSU rDNA), (2) a combined three-locus data set (nSSU, nLSU and mit SSU rDNA), (3) a combined three-locus data set (nSSU, nLSU and RPB2), and (4) a combined four-locus data set (nSSU, nLSU, mit SSU rDNA and RPB2). Most of the ascomycete taxa in these analyses have been included in earlier studies by Lutzoni and co-workers, but a few comments are necessary (see separate Notes). Liu & Hall (2004) performed maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of RPB2 sequences from 54 ascomycetes and seven basidiomycetes. In several cases their results differed from those obtained by Lutzoni et al. (2004: 1474, discussion on possible reasons). äÏ See Notes 4217 (Chaetothyriomycetes), 4218 (Dothideomycetes), 4228 (Taphrinomycotina)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

4272. Ascomycota
Early evolution of ascomycetes. See Note 4281 (Paleopyrenomycites)! äÏ 2005-02-25.

4231. Ascosphaerales G"ßumann ex Skou
G"ßumann (1964) used the name Ascosphaerales, but did not provide any Latin description. The order was accepted by Skou (1972, with Latin description 1982). The family Ascosphaeraceae has been accommodated in Onygenales, but was accepted by Geiser & LoBuglio (2001: 212, Fig. 212) based on morphological and molecular data. Eremascaceae was closely related. Lutzoni et al. (2004: 1461) argued for recognizing Ascosphaerales as a separate order, based on molecular analyses (see Note 4216, Ascomycota). äÏ 2004-11-24.

4244. Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang
See Note 4249 (Conioscyphascus)! - 2005-01-05.

3937. Ascovaginospora Fallah, Shearer & W. Chen
Miller (2003: 16, 36, 56) included Ascovaginospora stellipala in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus falls outside the Lasiosphaeriaceae and should be listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4050. Aspicilia A. Massal.
See Note 4053 (Pachyospora)! äÏ 2004-04-26.

4056. Aspicilia A. Massal.
See Notes 4057 (Aspiciliella) and 4053 (Pachyospora)! äÏ 2004-05-03.

4057. Aspiciliella M. Choisy
The single species in this genus, Aspiciliella intermutans (Nyl.) M. Choisy (bas. Lecanora intermutans Nyl.), is commonly treated as Aspicilia intermutans (Nyl.) Arnold,, and Aspiciliella is then a synonym of Aspicilia (A. Nordin, in litt.). äÏ 2004-05-03.

4193. Asterothyrium M""+ll. Arg.
This genus has been placed in a separate family in Ostropales, viz. Asterothyriaceae W. Watson ex R. Sant. Molecular data now indicate that it should be transferred to Gomphillaceae (Grube et al. 2004: Fig. 1). äÏ See Note 4195 (Gomphillaceae)! äÏ 2004-10-19.

4078. Austrella P.M. J""rg.
J""rgensen (2004: 230) described this new genus in the Pannariaceae. Type species: Austrella arachnoidea P.M. J""rg. äÏ 2004-06-24.

4051. Bacidia De Not.
See Note 4054 (Sporacestra)! äÏ 2004-04-26.

4058. Bacidiopsora Kalb
See Note 4055 (Ampliotrema)! äÏ 2004-05-03.

4064. Baeomyces Pers.
See Note 4061 (Agyriales)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

3938. Barrina A.W. Ramaley
Miller (2003: 16, 36, 54) included Barrina polyspora in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus should be transferred to the Coniochaetaceae (Coniochaetales). This was supported by anamorph morphology. äÏ See Note 3958 (Coniochaetales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

3939. Batistia Cif.
Miller (2003: 15, 36, 51) included Batistia annulipes in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and found that the genus falls outside Sordariomycetes. He placed this family among Pezizomycotina inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3940. Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues
See Note 3939 (Batistia)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4261. Bertiaceae Smyk
Huhndorf et al. (2004a: 1394) accepted this family in Coronophorales. - 2005-02-11.

4166. Biatoridium J. Lahm ex K""rb.
See Note 4165 (Acarosporomycetidae)! Still among Lecanorales genera incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-10-05.

3941. Biconiosporella Schaum.
Miller (2003: 16) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. No molecular data were available. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4203. Bilimbia De Not.
Veldkamp (2004: 191) stated that Bilimbia [Rheede] Reichenb. (Oxalidaceae) was not validly published, so the name Bilimbia De Not. is not a later homonym and should be used for Myxobilimbia Hafellner. Four species were accepted in Bilimbia by Hafellner & Coppins (in Veldkamp 2004: 195). äÏ 2004-11-11.

3942. Bizzozeria Sacc. & Berl.
Miller (2003: 16, 185) stated that, according to H""hnel (1918), Bizzozeria veneta is a synonym of Lasiosphaeria sorbina. Thus Bizzozeria should be treated as a synonym of Lasiosphaeria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3943. Boliniaceae Rick
Miller (2003: 44) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) accepted the placement of the family in a separate order, Boliniales P.F. Cannon. Molecular data could not resolve its relationships within Sordariomycetidae with confidence. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3944. Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst.
Miller (2003: 17, 36) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae. The generic type Bombardia bombarda clustered in a Sordariales clade in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30). äÏ 2004-03-11.

3945. Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundqv.
Miller (2003: 17, 36) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae. It was closely related to Bombardia (100% BT support) in a Sordariales clade in an LSU rDNA tree by Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30). Both genera have a bombardioid ascomal wall (Miller 2003: 112, 115). äÏ 2004-03-11.

4285. Boreoplaca Timdal
Wedin et al. (2005: 159): molecular studies clustered this genus with the Umbilicariaceae, Ophioparmaceae, Elixia and Fuscidea and two Hypocenomyce species. - See Note 4023 (Lecanoromycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4201. Brucea Rikkinen
Rikkinen (2003: 444) described the new genus and species Brucea castoris Rikkinen, found "growing on partly solidified exudate and in large beaver scars on basal trunks of mature Abies grandis" in Oregon, USA. It most closely resembled Roesleria, Roeslerina, Sclerophora, and some species of Chaenotheca, but no placement in family was suggested for the new genus. Provisionally, it can be listed among Ascomycota incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-11-02.

4204. Bryocentria D""bbeler
D""bbeler (2004: 247) described the new genus Bryocentria (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales) with three species on hepatics. Type species: B. brogniartii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) D""bbeler. äÏ 2004-11-11.

4033. Buellia De Not.
This genus was paraphyletic in the phylogenetic analyses by Helms et al. (2003: 1083, 1089). äÏ 2004-04-13.

4034. Buelliaceae Zahlbr.
See Note 4035 (Caliciaceae)! äÏ 2004-04-13.

3914. Cainiaceae Krug
Family accepted; nLSU rDNA data (Jeewon et al. 2003b: 1400). äÏ 2004-03-01.

4035. Caliciaceae Chevall.
Helms et al. (2003: 1083) emended this family and the closely related Physciaceae, based on molecular and morphological criteria (see Note 4040, Physciaceae). Three strongly supported subclades were obtained in the Caliciaceae clade and the authors discussed the possibility to treat these clades as separate families (Buelliaceae, Caliciaceae and Pyxinaceae), but an alternative would be to recognize them as separate subfamilies within Caliciaceae. äÏ 2004-04-13.

4017. Calicium Pers.
Tibell (2003: 1416) found that Calicium is paraphyletic as C. adaequatum is closer to Tholurna dissimilis (inferred from ITS and nLSU rDNA analyses) than to other Calicium species included in his study. He received several well supported clades in Calicium in an ITS analysis. 2004-04-01.

3915. Caloplaca Th. Fr.
Polyphyletic genus; nSSU and nLSU rDNA data (S""chting & Lutzoni 2003: 1266). äÏ 2004-03-01.

4120. Caloplaca Th. Fr.
See Note 4122 (Fulgensia)! äÏ 2004-08-19.

4245. Calosphaeriaceae Munk
R"©blov"" et al. (2004: 540) redescribed the family Calosphaeriaceae. The anamorphs were phialidic and belonged in the new genera Calosphaeriophora and Phaeocrella. äÏ See Note 4246 (Calosphaeriales)! - 2005-01-05.

4246. Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr
R"©blov"" et al. (2004: 533) accepted two families in this order, the Calosphaeriaceae and the new family Pleurostomataceae. - 2005-01-05.

3946. Camptosphaeria Fuckel
Miller (2003: 17) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4286. Candelariaceae Hafellner
Wedin et al. (2005: 159): molecular studies clustered this family with the Acarosporaceae and Pycnora. - See Note 4023 (Lecanoromycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4105. Candida Berkhout
See Note 4115 (Saccharomycotina)! äÏ 2004-08-17.

4188. Capillistichus Santam.
Santamaria (2004: 763) described the new genus Capillistichus Santam. (Laboulbeniaceae) found on Laccobius spp. (Hydrophilidae, Coleoptera) in Spain. äÏ 2004-10-16.

4247. Carpoligna F.A. Fern""ndez & Huhndorf
See Note 4249 (Conioscyphascus)! - 2005-01-05.

3947. Catabotrydaceae Petrak ex M.E. Barr
See Note 3948 (Catabotrys)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

3948. Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd.
Miller (2003: 36, 107, 109) included Catabotrys deciduum in phylogenetic analyses of RNA and protein sequences with different results and stated that the position of the genus within Sordariomycetes was uncertain. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3949. Caudatispora J. Fr""hlich & K.D. Hyde
Miller (2003: 17, 36, 53) included Caudatispora biapiculata in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus falls outside the Lasiosphaeriaceae and should be listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4121. Cenangiumella J. Fr""hl. & K.D. Hyde
Fr""hlich & Hyde (2000: 240) described the new species and genus Cenangiumella rattanicola J. Fr""hl. & K.D. Hyde (Leotiaceae, Helotiales), found on dead sheaths of Calamus conirostris in Brunei. äÏ 2004-08-19.

3950. Cephalothecaceae H""hn.
Miller (2003: 15, 36, 48) included Cephalotheca sulfurea, Cryptendoxyla hypophloia and two members of Albertiniella in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the family falls outside the Sordariales and, therefore, was listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed., but recognized that it perhaps will be accommodated in Coniochaetales when more molecular information is available and has been analyzed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3951. Ceratosphaeria Niessl
Miller (2003: 17, 36, 56) included Ceratosphaeria lampadophora in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus falls outside the Lasiosphaeriaceae and should be listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3952. Cercophora Fuckel
Miller (2003: 17, 36) accepted the genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae (molecular support), but demonstrated (p. 112) that the genus is heterogenous, based on molecular and ascomal wall characters. The generic type Cercophora mirabilis (or a closely related taxon) clustered with Triangularia mangenotii (100% BT support) in a Sordariales clade in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30). äÏ 2004-03-11.

Miller & Huhndorf (2005: 60) confirmed their earlier results that Cercophora was a polyphyletic genus, based on phylogenetic molecular analyses. - 2005-03-18.

3953. Chaetomiaceae G. Winter
Miller (2003: 15, 36) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) included several members of this family in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences. They were closely related to the Lasiosphaeriaceae. Miller dealt with the Chaetomiaceae as the "chaetomiaceous complex". More molecular studies are necessary, but until then the family name can be used ad interim. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3954. Chaetosphaerella E. M""+ll. & C. Booth
Miller (2003: 17, 36, 59) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) included the generic type Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. The genus clustered with 100% BT support with Nitschkia grevillii and should be transferred to the Nitschkiaceae (Coronophorales). äÏ 2004-03-11. However, see Note 4263 (Chaetosphaerellaceae)! äÏ 2005-02-25.

4262. Chaetosphaerella E. M""+ll. & C. Booth
See Note 4263 (Chaetosphaerellaceae)! - 2005-02-11.

4263. Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fern.
Huhndorf et al. (2004a: 1387) described this family to accommodate the genera Crassochaeta and Chaetosphaerella. - 2005-02-11.

