Eriksson O.E., Baral H.O., Currah R.S., Hansen K., Kurtzman C.P., Laessøe T., and Rambold G. (Eds). 2001. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3128-3302. - Myconet 6: 1-26.

The present paper presents 175 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels.

Introduction

The series ”Notes on ascomycete systematics” has been published in Systema Ascomycetum (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1986-1998) and since 1999 in Myconet in an electronic version on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/myconet/notes.shtml) and as hard copies once or twice a year in a journal with the same name (Eriksson 1999a-2000ab, Eriksson et al. 2001). An alphabetic list of all Notes is available on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/myconet/all.html). The author of a Note is indicated by an acronym within parentheses at the end of the entry if the author has added some own new information (other Notes are published anonymously). The date of the electronic publication is also given there. A numeric list of the new Notes is provided at the end of this paper.

Authors of Notes
André Aptroot = AA; Hans-Otto Baral = HOB; Paula DePriest = PDP; Ove E. Eriksson = OE; Ricardo Galán = RG; Tiina Randlane TR.



1. O.E. Eriksson, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, 2. H.-O. Baral, Tuebingen, Germany, 3. R.S. Currah, Edmonton, Canada, 4. K. Hansen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5. C.P. Kurtzman, Peoria, USA, 6. T. Laessøe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7. G. Rambold, Bayreuth, Germany

Notes

3135. Abaphospora Kirschst.
Aptroot (1998: 94) stated that Abaphospora is not a synonym of Massarina Sacc., but of Strickeria Körb., and the generic type A. rhopalosperma (Kirschst.) E. Müll. a synonym of S. cf. nitida (Ellis & Everh.) Kuntze. However, the correct name of the latter species is uncertain. Strickeria was included in the Melanommataceae by Barr (1990: 20), but the type species S. kochii Körb. is a unitunicate ascomycete (Eriksson in Eriksson & Hawksworth 1991: 144). Anyhow, Abaphospora is not related to Massarina. - See Note 3140 (Massarina)! - (OE & AA: 2001-12-07).

3167. Acanthogymnomyces Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2000: 411): Acanthogymnomyces terrestris gen. et sp. nov. (Eoterfeziaceae). Second species A. princeps (Udagawa & Uchiyama) Udagawa & Uchiyama. - (2001-03-26).

3221. Acanthostigma De Not.
Réblova & Barr (2000: 258) examined recently rediscovered type material of the type species Acanthostigma perpusillum De Not. and stated that it had bitunicate asci and belonged in the Tubeufiaceae. Acanthostigmina Höhn. was treated as a synonym. The authors described the six species they accepted in Acanthostigma in detail. - (2001-04-06).

3213. Agyriaceae Corda
Döring & Lumbsch (1998: 489): ascoma development in Agyriaceae and circumscription of the family. - (2001-03-28).

3168. Agyriales Clem. & Shear
Lumbsch et al. (2001a: 16). Order resurrected. Mol.: SSU rDNA; Anamylopsora, Placopsis, Trapelia. MP: clustered with Lecanoromycetes (BT: no support). - See Notes 3170 (Anamylopsora), 3205 (Placopsis), 3212 (Trapelia)! Change proposed: order accepted in Lecanoromycetes with the same families as now in suborder Agyriineae. - (2001-03-26).

Lumbsch et al. (2001b: 265) studied ITS sequences from members of the Agyriales. The alignment contained 15 sequences of Agyriales and four of Ostropales as outgroup. In the phylogenetic analysis, the order came out as a monophyletic group. There was support for continuing to treat Rimulariaceae and Saccomorphaceae as synonyms of Agyriaceae, but also for including Schaereriaceae in the same family. This broad Agyriaceae was the sister group of Anamylopsoraceae. - (2001-10-01).

3276. Ainoa Lumbsch.& I. Schmitt
Lumbsch & Schmitt (in Lumbsch et al. 2001: 265) erected the new genus Ainoa to accommodate two species in the Agyriaceae. In a phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences it was the sister group of Schaereria. - (2001-10-01).

3169. Albertiniella Kirschst.
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Albertiniella polyporicola. NJ analysis: Albertiniella + two other genera (Cephalotheca and Cryptendoxyla) form a clade (BT 87%) within Sordariales (90% support). MP analysis: the three genera formed a clade with 99% BT support within Sordariales (no support). Change proposed: to Cephalothecaceae in Sordariales. - (OE: 2001-03-26).

3215. Aliquandostipitaceae Inderbitzin
Inderbitzin (in Inderbitzin et al. 2001: 54) described the new family Aliquandostipitaceae to accommodate the single genus Aliquandostipite Inderbitzin. Molecular studies indicated that the genus is related to the class Dothideomycetes (see Note 3214). We suggest that the new family is included among the Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. - (OE: 2001-03-28).

3214. Aliquandostipite Inderbitzin
Inderbitzin (in Inderbitzin et al. 2001: 54) described the new genus Aliquandostipite with two new species found on decaying branches, A. khaoyaensis Inderbitzin (type species; Thailand) and A. sunyatsenii Inderbitzin (Guangdong Prov., China). The thin-walled, subglobose, ostiolate, perithecioid ascomata are dimorphic. They may be sessile or seated on a stalk. The stalk consists of a single hypha, that may be up to 1.6 mm long and 50 µm wide, which is several times wider than previously observed in any hyphae in other ascomycetes. Analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from the two Aliquandostipite species and sequences from 32 other species placed the new genus at the base of the Dothideomycetes clade, but without support for a close relationship with any of the orders represented in the analysis. See Note 3216 (Aliquandostipitaceae)! - (2001-03-28).