3955. Chaetosphaeriaceae R"©blov"", M.E. Barr & Samuels
To a separate order. äÏ See Note 3956 (Chaetosphaeriales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

3956. Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fern""ndez
Huhndorf et al. (in Miller 2003: 38, 45-46, 105) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) accommodated the Chaetosphaeriaceae in a separate order, Chaetosphaeriales, in subclass Sordariomycetidae based on their molecular analyses and on results published by R"©blov"" & Winka (2001; Chaetosphaeriaceae separated from other families by 98% BT support). Miller & Huhndorf received a clade with Chaetosphaeria innumera, C. ovoidea, C. raciborskii, Melanochaeta hemipsila and Striatosphaeria codinaeaphora with 93% BT support in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4018. Chaetothyriomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka.
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 454) included this class in Lecanoromycetes subcl. Eurotiomycetidae along with the Eurotiomycetes and the family Umbilicariaceae (represented by Lasallia pennsylvanica). There was no statistical support for this new concept, but it is true that these taxa repeatedly appear close to Lecanoromycetes in phylogenetic analyses. Further studies will perhaps not change this picture, but it is probable that the Chaetothyriomycetes will be considerably broadened in the near future, when more DNA sequences from incertae sedis taxa now listed under Dothideomycetes are available. This may change the branching order and statistical support considerably, and it is, therefore, better not to include the two classes Chaetothyriomycetes and Eurotiomycetes in Lecanoromycetes. Moreover, if the two classes should be merged, the name of the broadened taxon should be Chaetothyriomycetes / Chaetothyriomycetidae, as the Eurotiomycetes almost certainly evolved through paedomorphosis from some member(s) within Chaetothyriomycetes (cf. Eriksson 1981: 177 for a discussion on the origin of cleistothecia through arrested development of ascomata with active spore dispersal). Future molecular studies of a much broadened assemblage of taxa will perhaps show where in the Chaetothyriomycetes tree the eurotiomycetes had their origin. äÏ See Note 4016 (Ascomycota)! äÏ 2004-04-01.

4217. Chaetothyriomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
The Chaetothyriomycetes have been the sister clade of the Eurotiomycetes in many phylogenetic studies, so also in Lutzoni et al. (2004) and were treated there as two subclasses in Eurotiomycetes. The statistical support for that is not strong and it was argued in Note 4018 that more taxa now listed as Dothideomycetes / Chaetothyriomyccetes incertae sedis should be included in analyses before we can merge the two classes. Analyses of RPB2 sequences by Liu & Hall (2004) indicated that the Chaetothyriomycetes are closest to the Dothideomycetes, whereas the Eurotiomycetes should be more closely related to the Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. The reasons for these discrepancies have to be examined and, therefore, also for that reason it is too early to merge the Chaetothyriomycetes with the Eurotiomycetes. äÏ See Note 4216 (Ascomycota)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

Reeb et al. (2004: 1054) stated that morphological and molecular data indicate that a separate class should be recognized for Eurotiomycetes + Chaetothyriomycetes, sister group of the Lecanoromycetes. äÏ 2004-10-05.

4090. Chromatochlamys Trevis.
See Note 4100 (Thelenella)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4248. Chrysoporthe Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf.
Gryzenhout & Wingfield (in Gryzenhout et al. 2004: 129) described the new genus Chrysoporthe Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf. (Diaporthales), to accommodate C. cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf. (syn. Cryphonectria cubensis (Bruner) Hodges) and C. austroafricana Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf. The new anamorph genus and species Chrysoporthella hodgesiana Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf., with unknown teleomorph, was closely related to Chrysoporthe, based on phylogenetic analyses of genes encoding the ITS region and "¸-tubulin. - 2005-01-05.

4065. Clausaria Nyl.
See Note 4072 (Pertusaria)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

4273. Claviceps Tul. - 12
See Note 4274 (Cordyceps)! - 2005-02-25.

4085. Coenogonium Ehrenb. ex Nees
See Note 4088 (Dimerella)! äÏ 2004-06-30.

3957. Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain
See Note 3958 (Coniochaetales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

3958. Coniochaetales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fern""ndez
Huhndorf et al. (in Miller 2003: 38, 47-48, 105) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) accommodated the Coniochaetaceae in a separate order, Coniochaetales, in subclass Sordariomycetidae based on strong BT (97and 98%) and Bayesian support in their molecular analyses. The taxa included in their analysis and belonging to the clade were Coniochaeta ligniaria, Coniochaetidium savoryi and Poroconiochaeta discoidea, and in the latter analysis also Barrina polyspora. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3959. Coniochaetidium Malloch & Cain
See Note 3958 (Coniochaetales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4019. Collematineae Miadlikowska & Lutzoni
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 456, Fig. 2) erected this suborder to accommodate the families Collemataceae, Pannariaceae and Placynthiaceae. äÏ 2004-04-01.

4249. Conioscyphascus R"©blov"" & Seifert
R"©blov"" & Seifert (2004a: 100) described the new genus Conioscyphascus for holomorphs with Conioscypha anamorphs. Two species were accepted, the type species C. varius R"©blov"" & Seifert (anam. Conioscypha varia Shearer) and C. gracilis (Munk) R"©blov"" & Seifert. The position of the latter species has been uncertain, but the authors had access to both type material of Debaryella gracilis Munk and more recent material (also with anamorph) and it agreed with their concept of Conioscyphascus. Analyses of LSU and SSU rDNA sequences indicated that Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang and Carpoligna F.A. Fern""ndez & Huhndorf were closely related to Conioscyphascus and that these genera should probably be placed in a new family or order after further molecular studies. - 2005-01-05.

4258. Conotrema Tuck.
Wedin et al. (2005: 67) found that Conotrema spp. appeared intermixed with Stictis spp. in a monophyletic clade in a phylogram based on a combined set of nuclear rDNA (ITS and partial LSU rDNA) and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequence data. They suggested Conotrema be treated as a synonym of Stictis. - 2005-01-11.

4274. Cordyceps (Fr.) Link - 12
Stensrud et al. (2005: 41) discussed the classification of Cordyceps based on analyses of ITS data. Ten subclades were recognized. There was no support for previous subdivisions of the genus. Cordyceps bifusispora O.E. Erikss., with bifusiform ascospores, nested within the genus, and there appears now to be no support for referring species with such spores to a separate genus (Phytocordyceps C.H.Su & H.H.Wang) or subgenus (Cordyceps subg. Bolacordyceps O.E. Erikss.; in Eriksson & Hawksworth 1986: 152). The closest relative to C. bifusispora in their analyses was C. takaomontana Yakush. & Kumaz. This species has filiform spores according to the original description by Yakushiji & Kumazawa (in Kobayasi 1941: 108-109). There was the possibility that a bifusiform shape had been overlooked by these authors and eight collections of the species were borrowed from TNSF. None of them was an original collection, however, but two of them contained mature ascospores, which were filiform. Original material should be searched for. Nothing indicates so far that the two species are conspecific. The yellowish stromata and choice of hosts of C. takaomontana are very similar to those of C. bifusispora. See: http://fruit.naro.affrc.go.jp/kajunoheya/epfdb/Ascomy/Cordyc/takano/C_takano.htm for illustrations.

Representatives of Claviceps and Epichlo"¥ were included in the analyses by Stensrud et al. (l.c.) of in all 72 taxa. These genera nested within Cordyceps. This does not necessarily mean that they are congeneric with Cordyceps. It is possible that ITS sequences do not give the right answer in this case. äÏ Ove E. Eriksson: 2005-02-25.

4250. Coronatomyces D. Garc""`a, Stchigel & Guarro
Garc""`a et al. (2004a: 144) described Coronatomyces cubensis n. gen. et sp. isolated from soil from Cuba. It had ostiolate or non-ostiolate, setose perithecioid ascomata and 1-celled, dark brown ascospores with germ pore at the umbonate base. The asci were thin-walled, without apical structures and evanescent. The genus belongs in Sordariales, but ITS sequences did not suggest any family. - 2005-01-05.

4086. Coronophoraceae H""hn. ex Nannf.
This family name has been considered an illegitimate name, because H""hnel used a German ending (Coronophoreen) when he described the family, but Nannfeldt (1932: 56) listed the family with the correct Latin ending and gave a clear reference (1932: 54) to von H""hnel¨ "s description. He also pointed out the differences against subfam. Nitschkiae Fitzp., which he raised to familial rank. Thus, Nannfeldt validated the family name Coronophoraceae, which should be treated as a synonym of Nitschkiaceae if the families are merged. äÏ 2004-06-30.

3960. Coronophorales Nannf.
Miller (2003) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) accepted the order Coronophorales with the single family Nitschkiaceae. Two species (Nitschkia grevillei and Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma) represented the order in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. It clustered with 90% BT support with Hypocreales, Microascales, Ceratocystis virescens and Plectosphaerella cucumerina and should be transferred to the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4087. Coronophorales Nannf.
Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) and Huhndorf et al. (2004b: 368) accepted this order in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Two species were included in the analyses, Nitschkia grevillei (Nitschkiaceae, Sordariales, in Myconet 10: 76, 2004) and Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma (Helminthosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, in Myconet 10: 75). A broader analysis, including some other taxa that may be of importance for assessing the relationships of the order and its subdivision should be analyzed, preferentially based on a combined dataset of two or more genes ( e.g. nLSU rDNA, nSSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, or rpb2). Some key taxa currently accommodated in the Nitschkiaceae should be included: Bertia moriformis (type genus and species of Bertiaceae Smyk), Coronophora spp. (type genus of Coronophoraceae H""hn. ex Nannf., see Note 4080), Lasiosphaeria and its segregates (several families), etc. äÏ 2004-06-30.

Huhndorf et al. (2004a: 1384) provided further molecular evidence for a closer relationship of the Coronophorales to Hypocreales than to Sordariales and this gave further support for the transfer of the order to subclass Hypocreomycetidae. They accepted the family Bertiaceae, described the two new families Chaetosphaerellaceae and Scortechiniaceae, and included Nitschkia and related taxa in a "nitschkiaceous complex". - 2005-02-11.

4131. Corynelia Ach.
In a molecular and phylogenetic study of Spathulospora (see Note 4136) Inderbitzin et al. (2004: 743) included a sequence from Corynelia uberata. In their SSU tree Corynelia nested closest to Eurotiomycetes and these two together as the sister group of Chaetothyriomycetes (Chaetothyriales + Verrucariales) + Pyrenulales. All these formed a clade with 100% BT support. If this analysis will be supported in studies of other genes, the order Coryneliales should be transferred from Ascomycota incertae sedis to Chaetothyriomycetes / Eurotiomycetes. äÏ 2004-08-23.

4091. Coscinocladium Kunze
Crespo et al. (2004: 405) demonstrated that Coscinocladium is a separate genus in the Physciaceae. The correct name for the single species is Coscinocladium gadiatum (Clemente) A. Crespo, Llimona & D. Hawksw. äÏ 2004-07-26.

4264. Crassochaeta R"©blov""
See Note 4263 (Chaetosphaerellaceae)! - 2005-02-11.

4237. Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Myburg et al. (2004: 990) studied the phylogenetic relationships of Cryphonectria and Endothia spp. based on ITS sequences. They stated that the genera appeared to be paraphyletic and that C. cubensis probably represented a distict genus, close to Cryphonectria and Endothia. äÏ See Note 4248 (Chrysoporthe)! - 2004-12-08.

4152. Cryptadelphia R"©blov"" & Seifert
R"©blov"" & Seifert (2004b: 348) described the new genus Cryptadelphia R"©blov"" & Seifert (Trihosphaeriales), to accommodate the type spacies C. groenendalensis (Sacc., E. Bomm. & M. Rouss.) R"©blov"" & Seifert and five other new species. Anamorph: Brachysporium Sacc. äÏ 2004-09-21.

4020. Cyphelium Ach.
Tibell (2003: 1416) stated that the type species, C tigillare, and C. notarisii (and most probably also C. trachylioides) formed a well supported clade in molecular analyses of nRNA sequences. äÏ See Note 4015 (Acolium)! äÏ 2004-04-01.

4092. Daldinia Ces. & De Not.
Stadler et al. (2004b: 257) reported on several cryptic species in the genus. See also Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4106. Debaryomyces Lodder & Kreger ex Kreger
See Note 4115 (Saccharomycotina)! äÏ 2004-08-17.

4079. Degeliella P.M. J""rg.
J""rgensen (2004: 235) described this new genus in the Pannariaceae. Type species: Degeliella rosulata (P.M. J""rg. & D.J. Galloway) P.M. J""rg. äÏ 2004-06-24.

4107. Diamantinia A.N. Mill., L""ss""e & Huhndorf
Miller et al. (2003: 94) described the new genus and species Diamantinia citrina A.N. Mill., L""ss""e & Huhndorf. It was accommodated in Xylariales, but the position in the order was uncertain. äÏ 2004-08-17.

4153. Diatrypaceae Nitschke
Acero et al. (2004: 249) performed parsimony analysis of ITS sequences from five of the genera in the Diatrypaceae: Diatrype, Diatrypella, Cryptosphaeria, Eutypa and Eutypella. None of these genera was monophyletic in their analysis, but they regarded the study as "a preliminary assessment of the phylogenetic relationships among genera of the Diatrypaceae". No change in the classification of the genera seems to be needed now, except there was support for recognizing Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul. as separate from Eutypella (see Note 4157, Quaternaria). äÏ 2004-09-21.

3961. Diffractella Guarro, P. Cannon & van der Aa
Miller (2003: 17) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4066. Dimerella Trevis.
Currently in Coenogoniaceae, close to Gyalectaceae in molecular analysis. See Note 4075 (Thelotremataceae)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

4088. Dimerella Trevis.
Seaward & Aptroot (2004: 119) accepted Dimerella as a separate genus, distinguished from Coenogonium by crustose thallus, 1-septate ascospores (half of the species of Coenogonium have non-septate ascospores). and often swollen excipular cells. Santesson et al. (2004: 115) used the generic name Dimerella for the Fennoscandian species. äÏ 2004-06-30.

4209. Diorygma Eschw.
Kalb et al. (2004: 133) resurrected and monographed the genus Diorygma Eschw. (Graphidaceae). äÏ 2004-11-15.

4036. Diploicia A. Massal.
Helms et al. (2003: 1083) found that Diploicia had a basal position in a strongly supported clade corresponding to Pyxinaceae. Other genera with strong support in this clade were Diplotomma, Dirinaria and Pyxine. äÏ See Note 3899 (Diploicia, Myconet 10). äÏ 2004-04-13.

4235. Diploschistes Norman
Mart""`n et al. (2003: 27) studied the phylogeny of Diploschistes (Thelotremataceae) using ITS data. The genus was monophyletic and the evolution within the genus was inferred to have been from urceolate to perithecioid ascomata. äÏ 2004-11-25.

4037. Diplotomma Flot.
See Note 4036 (Diploicia)! äÏ 2004-04-13.

4038. Dirinaria (Tuck.) Clem.
See Note 4036 (Diploicia)! äÏ 2004-04-13.

4043. Dothidea Fr.: Fr.
Shoemaker et al. (2003: 623) proposed the conservation of the name Dothidea with a conserved type. äÏ 2004-04-19.

4022. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 454) included this class in Sordariomycetes as subcl. Dothideomycetidae along with the subcl. Sordariomycetidae (syn. Sordariomycetes s. str.) and Arthoniomycetidae (syn. Arthoniomycetes). There was no statistical support for this broadened concept of Sordariomycetes, but it is true that the Arthoniomycetes almost always cluster with the Sordariomycetes in phylogenetic analyses and they may be classified together. The relationships of these taxa to Dothideomycetes is more uncertain. Sequences from important key taxa in that class are necessary before we can assess its relationships, especially from some families that may be very old and with ascomata similar to those of some fossils (Asterinaceae, Microthyriaceae, etc.). äÏ 2004-04-01.

4218. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Lutzoni et al. (2004) treated this class and the Arthoniomycetes as subclasses of the Sordariomycetes, whereas the two groups were only distantly related to the Sordariomycetes in analyses of RPB2 sequences by Liu & Hall (2004). Studies of more taxa and more genes are necessary before any of these classes can be merged. äÏ 2004-11-19.

See Note 4215 (Arthoniomycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4177. Dothioraceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
Hambleton et al. (2003: 959) studied two microsclerotial fungi from leaves of Sphagnum fuscum. Molecular studies indicated that both belonged in Dothideomycetes, Capnobotryella renispora Sugiy. in Capnodiales, Scleroconidioma sphagnicola Tsuneda, Currah & Thormann in Dothideales. Their analyses also indicated that the Dothioraceae are closely related to the Dothideaceae and may be included in the order Dothideales. äÏ 2004-10-07.

4178. Dyrithiopsis L. Cai, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde
Jeewon et al. (2003a: 912) described the new genus and species Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis L. Cai, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde (Amphisphaeriaceae) with the new anamorph genus and species Monochaetiopsis lakefuxianensis L. Cai, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, collected from Lake Fuxian in China. It had unitunicate asci with I+ apical ring, but resembled the genus Dyrithium, which according to the authors differed in having bitunicate asci and consequently was not a member of the Amphisphaeriaceae. äÏ See Note 4179 (Dyrithium)! äÏ 2004-10-07.

4179. Dyrithium M.E. Barr /12
Jeewon et al. (2003a: 912) maintained that the type species of Dyrithium, D. lividum (Fr.) M.E. Barr, had bitunicate asci that lacked an I+ apical ring. The genus has been accommodated in the Amphisphaeriaceae, but the authors compared with Rousso"¥lla Sacc., a genus that also is characterized by very thin-walled asci, and that has been referred to the same family by some authors (e.g. M""+ller & von Arx 1962), but by others been placed close to Didymosphaeria (e.g. Theissen & Sydow 1915, Eriksson 1984, Hyde et al. 1996). The authors may be right. Material of D. lividum from Sweden studied by me had very thin-walled asci with a thin ectotunica and an endotunica that was slightly thicker in the uppermost part of the asci. There was a small ocular chamber that was surrounded at the base by a thin ring. The ring was I- and not visible in Congo red, but stained faintly with Chlorazol black. In a broken ascus the endotunica did not separate from the ectotunica, but between the broken ends the ascoplast was only delimited by the plasmalemma. A double, non-fissitunicate ascus wall is seen in many members of Sordariomycetes (e.g. Nectria spp.), so to prove the true relationships of Dyrithium it may be necessary to perform molecular studies. äÏ See Note 4178 (Dyrithiopsis)! - O. Eriksson: 2004-10-07.

3962. Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf
Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 29) described the new genus Echinosphaeria, based on E. canescens (Pers.: Fr.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf (bas. Sphaeria canescens Pers.: Fr., syn. Lasiosphaeria canescens (Pers.: Fr.) P. Karst.). The genus clustered with 100% BT support with three Helminthosphaeria spp. and Ruzenia spermoides (Helminthosphaeriaceae) in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4275. Ectolechiaceae Zahlbr. - 8
Synonym of Pilocarpaceae. äÏ See Note 4279 (Micareaceae)! - 2005-02-25.

4232. Elaphomycetaceae Tul. ex Paol.
This family was an ingroup in Eurotiales in phylogenetic analyses by Geiser & LoBuglio (2001: 213-214, Fig. 212). äÏ 2004-11-24.

4067. Elixia Lumbsch
Elixia (Elixiaceae) did not cluster with the Agyriales in a molecular study by Lumbsch et al. (see Note 4061, Agyriales), but with strong PP support with the Umbilicariaceae. äÏ 2004-05-17.

4138. Elytroderma Darker
See Note 2139 (Lophodermium)! äÏ 2004-08-27.

4242. Emarcea Duong, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde
Duong et al. (2004: 255) described the new genus and species Emarcea castanopsidicola Duong, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, found on dead leaves of Castanopsis diversifolia in Thailand. A parsimony analysis of SSU rDNA sequences (l.c., Fig. 10) indicated that the genus was most closely related to Muscodor (anamorphic Xylariaceae). Also analysis of LSU rDNA sequences clustered the genus with Xylariaceae. The asci had an I+ subapical ring, but the ascospores were 1-septate and hyaline. The authors suggested that the species should be compared with Anthostomella, but they stated that in this genus 1-septate spores always have one brown cell and one smaller hyaline cell. Eriksson & Yue (1998: 26) examined a collection labelled Apiosporella abberans Syd. & P. Syd. on bamboo from the Philippines (leg. Reyes, n. 1895, S). They interpreted one of two fungi as an immature Anthostomella. It very much resembled Emarcea castanopsidicola. However, Pinruan et al. (in litt.) had studied their fungus repeatedly during a long period and concluded it was not immature Anthostomella, so in this case it is obviously a fungus with permanently hyaline ascospores. äÏ 2004-12-17 (corrected 2005-01-17).

3963. Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug
Miller (2003: 17) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4238. Endothia Fr.
See Note 4237 (Cryphonectria)! äÏ 2004-12-08.

4189. Enteroramus Lichtw., M.M. White, Cafaro & Misra
Suh et al. (2004: 756) studied Enteroramus dimorphus M.M. White, Lichtw., J.K. Misra & Cafaro, a xylose-fermenting yeast from the gut of the horned passalus, Odontotaenius disjunctus (Passalidae, Coleoptera), a beetle common in eastern North America. This fungus is related to Pichia stipitis Pignal, a xylose-fermenting species, but not to the type species of the genus, P. membranifaciens E.C. Hansen. Enteroramus has globose asci with two hat-shaped ascospores. See also Suh et al. (2003: 3137). Provisionally the genus can be listed among Saccharomycotina incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-10-16.

4093. Entonaema A. M""ller
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

3964. Eosphaeria H""hn.
Miller (2003: 17) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4276. Epichlo"¥ (Fr.) Tul.
See Note 4274 (Cordyceps)! - 2005-02-25.

4233. Eremascaceae Engl. & E. Gilg
See Note 4231 (Ascosphaerales)! äÏ 2004-11-24.

4059. Eschatagonia Trevis.
See Note 4055 (Ampliotrema)! äÏ 2004-05-03.

4265. Euacanthe Theiss.
See Note 4270 (Scortechiniaceae)! - 2005-02-11.

4219. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4217 (Chaetothyriomycetes)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

3965. Fimetariella N. Lundq.
Miller (2003: 17) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4243. Flammispora U. Pinruan, J. Sakayaroj, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
Pinruan et al. (2004a: 384) described the new genus and species Flammispora bioteca U. Pinruan, J. Sakayaroj, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, found on dead leaves of Licuala longecalycata in Thailand. The authors suggested the genus be listed among Ascomycota incertae sedis, but their parsimony analysis of partial SSU rDNA sequences placed the genus with 100 BT support in Sordariomycetes. It seems, more exactly, to be a member of the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. A BLAST search for SSU rDNA from Flammispora bioteca listed the corresponding sequences from about 100 members of that subclass as the most similar ones. äÏ 2004-12-17 (corrected 2005-01-17).

4266. Fracchiaea Sacc.
Huhndorf et al. (2004: 1384) accepted this genus in a "nitschkiaceous complex" in Coronophorales. In phylogenetic analyses it appeared as a sister group with Bayesian support to a group of Nitschkia grevillei, N. meniscoidea and Acanthonitschkea argentinensis. - 2005-02-11.

4122. Fulgensia A. Massal. & De Not.
Gaya et al. (2003: 1095) investigated the relationships between Caloplaca, Fulgensia and Xanthoria, using ITS sequences. All three genera were non-monophyletic. äÏ 2004-08-19.

4167. Fuscideaceae Hafellner
See Note 4170 (Lecanoromycetes)! From Teloschistales to Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. äÏ 2004-10-05.

3966. Garethjonesia K.D. Hyde
Miller (2003: 17) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4194. Gelasinospora Dowding
Garc""`a et al. (2004b: 1119) examined numerous strains of most of the species in Gelasinospora and Neurospora and concluded that the genera should be merged. The correct name of the genus is Neurospora. One species, G. amorphoporcata Udagawa, differed in ascospore wall structure and was transferred to the new genus Pseudoneurospora D. Garc""`a, Stchigel & Guarro. äÏ 2004-10-19.

4123. Gigantospora B.-S. Lu & K.D. Hyde
Lu & Hyde (2000: 201) described the new genus Gigantospora B.-S. Lu & K.D. Hyde (Xylariaceae) to accommodate Anthostoma gigasporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Berl. & Vogl. äÏ 2004-08-19.

4195. Gomphillaceae W. Watson ex Hafellner
Grube et al. (2004: 1111) included seven members of the Gomphillaceae in a phylogenetic analysis of mtSSU rDNA sequences: Aulaxina minuta, Asterothyrium longisporum, Calenia sp., Echinoplaca epiphylla, Gomphillus ophiosporus, Gyalectidium imperfectum, and Tricharia sp. The family is currently treated among Ascomycota familiae inc. sed., but on the basis of the new information it should be transferred to Ostropomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes. äÏ See Note 4193 (Asterothyrium)! äÏ 2004-10-19.

4068. Graphidales C. Bessey
Lumbsch et al. (2004b: 822) included members of this order in a phylogenetic analysis of nLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences. äÏ See Note 4075 (Thelotremataceae)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

3967. Helminthosphaeria Fuckel
Miller (2003: 138) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) found that the genus clustered with 100% BT support with Echinosphaeria canescens and Ruzenia spermoides (Helminthosphaeriaceae) in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3968. Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels, Candoussau & Magn""`
Miller (2003: 15) accepted the family among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ See Note 3967 (Helminthosphaeria)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4277. Helocarpon Fr.
Andersen & Ekman (2005: 25) demonstrated that Helocarpon is not closely related to Micarea. It should be listed among Lecanorales incertae sedis. äÏ See Note 4279 (Micareaceae)! - 2005-02-25.

3924. Herpothallaceae Tomas. ex Tomas.
Herpothalleceae = Arthoniaceae. äÏ See Note 3925 (Herpothallon). äÏ 2004-03-08.

3925. Herpothallon Tobler
Thor (1991: 280) stated that the correct name of Byssus sanguinea Sw. = Chiodecton sanguineum (Sw.) Vain. = Herpothallon sanguineum (Sw.) Tobler is Cryptothecia rubrocincta (Ehrenb.) Thor. Thus, Herpothallon is a synonym of Cryptothecia (Arthoniaceae). äÏ 2004-03-08.

4060. Hertelidea Printzen & Kantvilas
Printzen & Kantvilas (2004: 541) described the new genus Hertelidea (Stereocaulaceae) to accommodate four species "characterized by a crustose thallus, lecideine apothecia that often grow in conspicuous clusters, a cupulate excipulum, a Micarea-type ascus, and non-septate ascospores". äÏ 2004-05-03.

3969. Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill.
Huhndorf & Miller (in Miller & Huhndorf 2004: 31) described the new genus Hilberina, based on H. caudata (Fuckel) Huhndorf & A.N. Mill. (bas. Leptospora caudata Fuckel). The genus was the sister group of Sordariomycetidae + Hypocreomycetidae in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences (Miller 2003: 138). It can be listed among Sordariomycetes inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4132. Hispidocarpomycetaceae Nakagiri
See Note 4136 (Spathulospora)! äÏ 2004-08-23.

4080. Homostegia Fuckel
Hawksworth et al. (2004: 187) monographed the genus Homostegia (Dacampiaceae). äÏ 2004-06-24.

4081. Huea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker
S""chting et al. (2004: 633-634) accepted this genus for some Antarctic Caloplaca species with lecideine apothecia. Huea coralligera (Hue) C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker was selected as neotype for the genus. äÏ 2004-06-24.

4044. Hueidia Kantvilas & P.M.McCarthy
Kantvilas & McCarthy (2003: 398) described the new genus and species Hueidia australiensis Kantvilas & P.M.McCarthy (Fuscideaceae). äÏ 2004-04-19.

4168. Hymeneliaceae K""rb.
Phylogenetic analysis by Reeb et al. (2004: 1053) indicated that the Hymeneliaceae were not closely related to the Acarosporaceae (Acarosporomycetidae), but rather belonged in the subclass Ostropomycetidae. äÏ 2004-10-05.

4094. Hypoxylon Bull.
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4021. Icmadophilaceae Triebel
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 456, Fig. 2) received strong PP support for a close relationship between the Icmadophilaceae and the Pertusariaceae + Coccotremataceae in phylogenetic analysis of combined nLSU and nSSU rDNA sequences and the family can be included in Pertusariales. äÏ 2004-04-01.

3970. Immersiella A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf
Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 31) described the new genus Immersiella, based on I. immersa (P. Karst.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf (bas. Lasiosphaeria immersa P. Karst.). The genus nested in a clade composed of members of the Sordariales in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences (2004: 30). It can be placed in Sordariales inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3916. Iodosphaeria Samuels, E. M""+ll. & Petrini
Position uncertain, genus polyphyletic; nLSU rDNA data (Jeewon et al. 2003b: 1400). äÏ 2004-03-01.

3971. Iodosphaeriaceae R. Hilber & O. Hilber
Hilber & Hilber ( 2002) erected the new family Iodosphaeriaceae. Miller (2003: 60) accepted the placement of Iodosphaeria in the Amphisphaeriaceae, provisionally accepted by Eriksson et al. (2004) until there are phylogenetic analyses of informative sequences from all genera of the family. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3972. Jobellisia M.E. Barr
Miller (2003: 36) included Jobellisia fraterna and J. luteola in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and confirmed that the genus clustered with members of the Diaporthales with high BT support (see also Huhndorf et al. 1999). äÏ 2004-03-11.

4251. Jobellisia M.E. Barr
R"©blov"" et al. (2004: 537) confirmed that this genus is related to the Diaporthales. - 2005-01-05.

3973. Jugulospora N. Lundq.
Miller (2003: 17, 36) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on molecular data. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4108. Kluyveromyces Van der Walt
See Note 4115 (Saccharomycotina)! äÏ 2004-08-17.

4146. Kohninia Holst-Jensen, Vr" "lstad & T. Schumach.
Holst-Jensen et al. (2004: 139) described the new genus and species Kohninia linnaeicola Holst-Jensen, Vr" "lstad & T. Schumach. (Sclerotiniaceae), found on last-year stems, leaves and petioles of Linnaea borealis in several localities in Norway. It had 4-spores asci and ellipsoid to isthmoid ascospores. The new taxa were supported in an ITS analysis. äÏ 2004-09-04.

4239. Korfiomyces Iturr. & D. Hawksw.
Iturriaga & Hawksworth (2004: 1155) described the new genus and species Korfiomyces gelatinosum Iturr. & D. Hawksw. from resinous wood in Venezuela. It had apothecioid, gelatinous ascomata on a brownish subiculum. It could not be placed in any family with confidence and the authors suggested Lecanoromycetes incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-12-08.

3917. Lanceispora Nakagiri, Okane, Tad. Ito & Katum.
Position uncertain, but possibly Clypeosphaeriaceae; nLSU rDNA data (Jeewon et al. 2003b: 1400). äÏ 2004-03-01.

3974. Lasiobertia Sivan.
Miller (2003: 18, 36, 60) included Lasiobertia sp. in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and demonstrated that the genus clustered with members of the Xylariales. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3975. Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
Miller (2003: 138) concluded that Lasiosphaeria, as currently conceived, is a very heterogenous genus and that it should be split into several genera. äÏ See Notes 3962 (Echinosphaeria), 3969 (Hilberina), 3970 (Immersiella), 3978 (Lasiosphaeris) and 4000 (Ruzenia). äÏ 2004-03-11.

3976. Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf.
Miller (2003) published an important Thesis entitled "Phylogenetic studies in the Lasiosphaeriaceae and the key genus, Lasiosphaeria". It was based both on morphological and molecular criteria and demonstrated that the family was paraphyletic (p. 36-40). Almost all genera of the Lasiosphaeriaceae and representatives of most of the families of the Sordariomycetes were included in the study. "Some of the questions considered were: 1) Which families belong within the Sordariales? 2) What is the placement of the families excluded from the order? 3) Which genera belong within the Lasiosphaeriaceae? 4) What is the placement of genera excluded from the Lasiosphaeriaceae? and 5) How is the Lasiosphaeriaceae related to other families in the Sordariales and other groups of pyrenomycetes?" (p. 22). Miller demonstrated that ascospore morphology is an unreliable criterion to infer relationships within Sordariales, but ascomatal wall morphology showed better agreement with molecular data. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3977. Lasiosphaeriella Sivan.
Miller (2003: 18, 36, 53) included Lasiosphaeriella nitida in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus falls outside the Lasiosphaeriaceae and should be listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3978. Lasiosphaeris Clem.
Miller (2003: 142) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 31) accepted this genus in the subclass Sordariomycetidae, but the exact position was uncertain (2003: 138). äÏ 2004-03-11.

4069. Lecanorales Nannf.
Lumbsch et al. (2004b: 822) included members of this order in a phylogenetic analysis of nLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences. All members currently included in Lecanorales, Peltigerales, and Teloschistales formed a strongly supported clade, but the Umbilicariaceae were only distantly related. äÏ 2004-05-17.

4023. Lecanoromycetes sensu Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 456, Fig. 2) recognized four subclasses in this class (see Note 4016, Ascomycota), one of them, Lecanoromycetidae, corresponded to the order Lecanorales sensu Eriksson et al. 2003, with its four suborders, except for one of the suborders, the Acarosporineae (single family Acarosporaceae) was treated as a separate subclass, Acarosporomycetideae. Of the other three suborders, the Peltigerineae was recognized as the order Peltigerales. Rather few taxa of the remaining two suborders were included in the analysis by Miadlikowska & Lutzoni, but genera representing the Teloschistineae clustered as a strongly supported clade and might be recognized as a separate order, Teloschistales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. The remaining genera, belonging to suborder Lecanorineae, did not form a monophyletic group, but might temporarily be treated as order Lecanorales Nannf. This would mean a return to the classification used by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998). However, many years before that many lichenologists tended to prefer recognizing the orders at the subordinal level, and to adjust to that a shift in the classification was performed in 1999 in Myconet 3 (p. 32). äÏ 2004-04-01.

Lumbsch et al. (2004b: 822) received 100% PP support for the class Lecanoromycetes in an analysis similar to that by Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004), but of nLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences. The Chaetothyriomycetes + Eurotiomycetes was the sister group of Lecanoromycetes, but the authors did not merge them with that class. They received support for the following clades Agyriales (excl. Elixia and Schaereria), Lecanorales (excl. Umbilicariaceae), Pertusariales I, Pertusariales II, which together (with Dibaeis) formed an unsupported clade that was the sister group of a strongly supported clade encompassing Gyalectales, Ostropales I and Ostropales II. See about these taxa in separate Notes! äÏ 2004-05-17.
Wedin et al. (2005: 159) included members of Lecanoromycetes in phylogenetic studies of mtSSU and nLSU rDNA data. See Notes 4288 (Lichinales), 4290 (Ophioparmaceae), 4293 (Phlyctis), 4298 (Timdalia). - 2005-03-18.

4220. Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4217 (Chaetothyriomycetes)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

4170. Lecanoromycetes sensu Reeb et al. (2004)
Reeb et al. (2004: 1036) performed multilocular phylogenetic studies of ascomycetes using the genes encoding rpb2 (the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) and the nuclear LSU and SSU rRNAs. The analyzed data set was broader than in earler studies, and the authors stated that this resulted in stronger support for some of the main evolutionary lines in Lecanoromycetes. The focus was on genera with polysporous asci. Most of them have at one time or another been included in the family Acarosporaceae. The authors received support for recognizing three subclasses in Lecanoromycetes, the new Acarosporomycetidae (Acarosporaceae s. str.), sister group of the new Ostropomycetidae + Lecanoromycetidae. Strangospora, Fuscideaceae (Fuscidea, Maronea) and Umbilicariaceae (Lasallia, Umbilicaria) fell within the clade Lecanoromycetes with strong statistical support , but outside the three subclasses. Orders in Myconet (2004) represented in their concept of Lecanoromycetidae were Lecanorales, Peltigerales, and Teloschistales.

Persch et al. (2004) used ascus morphology, photobionts and all reliable and 21 newly determined nSSU rDNA sequences from members of Lecanoromycetes to infer a better classification of the class. They stated (p. 116) that "the Lecanoromycetes are basically separated into two groups, characterized by a different ascomatal ontogeny", "the amyloid reaction patterns of the ascus tips ...", and "the types of associated photobionts separate Lecanorales from other orders of Lecanoromycetes". The order Lecanorales sensu Persch et al. (p. 117 = incl. Teloschistales; Peltigerales was left out because of lack of reliable molecular data) corresponds to the subclass Lecanoromycetidae sensu Reeb et al. All other orders in Lecanoromycetes sensu Persch et al. are members of the two subclasses Acarosporomycetidae and Ostropomycetidae in the classification by Reeb et al. Of the two orders excluded from the class was Lichinales accommodated in the separate class Lichinomycetes by Reeb et al., whereas the order Mycocaliciales was not included in the analyses by the latter authors. Thus, there are no major contradictions between the results obtained in the two studies, and neither between the classification in Reeb et al. and that in, e.g., Stenroos & DePriest (1998), Wedin et al. (2000), Lumbsch et al. (2001), and Helms et al. (2003). However, Reeb et al. went a step further and recognized subclasses on the basis of a new and broader data set. Tentatively, that classification can be accepted, although molecular data are missing for many lichen families. However, the classification may be changed when more information becomes available. It is not irreversible.

Persch et al. (2004) recognized nine suborders within Lecanorales. These are valuable as a start of further subdivision of the order, but they are not formally described, and there are several families that are as yet not included, e.g. the Ramalinaceae (but the Bacidiaceae were and were accepted as a separate family). äÏ 2004-10-05.

4169. Lecanoromycetidae
See Note 4170 (Lecanoromycetes)! äÏ 2004-10-05.

3918. Leiosphaerella H""hn.
Position uncertain; nLSU rDNA data (Jeewon et al. 2003b: 1400). äÏ 2004-03-01.

4287. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Note 4291 (Orbiliomycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4221. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4217 (Chaetothyriomycetes)! äÏ 2004-11-19.
This class and Sordariomycetes formed a clade with strong statistical support in a study by Lumbsch et al. (2005), but this is not in accordance with all earlier studies and the two classes should not be merged. - 2005-03-18.

4202. Leproloma Nyl. ex Crombie
Kukwa (2002: 225) suggested that Leproloma should be treated as a synonym of Lepraria, which was also the opinion of Ekman & T""nsberg (see Note 3613, Myconet 10). äÏ 2004-11-02.

3979. Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc.
Miller (2003: 36) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) included Leptosporella gregaria in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences and found that the genus should be listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4095. Lichenostigma Hafellner
Hafellner & Calatayud (1999) found that the asci of Lichenostigma cosmopolites have an amyloid ring of Arthonia-type and I+ hemiamyloid reaction in the hymenium. They placed the genus in Arthoniales. See also Calatayud et al. (2002). äÏ 2004-07-26.

4109. Lichenotheliaceae Petr.
Ihlen (2004: 183) accepted the family Lichenotheliaceae in Arthoniales. See also Note 4095 (Lichenostigma)! There are no molecular sequences of the two genera currently accepted in the family (Lichenothelia and Lichenostigma) in GenBank. äÏ 2004-08-17.

4288. Lichinales Henssen & B""+del
Wedin et al. (2005: 159) included one member of the order Lichinales, Phylliscum demangeonii, in a phylogenetic analysis og rDNA data. It clustered with statistical support in a clade with members of the Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, and Verrucariales. Thus a separate class for the Lichinales was not supported. More taxa from this order should be included in a future analysis. - See Notes 4165 (Acarosporomycetidae) and 4171 (Lichinomycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4171. Lichinomycetes V. Reeb, Lutzoni & C. Roux
Reeb et al. (2004: 1036) described the new class Lichinomycetes with the single order Lichinales. It did not cluster with strong support with any other ascomycetes in their phylogenetic analyses of molecular data (see Note 4170, Lecanoromycetes). äÏ See also Note 3267 (Lichinales)! äÏ 2004-10-05.

3919. Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd.
Ascospore morphology (Yanna et al. 2003: 1305). äÏ 2004-03-01.

3980. Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd.
Miller (2003: 18, 36, 53) included Linocarpon appendiculatum (now in Hyponectriaceae) in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus falls outside the Lasiosphaeriaceae and should be listed among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4183. Llimonaea Egea & Torrente äÏ 3
Sparrius (2004: 90) placed the genus Llimonaea in Roccellaceae. äÏ 2004-10-12.

4139. Lophodermium Chevall.
Ortiz-Garc""`a et al. (2003: 846) studied the phylogeny of Lophodermium from pine, inferred from analysis ot ITS data. Two species of Meloderma and one of Elytroderma nested in the Lophodermium clade and require further studies to assess whether these generic names should be treated as synonyms of Lophodermium. äÏ 2004-08-27.

4289. Loxosporopsis Brodo, Henssen & Imshaug.
Schmitt & Lumbsch (2004: 43) found that molecular data, secondary chemistry and ascospore septation support the recognition of this genus as separate from Pertusaria. - 2005-03-18.

4133. Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm.
See Note 4136 (Spathulospora)! äÏ 2004-08-23.

4172. Maronea A. Massal.
See Note 4170 (Lecanoromycetes)! Placement in Fuscideaceae supported. äÏ 2004-10-05.

4210. Maronella M. Steiner
Hafellner (2004: 88) resurrected the genus Maronella M. Steiner. The single species, M. laricina M. Steiner, has been included in Biatorella De Not. (Biatorellaceae) and is now listed among Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-11-15.

4045. Mastodia Hook. f. & Harv.
Kohlmeyer et al. (2004: 51) pointed out that the correct name of the type species and spelling of the epithet is Mastodia tessellata (Hook. f. & Harv.) Hook. f. & Harv. They referred to recent studies by Kovacik & Pereira (2001) and Lud et al. (2001) and considered the consortium of fungus and Prasiola a lichen, but a "borderline" one. äÏ 2004-04-19.

4039. Megalospora Meyen
The position of the genus Megalospora (Megalosporaceae) within Lecanorales has been uncertain, but Helms et al. (2003: 1083) performed an analysis of nSSU rDNA sequences from a large number of discolichens and related taxa and found that the genus clustered with strong support with Caloplaca and Xanthoria (Teloschistaceae), The Megalosporaceae can be accommodated in Lecanorales suborder Teloschistineae. äÏ 2004-04-13. äÏ To the order Teloschistales. 2005-02-26.

4159. Melanelia (Ach.) Gray
Blanco et al. (2004: 873) studied the phylogeny of Melanelia using a Bayesian analysis of a combined data set of ITS, nLSU rDNA and mtSSU rDNA sequences. The analysis indicated that Melanelia was not monophyletic, but should be divided into three genera: Melanelia s. str., Melanelixia and Melanohalea. Several members of Neofuscelia and Xanthoparmelia were also included in the analysis. They formed a clade with strong statistical support, and the authors treated Neofuscelia as a synonym of Xanthoparmelia. äÏ 2004-09-24.

4160. Melanelixa O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
See Note 4159 (Melanelia)! äÏ 2004-09-24.

3981. Melanochaeta E. M""+ll., Harr & Sulm.
To Chaetosphaeriales. äÏ See Note 3956 (Chaetosphaeriales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4161. Melanohalea O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
See Note 4159 (Melanelia)! äÏ 2004-09-24.

4154. Melanopsamma Niessl
See Note 4155 (Myrothecium)! äÏ 2004-09-21.

4140. Meloderma Darker
See Note 4139 (Lophodermium)! äÏ 2004-08-27.

3982. Merugia Rogerson & Samuels
Miller (2003: 18, 61) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4278. Micarea Fr. - 8
Transferred to Pilocarpaceae. äÏ See Note 4279 (Micareaceae)! - 2005-02-25.

4279. Micareaceae Vezda & Hafellner - 8
Andersen & Ekman (2005: 21) demonstrated that Micareaceae in its current sense was a heterogenous family, based on analyses of mitochondrial rDNA sequences. They treated that family name and Ectolechiaceae as synonyms of Pilocarpaceae. - 2005-02-25.

4024. Mintera In""cio & P.F. Cannon
New genus (Parmulariaceae) described by In""cio & Cannon (2003: 86). äÏ 2004-04-01.

4110. Mirannulata Huhndorf, F.A. Fern""ndez, A.N. Mill. & Lodge
Huhndorf et al. (2003: 173) described the new genus and species Mirannulata samuelsii Huhndorf, F.A. Fern""ndez, A.N. Mill. & Lodge and a second species. They compared the new genus with the Annulatascaceae, but molecular data did not indicate that the genus belongs there, and it was provisionally listed among Sordariomycetes inc. sed. äÏ 2004-08-17.

4082. Monerolechia Trevis.
Kalb (2004: 312) accepted this genus, which has been treated as a synonym of Buellia, but it differs from that genus whether it is typified by B. parasema or B. aethalea. äÏ 2004-06-24.

3920. Monographella Petr
To Amphisphaeriaceae, but low BT support; nLSU rDNA data (Jeewon et al. 2003b: 1398). äÏ 2004-03-01.

4111. Mucomassaria Petr. & Cif.
Petrak & Ciferri(1932: 208) described the new genus and species Mucomassaria maxima Petr. & Cif. on leaves of Chrysophyllum oliviforme (Sapotaceae) from Cuba. Type material has been distributed by Institut f""+r Botanik, Graz, as Reliquiae Petrakianae 644 (Cuba, Santiago de las Vegas, 11.vi.1920, leg. S.C. Bremer). A specimen in Herb. S was examined. Ascomata were perithecioid and immersed in leaves. They were scattered and raised the epidermis somewhat. The area around the ostiole was blackened. A very low nitidous perithecial neck penetrated this area. The hamathecium consisted of abundant, thin, branched physes. No asci were seen in the single perithecium examined, but numerous monostichous ascospores. The non-septate, ellipsoidal - ovoid ascospores measured c. 15 x 12 ¨µm, but had finally become pale brown and with foamy - grainy contents. They were surrounded by a very thick and firm gelatinous sheath (at least 9 ¨µm at the ends), that contained minute grains. The spores firmly adhered to each other with the sides and the gelatinous sheath had become somewhat compressed at the contact surfaces. The spores more resemble eggs of some insect than ascospores. No such spores have been seen in any genus and Petrak proposed the new family Mucomassariaceae (illeg. name) to accommodate this genus. Fresh material of this fungus should be searched for and examined. äÏ O.E. Eriksson, 2004-08-17.

4112. Mucomassariaceae Petr.
See Note 208 (Mucomassaria)! äÏ 2004-08-17.

3983. Mycomedusiospora G.C. Carroll & Munk
Miller (2003: 18, 61) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4052. Mycopandora Velen.
Svrcek (1986: 203) treated the two Mycopandora species described by Velenovsky¨ " as members of Unguicularia (M. abietina Velen. = U. unguiculata H""hn.; M. padi Velen. = U. millepunctata (Lib.) Dennis). Mycopandora is a synonym of Unguicularia. äÏ 2004-04-26.

3984. Mycopepon Boise
Miller (2003: 36) included Mycopepon smithii in a phylogenetic analysis of nLSU rDNA sequences and confirmed that the genus belongs in the Dothideomycetes. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4229. Mycosphaerella Johanson
Verkley et al. (2004: 1271) published a thorough study of the type species of Mycosphaerella, M. punctiformis (Pers.: Fr.) Starb"ßck. A lectotype and an epitype were selected. äÏ 2004-11-22.

3985. Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd.
Miller (2003: 18, 61) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4155. Myrothecium Tode
Castlebury et al. (2004: 864), on the bases of phylogenetic analysis of four nuclear and one mitochondrial gene, concluded that Stachybotrys, Myrothecium and Melanopsamma were closely related and seemed to form a separate line in Hypocreales, and for which they assumed a new family probably should be erected after additional isolates of teleomorphs (including the type species of Peethambara) had been studied. äÏ 2004-09-21.

4147. Myxotrichum Kunze
Tsuneda & Currah (2004: 627) stated that features in developing ascomata supported results from molecular studies that the Myxotrichaceae are derived from inoperculate discomycetes. äÏ 2004-09-04.

4211. Nadvornikia Tibell
Lumbsch et al. (2004a: 9) performed a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA data and confirmed that Nadvornikia belongs in the family Thelotremataceae. äÏ 2004-11-15.

4280. Nematococcomyces C.-L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw. - 9
Hou et al. (2004: 1380) described the new genus and species Nematococcomyces rhododendri C.-L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw. (Rhytismatales) found on Rhododendron lutescens in Yunnan Prov., China. The ascospores were provided with filiform, hyaline appendages. - 2005-02-25.

4267. Neofracchiaea Teng
See Note 4270 (Scortechiniaceae)! - 2005-02-11.

4162. Neofuscelia Essl.
See Note 4159 (Melanelia)! äÏ 2004-09-24.

4222. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4228 (Taphrinomycotina)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

3921. Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde
Ascospore morphology (Yanna et al. 2003: 1305). äÏ 2004-03-01.

3986. Neolinocarpon K.D Hyde
Miller (2003: 18) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4196. Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge.
See Note 4194 (Gelasinospora)! äÏ 2004-10-19.

3987. Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst.
See Note 3960 (Coronophorales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

3988. Nitschkiaceae (Fitzp.) Nannf.
See Note 3960 (Coronophorales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4268. Nitschkiaceae (Fitzp.) Nannf.
Huhndorf et al. (2004a: 1387) placed the taxa in Nitschkia and Acanthonitschkia that were included in their phylogenetic analyses in a "nitschkiaceous complex", and briefly discussed other genera that have been accommodated in the Nitschkiaceae. We continue to accept the family, but note that the position of several of the taxa is uncertain and that more molecular work is needed to resolve the classification of these taxa. - 2005-02-11.

4113. Occultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.-M. Ju
Rogers & Ju (2003: 360) described the new genus and species Occultitheca costaricensis J.D. Rogers & Y.-M. Ju (Xylariaceae), with perithecia embedded in decayed wood. A key to xylariaceous fungi with immersed perithecial stromata was provided. See also Notes 4104 (Appendixia) and 4115 (Stereosphaeria) for two further taxa that should be considered. äÏ 2004-08-17.

4290. Ophioparmaceae R.W. Rogers & Hafellner
Wedin et al. (2005: 159) found that molecular studies clustered this family with the Umbilicariaceae, Boreoplaca, Elixia, Fuscidea and two Hypocenomyce species. - See Note 4023 (Lecanoromycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4148. Ophiorosellinia J.D. Rogers, A. Hidalgo, F.A. Fern""ndez & Huhndorf
Rogers et al. (2004: 172) described the new genus and species Ophiorosellinia costaricensis J.D. Rogers, A. Hidalgo, F.A. Fern""ndez & Huhndorf (Xylariaceae), found on decorticated wood in Costa Rica. It is the first member of the Xylariaceae with scolecospores. äÏ 2004-09-04.

4291. Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral
Lumbsch et al. (2005: 512) received strong molecular support for the superclass Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997: 7) in a phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial LSU and SSU rDNA sequences. However, no sequences from any member of the Orbiliomycetes were included and this class has branched off as the most basal group in some earlier analyses. Further multigene studies including members of the Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes and other classes in Pezizomycota must be performed before the branching order between the classes can be assessed. The rank superclass is no longer used in the Outlines. - 2005-03-18.

4025. Ostropales Nannf.
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 456, Fig. 2) received a strong PP support for this order + the Baeomycetaceae. They were included along with the Pertusariales in the subcl. Ostropomycetidae in the class Lecanoromycetes. The PP support for the subclass was 70%. äÏ 2004-04-01.

4070. Ostropales Nannf.
Lumbsch et al. (2004b: 822) included members of this order in a phylogenetic analysis of nLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences. Members of the Stictidaceae formed a clade that was the sister group of Coenogoniaceae + Gyalectaceae + Thelotremataceae. See Note 4075 (Thelotremataceae)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

4026. Ostropomycetidae V. Reeb, Lutzoni & C. Roux
See Note 4025 (Ostropales)! äÏ 2004-04-01.

4173. Ostropomycetidae V. Reeb, Lutzoni & C. Roux
Reeb et al. (2004: 1055) described the new subclass Ostropomycetidae in Lecanoromycetes. They included the orders Baeomycetales, Ostropales (including Graphidales and Gyalectales), Pertusariales and Agyriales, the latter only represented by Placopsis and stated to need confirmation, but see Notes 4061 (Agyriales) and 4180 (Placopsis). - 2004-10-05.

4053. Pachyospora A. Massal.
Pachyospora A. Massal. is a segregate of Aspicilia A. Massal. and based on A. calcarea (L.) A. Massal., currently accepted in Aspicilia (Anders Nordin, Uppsala, pers. comm.; see Clauzade & Roux 1984: 134). Thus, Pachyospora is a synonym of Aspicilia. äÏ 2004-04-26.

4281. Paleopyrenomycites T.N. Taylor, Hass, Kerp, Krings & Hanlin - fossil.
Fossil taxa have not been treated in Notes in Systema Ascomycetum and Myconet, but the recently described species, in a new genus, has to be discussed here. The name of the species is Paleopyrenomycites devonicum T.N. Taylor, Hass, Kerp, Krings & Hanlin (2005: 1404). It was described from a Rhynie chert. Rhynie is village west of Aberdeen in Scotland. The fossils in question found there are Early Devonian, c. 410 million years old. Scotland was then a part of a large continent, together with Scandinavia and North America. At that time, the site where the fossils were found was a hot spring area. Many plants and animals were embedded and preserved in silica gel pouring out and deposited around the springs. The gel finally petrified into sinter and the tissues of plants and animals were perfectly preserved and never distorted. In sections the cells can be observed as if they were almost from a living organism. (See the excellent pages: The Biota of Early Terrestrial Ecosystems. The Rhynie Chert (http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/)). The fossil ascomycete was found in the cortex of Asteroxylon mackiei, a small upright plant with numerous microphylls, resembling and related to extant Lycopodiaceae. Taylor et al. (l.c.) gave a very detailed description of the peritheciod ascomata containing paraphyses and asci with up to 16 ascospores. None of the structures can be seen in any of the numerous illustrations. The authors interpreted the asci as operculate, but that can hardly be seen in petrified material. It is often even difficult to determine whether an ascus from fresh material has an operculum or not, unless it has shot out the spores. Taylor et al. (l.c.) discussed similarities between P. devonicum and some ascomycetes that lack ascomata, e.g. yeasts and Taphrina, but they did not discuss their new species in relation to recent outlines of the ascomycetes. They did not, for instance, mention Neolecta, one the genera among the "basal ascomycetes" (Taphrinomycotina in Eriksson et al. 2004), not closely related to any other ascomycetes producing ascomata. It has club-shaped ascomata and is certainly not closely related to P. devonicum, but it has asci that open apically by a slit and before dehiscence they do not differ much from operculate asci. The fossil species was compared with Glomerella, a parasite of various flowering plants, mainly in warmer climates, and they stated that the fossil species had several features in common with extant ascomycetes. The authors pointed out that fossils from the Rhynie deposits "demonstrate early evolution of terrestrial plant structures and physiological adaptions necessary to exist in an aerial environment while the fungi that appear in the same ecosystem are identical to their counterparts in modern ecosystems".

The paper raises some further questions. Where did this ascomycete come from? Did it evolve in marine habitats on algae äÏ and in that case, on macroalgae or as lichens with microalgae or cyanobacteria? A lichen-like organism (Winfrenatia reticulata) has been found in Rhynie chert. Paleopyrenomycites devonicum was already quite differentiated and resembled, at least superficially, modern Sordariomycetes. Was it close to the ancesters of Sordariomycetes + Arthoniomycetes + Dothideomycetes, living before the two latter classes diverged from the main line (with true perithecia) and evolved by paedomorphosis into fungi with stromatic ascomata (pseudothecia, etc.), stromata that had evolved from the very early cells of nascent ascomata? äÏ Ove E. Eriksson: 2005-02-25.

3989. Palmicola K.D. Hyde
Miller (2003: 18) accepted Palmicola being a genus of Xylariales, but with uncertain affinities. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4149. Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fern""ndez, J.D. Rogers, Y.-M. Ju, Huhndorf & L. Uma"±a
Fern""ndez et al. (2004: 175) described the new genus and species Paramphisphaeria costaricensis F.A. Fern""ndez, J.D. Rogers, Y.-M. Ju, Huhndorf & L. Uma"±a (Xylariaceae), found in Costa Rica. It had 1-septate ascospores as Amphisphaeria, but the spores had a germ slit as most of the members of the Xylariaceae. äÏ 2004-09-04.

4252. Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss.
Verkley (in Verkley et al. 2004b: 327) described Paraconiothyrium for anamorphs of Paraphaeosphaeria s. str. - 2005-01-05.

4124. Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde
Pearce & Hyde (2001: 90) described the new genus Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde (Phyllachoraceae) with two species. The type species P. kosciuskoa C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde was found on Danthonia cf. pallida in New South Wales, Australia. äÏ 2004-08-19.

4230. Parmeliaceae Zenker
Thell et al. (2004: 335) studied the phylogeny of cetrariod lichens (Parmeliaceae) using morphological, anatomical, secondary chemistry and molecular data (ITS, "¸-tubulin). äÏ 2004-11-22. See also Mattsson & Articus (2004)! äÏ 2004-11-24.

4156. Peethambara Subram. & Bhat
See Note 4155 (Myrothecium)! äÏ 2004-09-21.

4141. Peltigera Willd.
See Note 4145 (Xylaria)! äÏ 2004-08-27.

4027. Peltigerineae sensu Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2004: 456, Fig. 2) stated that this suborder had a strong PP support and was the sister group of their new suborder Collematineae. It encompassed the Lobariaceae, Nephromataceae, Peltigeraceae and the genus Massalongia. äÏ See also Note 3881 (Peltigerineae, Myconet 10: 126)! äÏ 2004-04-01.

4234. Peltigerineae
Wedin & Wiklund (2004: 469) performed a new phylogenetic analysis of the Peltigerineae with sequences from some additional taxa (cf. previous analyses Note 3881, Myconet 10: 126). Additional information about the concepts of the Pannariaceae, Lobariaceae, Coccocarpiaceae, and Placynthiaceae was provided. äÏ 2004-11-24.

3990. Periamphispora J.C. Krug
Miller (2003: 18) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4072. Pertusaria DC
Lumbsch & Schmitt (2001): molecular studies of Pertusaria suggested that the genus was not monophyletic (see Note 3515, Myconet 8, 2002), but concluded that more analyses were needed before any changes in the classification of the genus could be proposed. Lumbsch et al. (2004b: 822) also received two strongly supported clades with members of the Pertusariales, namely "Pertusariales I" with 9 Pertusaria spp. + members of Ochrolechia and Varicellaria, and "Pertusariales II" with 7 Pertusaria spp. + members of Melanaria and Coccotrema. One of the Pertusaria species in the latter group was P. pertusa, the type species of the genus. All nine species in Pertusariales I belong in subg. Monomuratae sensu Archer (1993: 6). One of them is P. corallina, which is the type species of two genera Stereocaulon (Schreb.) Schrad. (a nomen rejiciendum versus Stereocaulon Hoffm.) and Isidium (Ach.) Ach. (1803), which is also a technical term used in morphology, but legitimate as a generic name, as it was proposed before 1 January 1912 and was accompanied by a specific name published in accordance with the binary system of Linnaeus (ICBN Art. 20.2). It is a nomen rejiciendum versus Pertusaria, but has to be considered if that genus is split. Another species in "Pertusariales I", P. velata (Turn.) Nyl., is the correct name of Clausaria fallens Nyl. (see, e.g. Dibben 1980: 76), the type of the genus Clausaria Nyl. (Nylander1861: 45). Thus, besides Isidium, that name seems to be available for the group of Pertusaria spp. that did not cluster with Pertusaria pertusa and its relatives in subg. Pertusaria. Clausaria/ Isidium differ chemically (e.g. lack chlorinated xanthones) and the spore wall is one-layered and always smooth. In the other Pertusaria spp. (subg. Pertusaria and Pionospora) the apothecia are verruciform, disciform or pseudodisciform and the spore wall is single or double, sometimes with rough inner wall. It is possible that further studies will result in a split of Pertusaria into at least two genera, if that is supported by further molecular data. äÏ 2004-05-17.

4292. Pertusaria DC.
Schmitt & Lumbsch (2004: 43) stated that molecular phylogeny supported secondary chemistry as an important criterion in Pertusaria. - 2005-03-18.

4028. Pertusariales M. Choisy ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
See Note 4025 (Ostropales)! äÏ 2004-04-01.

4071. Pertusariales M. Choisy ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Lumbsch et al. (2004b: 822) included members of this order in a phylogenetic analysis of nLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences. They clustered in two separate clades with statistical support. äÏ See Note 4072 (Pertusaria)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

4223. Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
This order was the sister group to all other taxa in Pezizomycotina in the analyses by Lutzoni et al. (2004) and Liu & Hall (2004). However, the Orbiliomycetes should have been included. They may be more basal than the Pezizomycetes. That class was paraphyletic in both studies. More taxa should be included to test the relationships of the class versus other Pezizomycotina. äÏ See Note 4216 (Ascomycota)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

4083. Phaeographopsis Sipman
Kalb (2004: 312) stated that the position of this genus is uncertain and that molecular studies are necessary to assess whether it is better placed in the Thelotremataceae than in Graphidaceae. He believed that the genus might be a connecting link to Nadvornikia in the Thelotremataceae. äÏ 2004-06-24.

3991. Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivan.
Miller (2003: 19) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4293. Phlyctis (Wallr.) Flot.
Wedin et al. (2005: 159) found that molecular studies clustered Phlyctis (Phlyctidiaceae, a family of uncertain relationships in Lecanoromycetes in Eriksson et al. 2004) with members of Graphidales, Gyalectales, and Ostropales. - See Note 4023 (Lecanoromycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

3922. Phomatospora Sacc.
Position uncertain, possibly polyphyletic; nLSU rDNA data (Jeewon et al. 2003b: 1401). äÏ 2004-03-01.

3992. Phragmodiscus Hansf.
Miller (2003: 19, 61) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed., but stated that the fusiform multiseptate ascospores and an ascus apical ring were suggestive of Ceratosphaeria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4240. Phruensis Pinruan
Pinruan (in Pinruan et al. 2004b: 1165) described the new genus and species Phruensis brunneispora Pinruan (Valsaceae) from a dead trunk of Licuala longecalycata in Thailand. It differed from Ophioceras and Pseudohalonectria in versicoloured ascospores. äÏ 2004-12-08.

4096. Phylacia L"©v.
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4142. Phyllopeltula Kalb
Kalb (2001: 158) described the new genus Phyllopeltula in Peltulaceae (Lichinales), with the type species P. corticola (B""+del & R. Sant.) Kalb and one further species. - 2004-08-27.

4040. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
As mentioned in an earlier Note (3628, Myconet 10: 128, 2004), phylogenetic analyses of molecular data indicated that the Caliciaceae were closely related to the Physciaceae (see also ITS analyses by Tibell 2003: 1416). The Caliciaceae can either be merged with the Physciaceae or recognized as a separate family, but it will then have to encompass also some genera currently accommodated in the Physciaceae. Based on broad analyses of nSSU rDNA and ITS sequences and on morphological data Helms et al. (2003: 1095) accepted and emended both families:

"Caliciaceae Chevall. (1826) emend. G. Helms, G. Rambold & T. Friedl
Asci of Bacidia-type or prototunicate; hypothecium pigmented; ascospores without distinct wall thickenings. ...".

"Physciaceae Zahlbr. (1898) emend. G. Helms, G. Rambold & T. Friedl
Asci of Lecanora-type; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores with distinct wall thickenings or of Rinodinella-type. ...".

Another alternative would be to treat these two taxa as subfamilies within Physciaceae, but see Note 4035 (Caliciaceae)! There was low molecular support for the Physciaceae in the analysis of nSSU rDNA data (Fig. 1), but strong support in their analysis of ITS data (Fig. 3). The authors discussed morphological criteria and secondary compounds in detail. äÏ 2004-04-13.

4282. Pilocarpaceae Zahlbr.
Ectolechiaceae and Micareaceae were treated by Andersen & Ekman (2005) as synonyms of Pilocarpaceae. äÏ See Note 4279 (Micareaceae)! - 2005-02-25.

4073. Pionospora Th. Fr.
See Note 4072 (Pertusaria)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

4180. Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds.
Schmitt et al. (2003: 827) studied the phylogeny of Placopsis and related genera in Agyriales. äÏ See also Note 4061 (Agyriales)! äÏ 2004-10-07.

3993. Plagiosphaera Petr.
Miller (2003: 19) listed this genus among Sordariomycetidae inc. sed., but stated that it is probably related to Ophioceras. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4174. Pleopsidium A. Massal.
According to Reeb et al. (2004), this genus belongs in Acarosporaceae, not Lecanoraceae. äÏ See Note 4165 (Acarosporomycetidae)! äÏ 2004-10-05.

4253. Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul.
See Note 4254 (Pleurostomataceae)! - 2005-01-05.

4254. Pleurostomataceae R"©blov"", L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous
R"©blov"" et al. (2004: 540) described this new family in Calosphaeriales on the bases of morphological and SSU and LSU rDNA data. The single genus was Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul. - 2005-01-05.

4150. Pneumocystis Delano"¥ & M. Delano"¥
Cushion et al. (2004: 676) described the new species Pneumocystis wakefieldii M.T. Cushion, S.P. Keely & J.R. Stringer (Pneumocystidaceae). It occurs on rats, as P. carinii Delano"¥ & M. Delano"¥, the type species of the genus. The two species are phenotypically and genetically distinct. äÏ 2004-09-04.

4224. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4228 (Taphrinomycotina)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

4294. Podospora Ces.
Miller & Huhndorf (2005: 60) found that Podospora was a polyphyletic genus, based on phylogenetic molecular analyses. - 2005-03-18.

4205. Polysporinopsis Vezda
Vezda (2002) described the new genus Polysporinopsis to include 3 taxa hitherto classified in Acarospora: Polysporinopsis sinopica (type), P. smaragdula and P. rugulosa. Polysporinopsis is similar to Polysporina, but differs in the non-carbonized exciple. Roux & Navarro-Rosin"©s (2002: 151) stated that Trimmatothelopsis Zschacke provides an earlier name that should be used in case the genus is accepted as distinct from Acarospora, which was also the opinion of Ertz & Diederich (2004: 235). äÏ 2004-11-11.

4134. Porina M""+ll. Arg.
In a molecular and phylogenetic study of Spathulospora (see Note 4136) Inderbitzin et al. (2004: 743) included a SSU rDNA sequence from Porina guentheri (Trichotheliaceae) retrieved from GenBank (acc. nr. AF279404). In their SSU tree Porina nested in Dothideomycetes and a BLAST search by us indicated the same relationships, but a BLAST search for LSU rDNA (AF279405) listed only members of Lecanorales. These are the only sequences from members of the Trichotheliaceae (Trichotheliales) in GenBank and more sequences are required before the position of the group can be inferred. äÏ 2004-08-23.

4197. Porinaceae Reichenb.
Grube et al. (2004: 1111) interpreted the perithecioid ascomata in Porinaceae (Trichotheliales) as neotenic structures. The Trichotheliales are currently listed among "Ascomycota, orders of uncertain positions", but the authors transferred the family to subclass Ostropomycetidae in Lecanoromycetes and assumed a neotenic origin for this and some other groups within the subclass. The importance of paedomorphosis (the retention of juvenile characters into later life) and neoteny (the shifting of reproduction into early ontogenetic stages) has been emphasized by several authors (for discussion, see Eriksson 1981: 176). There are many examples among Ascomycota of this type of arrested development, e.g. the truffles (Tuberaceae, Pezizomycetes) and Eurotium and its relatives (Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes). Arthoniales may be another example if they evolved from ancestors of Sordariomycetes. The suggestion that the Trichotheliales are of neotenic origin seems to be new, but is very probably correct. The hypothesis is supported by molecular data. - The family name has been treated as a synonym of Trichotheliaceae, although it is older than that name, as there was an earlier homonym, but a proposal for conservation of Porina with Porina nucula as type (and not P. pertusa, which is a Pertusaria species) implied that Porinaceae Reichenb. became the correct name of the family. äÏ 2004-10-19.

3994. Poroconiochaeta Udagawa & Furuya
See Note 3958 (Coniochaetales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4151. Poroleprieuria M.C. Gonz""lez, Hanlin, Ulloa & E. Aguirre
Gonz""lez et al. (2004: 429) described the new genus and species Poroleprieuria rogersii M.C. Gonz""lez, Hanlin, Ulloa & E. Aguirre (Xylariaceae), found on bark of Heliocarpus sp. in Mexico. äÏ 2004-09-04.

3995. Porosphaerella E. M""+ll. & Samuels
Miller (2003: 36, 55) included Porosphaerella cordanophora in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and found that the genus was an unsupported sister taxon to the Coniochaetaceae. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3996. Porosphaerellopsis E. M""+ll. & Samuels
Miller (2003: 19, 36) included Porosphaerellopsis sporoschismophora in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and concluded that the genus should be accommodated among Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4295. Porpidia K""rb.
Buschbom & Mueller (2004: 66) studied the relationships of Porpidia and related genera, using nLSU rDNA and "¸-tubulin gene sequences. Porpidia was not monophyletic. Several small genera nested within the group. Most of the taxa included fell into one of four subgroups within Porpidia s. lat. - 2005-03-18.

4143. Potridiscus D""bbeler & Triebel
D""bbeler & Triebel (2000: 72) described the new genus and species Potridiscus polymorphus D""bbeler & Triebel (Leotiales) found on Polytrichum juniperinum in Victoria. äÏ 2004-08-27.

4046. Preussia Fuckel
Arenal et al. (2004: 137) treated Sporormiella as a synonym of Preussia. äÏ 2004-04-19.

4125. Protoparmeliopsis M. Choisy
Without comments, Hafellner & T""+rk (2001: 114) and Santesson et al. (2004: 268) accepted Protoparmeliopsis M. Choisy as a separate genus. Hafellner (1984: 294) stated that the name should be used if Lecanora species with "effigurierten Thallus" would be treated as a separate genus, but he believed at that time that this type of thallus might have evolved several times in Lecanora and treated the name as a synonym. Arup & Grube (2000: 318) included the type species of Protoparmeliopsis, P. muralis (Rabenh.) M. Choisy, in a phylogenetic ITS analysis. It formed a clade with 99% BT support with Lecanora achariana and L. macrocyclos, both accepted in Protoparmeliopsis by Santesson et al. (l.c.) and that clade of three taxa with 94% BT support with Lecanora garovaglii, accommodated in Miriquidica by Santesson et al. (l.c.). Arup & Grube did not accept Protoparmeliopsis as a separate genus without further investigations of non-molecular characters. äÏ 2004-08-19.

3997. Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar
Miller (2003: 19) accepted this genus in the paraphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae, based on morphological criteria. äÏ 2004-03-11.

3998. Pseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi
Miller (2003: 19, 36, 55) included Pseudohalonectria lignicola in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. He concluded that the position of the genus is uncertain, but it came close to the Ophiostomatales clade. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4198. Pseudoneurospora D. Garc""`a, Stchigel & Guarro
See Note 4194 (Gelasinospora)! äÏ 2004-10-19.

4283. Psilolechia A. Massal. - 8
Andersen & Ekman (2005: 21) included three Psilolechia spp. in their phylogenetic analyses of the Micareaceae. There was no strong support for the placement of the genus, but provisionally it may follow Micarea to the Pilocarpaceae. äÏ See Note 4279 (Micareaceae)! - 2005-02-25.

3999. Pulmosphaeria J.E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
Miller (2003: 19) included the genus in Xylariales inc. sed. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4097. Pulveria Malloch & Rogerson
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4296. Pycnora Hafellner
Wedin et al. (2005: 159) found that molecular studies clustered this genus with the Candelariaceae and Acarosporaceae. - See Note 4023 (Lecanoromycetes)! - 2005-03-18.

4212. Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Lumbsch et al. (2004a: 9) performed a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA data. The members of the Pyrenulaceae (Pyrenulales), Pyrenula laevigata, Pyrenula nitida and Pyrgillus javanicus, formed a strongly supported clade that was the sister group to the Chaetothyriales. The two orders formed a clade that was the sister group to the Verrucariales. äÏ 2004-11-15.

4213. Pyrgillus Nyl.
Lumbsch et al. (2004a: 9) performed a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA data and confirmed that Pyrgillus belongs in the family Pyrenulaceae. äÏ 2004-11-15.

4041. Pyxinaceae (Fr.) Stizenb.
See Note 4035 (Caliciaceae)! äÏ 2004-04-13.

4157. Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul.
Re-established (see Note 4153, Diatrypaceae). The correct name of Eutypella quaternata (Pers.: Fr.) Rappaz is Quaternaria quaternata ( Pers.: Fr.) J. Schr""t. äÏ 2004-09-21.

4135. Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad. Ito
See Note 4136 (Spathulospora)! äÏ 2004-08-23.

4190. Rhamphoria Niessl
Campbell & Shearer (2004: 825, 832) included Rhamphoria in Annulatascaceae on the basis of strong statistical support in a phylogenetic analysis of nLSU rDNA sequences. äÏ 2004-10-16.

4098. Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw.
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4181. Rhynchomeliola Speg.
See Note 4182 (Rhynchostoma)! äÏ 2004-10-07.

4182. Rhynchostoma P. Karst.
Lee et al. (2003: 902) included the new species Rhynchostoma proteae S. Lee & Crous in a phylogenetic study and confirmed the close relationships with members of the Chaetothyriales. Rhynchomeliola lomatiae S. Lee & & Joanne E. Taylor, also associated with the Proteaceae, was described in the same paper. Both cultivation and direct DNA extraction from herbarium specimen were unsuccessful. Therefore, the position of Rhynchomeliola is uncertain, but it resembles Rhynchostoma and differs mainly in the position of the ascomata (in Rhynchomeliola superficial on a subiculum; in Rhynchostoma growing out from a small stroma) and the spore ornamentation (verrucose in Rhynchomeliola, oblique ridges in Rhynchostoma). Trichosphaeriaceae is probably not the right family for Rhynchomeliola and provisionally the genus may be accommodated in Rhynchostomataceae with a "?". äÏ 2004-10-07.

4042. Rinodina (Ach.) Gray
This genus was paraphyletic in the phylogenetic analyses by Helms et al. (2003: 1083, 1089). äÏ 2004-04-13.

4284. Roccellinastrum Follmann - 8
Andersen & Ekman (2005: 21) could not include Roccellinastrum in their phylogenetic analyses of the Micareaceae. Provisionally it can be listed among Lecanorales incertae sedis. äÏ See Note 4279 (Micareaceae)! - 2005-02-25.

4126. Rossiomyces R.K. Benj.
Benjamin (2001: 132) transferred Autophagomyces falcatus T. Majewski to the new genus Rossiomyces R.K. Benj. (Laboulbeniaceae). äÏ 2004-08-19.

4000. Ruzenia O. Hilber
Miller ( 2003: 138, 143) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30-31) included Ruzenia spermoides (Hoffm.: Fr.) O. Hilber ex A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf in analyses of LSU rDNA sequences. The genus clustered with 100% BT support with three Helminthosphaeria spp. and Echinosphaeria canescens (Helminthosphaeriaceae). äÏ 2004-03-11.

4114. Saccharomyces Meyen
See Note 4115 (Saccharomycotina)! äÏ 2004-08-17.

4115. Saccharomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Dujon et al. (67 authors!; 2004) studied "Genome evolution in yeasts" using approximately 24,200 genes in about 4,700 gene families from the budding yeasts Candida glabrata, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica (Saccharomycotina; in the paper as "hemiascomycete phylum"). They stated (p. 38) that the "average sequence identity between orthologous proteins of mammals (man and mouse) and fishes ä" is about 70% ä" compared with only 65% between S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata". However, there may have been a rapid molecular, but not morphological evolution within Saccharomycotina, as each generation is much shorter in the yeasts than in Chordata. The data presented by the authors can not be used for any evaluation of current concepts in Saccharomycotina. The whole genomes of more taxa (carefully selected) have to be sequenced and analyzed. The present study confirms that Yarrowia is more distantly related to the other four yeasts included in the study. äÏ 2004-08-17.

4099. Sarcoxylon Cooke
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4191. Scepastocarpus Santam.
Santamaria (2004: 764) described the new genus Scepastocarpus Santam. (Laboulbeniaceae) found on Hydrochus spp. (Hydrophilidae, Coleoptera) in Spain. äÏ 2004-10-16.

4074. Schaereria K""rb.
Schaereria, currently in Agyriaceae, but earlier (Myconet 3, 1999) in a separate family, Schaereriaceae (see Note 2236, Systema Ascomycetum 15: 160, 1997), did not cluster with Agyriales in a phylogenetic analysis by Lumbsch et al. (2004b). The position of the family within Lecanoromycetes is uncertain. äÏ See 4023 (Lecanoromycetes) and Note 4076 (Umbilicariaceae)! äÏ 2004-05-17.

4225. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4228 (Taphrinomycotina)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

4001. Schizothecium Corda
Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) included this genus in Sordariales based on morphological criteria and a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4184. Sclerophytonomyces Cif. & Tomas. äÏ 3
Sparrius (2004: 84) used the generic name Sclerophytonomyces in Roccellaceae for the single species S. circumscriptus (Taylor) Sparrius & P. James (bas. Verrucaria circumscripta Taylor). It was similar to Enterographa and Sclerophyton, but differed in thicker paraphysoids, brown spores, and a hyaline hypothecium densely filled with calcium oxalate crystals. äÏ 2004-10-12.

4269. Scortechinia Sacc.
See Note 4270 (Scortechiniaceae)! - 2005-02-11.

4270. Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fern.
Huhndorf et al. (2004a: 1387) described this family to accommodate the genera Euacanthe, Neofracchiaea and Scortechinia, which clustered with 100% BT support in an analysis of nLSU rDNA sequences. - 2005-02-11.

4002. Sinosphaeria J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss.
See Note 4009 (Thyridium)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4003. Sordariaceae G. Winter
Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) included several members of this family in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. It had an 100% BT support, but it nested within Lasiosphaeriaceae, as did members of the Chaetomiaceae. Provisionally these families are still accepted pending further studies. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4004. Sordariales Chad. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Miller (2003: 36, 41) narrowed the concept of the order to encompass the Chaetomiaceae (as chaetomiaceous complex), Lasiosphaeriaceae (as lasiosphaeriaceous complex) and Sordariaceae. äÏ See Note 3975 (Lasiosphaeriaceae)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

Huhndorf et al. (2004b: 368) have published an important paper on molecular systematics of the order Sordariales. Much of the information was presented in a Ph.D. Thesis by Miller, discussed in Notes 3927-4014. Molecular analyses by Huhndorf et al. are based on nLSU rDNA and "¸-tubulin sequences. These sequences did not always suggest the same classification (e.g. Thyridium, Note 4009), and in some cases it may be prudent to wait with changes in the system until further molecular data are available. This is true for the very surprising transfer of the order Coronophorales to the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. äÏ See Note 4086 (Coronophorales)! äÏ 2004-06-30.

4226. Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota), 4218 (Dothideomycetes) and 4221 (Leotiomycetes)! äÏ 2005-03-18.

4127. Sorokinella J. Fr""hl. & K.D. Hyde
Fr""hlich & Hyde (2000: 240) described the new genus Sorokinella J. Fr""hl. & K.D. Hyde (Dermateaceae, Helotiales), with the type species S. appendicospora J. Fr""hl. & K.D. Hyde on dead petioles of Livistona chinensis from Hong Kong, and a second species on Calamus moti in Queensland, Australia. äÏ 2004-08-19.

4136. Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson
The relationships of Spathulospora have been enigmatic. It was placed in a separate subclass Spathulosporomycetidae in Ascomycetes by Kirk et al. (2001: 488), which ad interim was treated as the class Spathulosporomycetes by Eriksson et al. (2003. 77), pending molecular studies. Inderbitzin et al. (2004: 737) sequenced SSU and LSU rDNA and demonstrated in a phylogenetic analysis that Spathulospora (Spathulosporaceae, Spathulosporales) belongs in Sordariomycetes. It nested within a paraphyletic Lulworthiales, but "given our incomplete taxon sampling, we would prefer to await further studies prior to revising the circumscriptions of the two orders Spathulosporales and Lulworthiales" (Inderbitzin et al. 2004: 747). They suggested that the remaining taxa in Spathulosporales, viz. Hispidocarpomycetaceae and Retrostium, should be placed in Ascomycota incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-08-23.

4137. Spathulosporomycetes Eriksson et al. 2003, ad int.
See Note 4136 (Spathulospora)! äÏ 2004-08-23.

4128. Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde
Pearce & Hyde (2001: 85) described the new genus Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde (Phyllachoraceae) with the single species S. danthoniae (McAlpine) C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde (bas. Anthostomella danthoniae). äÏ 2004-08-19.

4005.Spinulosphaeria Sivan.
Miller (2003: 19, 59) included this genus in the Nitschkiaceae (Coronophorales), but failed to sequence DNA. The genus is better accommodated in Sordariomycetes inc. sed. until we have informative sequences. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4054. Sporacestra A. Massal.
Coppins (1983: 203) treated the generic type Sporacestra prasina Tuck. & Mont. as a synonym of Bacidia prasinata (Tuck.) Coppins (bas. Biatora prasinata Tuck., non Bacidia prasina (Fr.) Trevis.). Sporacestra is a synonym of Bacidia. äÏ 2004-04-26.

4047. Sporormiella Ellis & Everh.
See Note 4046 (Preussia)! äÏ 2004-04-19.

4100. Squamotubera Henn.
See Note 4103 (Xylariaceae)! äÏ 2004-07-26.

4116. Stereosphaeria Kirschst.
A BLAST search in GenBank for nSSU rDNA from Stereosphaeria perfidiosa (De Not.) O.E. Erikss. (currently in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.) gave a list of almost only members of the Xylariaceae and the most similar sequences occurred in some Anthostomella species. Stereosphaeria differs from Anthostomella in several respects. The asci are non-amyloid (as in Barrmaelia). The ascospores are "dorsal-ventrally" compressed, but laterally compressed in Anthostomella. As in many Anthostomella species the spores are 1-septate, with one large and one very small cell. The spores are hyaline in Stereosphaeria, whereas the larger cell is brown in Anthostomella. The larger cell is provided with a few radiating, apical germ slits in Stereosphaeria, but with one lateral in Anthostomella, as in most members of the Xylariaceae. Most probably, Stereosphaeria belongs in suborder Xylariomycetidae and can provisionally be included in Xylariaceae with a "?". BLAST searches for the same sequences in Amphisphaeria (Amphisphaeriaceae) and Clypeosphaeria (Clypeosphaeriaceae) did not list Stereosphaeria among taxa with the most similar sequences. äÏ 2004-08-17.

4259. Stictis Pers.
See Note 4258 (Conotrema)! - 2005-01-11.

4175. Strangospora Hafellner.
See Note 4170 (Lecanoromycetes)! From Lecanoraceae to Lecanoromycetes incertae sedis. äÏ 2004-10-05.

4006. Strattonia Cif.
Miller (2003: 19, 36) and Miller & Huhndorf (2004: 30) accepted this genus in Sordariales, based on molecular data. äÏ 2004-03-11.

4007. Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. M""+ll.
Accepted in Chaetosphaeriaceae (Chaetosphaeriales). äÏ See Note 3956 (Chaetosphaeriales)! äÏ 2004-03-11.

4236. Szczawinskia A. Funk
Holien & T""nsberg (2002: 369) described two new Szczawinskia species and discussed the affinities of the genus. They stated it has asci of Micarea-type, a micareoid photobiont, and well-developed pycnidia. They placed the genus in the Micareaceae, but not in synonymy of Micarea, awaiting molecular studies. äÏ 2004-11-25.

4227. Taphrinomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Notes 4216 (Ascomycota) and 4228 (Taphrinomycotina)! äÏ 2004-11-19.

4228. Taphrinomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Three subphyla were recognized in Myconet by Eriksson et al. (2004), two monophyletic, Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina, and one probably paraphyletic subphylum lacking statistical support, Taphrinomycotina. That the latter lacked suppo