3252. Amorphomyces Thaxter
Santamaria (2000: 1389) discovered a small appendage near the base of female thalli of Amorphomyces italicus Speg. (Laboulbeniales) and published an emended description of the genus, a key to the ten species, and a description of each species (one new). - (2001-05-28).

3170. Anamylopsora Timdal
Lumbsch et al. (2001: 16). Mol.: SSU rDNA; Anamylopsora pulcherrima. MP: clustered with Placopsis and Trapelia in Lecanoromycetes (BT: 61%). - See Notes 3168 (Agyriales), 3205 (Placopsis), 3212 (Trapelia)! - (2001-03-26).

3253. Antarctomyces Stchigel & Guarro
Stchigel & Guarro (in Stchigel et al. 2001: 378) described the new genus and species Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus Stchigel & Guarro from soil in Antarctica (King George Island). Penguin dung was common in the area. The fungus produced ”naked asci, hyaline, thick-walled, ellipsoidal to fusiform, echinulate ascospores, and blastoconidia,” in axenic culture. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences indicated that the fungus is closely related to Thelebolus. - (2001-05-28).

3156. Anziaceae M. Sato
Kärnefelt (1998: 98) and Kärnefelt et al. (1998:72) support separation of the family Anziaceae (comprising only the genus Anzia Stizenb.), based on anatomical characters, such as development of the unique spongistratum on the lower surface and presence of the special type of multispored asci with slightly bent ascospores. - (TR: 2001-01-09).

3256. Apatoplaca Poelt & Hafellner
Wetmore (1994) included the genus in Caloplaca due to occasional septum formation in the ascospores. - (2001-06-06).

3128. Aphanandromyces W. Rossi
Tavares (2000: 208) pointed out that this genus was originally placed in tribus Stigmatomyceteae Thaxt. (Laboulbeniaceae), but was incorrectly included in Herpomycetaceae in the 1984 Outline (Eriksson 1984: 25), and due to a misinterpretation of a letter from Rossi, Note 234 (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1987: 114) incorrectly states that it was originally referred to that family by him. - (OE: 2000-10-25).

3171. Aphysiostroma Barrasa, A.T. Martinéz & G. Moreno
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Aphysiostroma stercorarium. MP analysis: Aphysiostroma clustered with Hypocrea with 100% BT support. Change proposed: to Hypocreaceae. - (2001-03-26).

3172. Aporothielavia Malloch & Cain
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Aporothielavia leptoderma. NJ analysis: Aporothielavia clustered with Chaetomium with 87% BT support. Change proposed: to Chaetomiaceae. - (2001-03-26).

3277. Aqualignicola V.M. Ranghoo, K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde
Ranghoo et al. (2001: 628) described the new genus Aqualignicola in the Annulatascaceae for the single species A. hyalina V.M. Ranghoo, K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde. - (2001-10-01).

3216. Arthonia Ach.
Sundin & Tehler (1998: 381). MP analysis of morphological, anatomical, chemical and ecological characters: 19 species of Arthonia, Arthothelium and Syncesia. Arthonia and Arthothelium were paraphyletic taxa. Syncesia did not cluster with Arthonia, but was the sister group of the ”Opegraphaceae” (Lecanactis, Opegrapha) and the ”Roccellaceae” (Sigridea, Roccella, Dendrographa). - (2001-03-28).

3133. Arthopyrenia A. Massal. -
Gams (1999: 807) reported that the Committee for Fungi supported the proposal for conservation of this generic name, a majority (10 of 13) for designating A. cerasi (Schrad.) A. Massal. as conserved type. - (2000-11-02).

3217. Arthothelium A. Massal.
See Note 3217 (Arthonia)! - (2001-03-28).

3246. Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd.
Hyde et al. (2000a: 143) described two new species in Astrosphaeriella with slit-like ostioles. They discussed the limits between that genus and Lophiostoma. They referred species with trabeculate physes and dense, carbonaceous ascomal peridium to Astrosphaeriella. - (2001-05-14).

3154. Asymmetricospora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
Fröhlich & Hyde (1998: 183) described the new genus and species Asymmetricospora calamicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde from Calamus caryotoides. It was referred to the Melanommataceae and should differ from other members of the family by the absence of subiculum, absence of short dark setae around the papilla, and its asymmetric ascospores. - (2000-12-29).

3173. Bacidina Vezda
Gams et al. (2001: 269) reported that the Committee for Fungi supported the proposal for conservation against Lichingoldia D. Hawksw. & Poelt. - (2001-03-26).

3174. Bapalmuia Sérus.
Kalb et al. (2000: 281): Bapalmuia (Pilocarpaceae) emended and monographed. - (2001-03-26).

3165. Belonidium Mont. & Dur.
Leenurm et al. (2000) united the small genus Incrucipulum Baral (in Baral & Krieglsteiner 1985) with the much older monotypic genus Belonidium Mont. & Dur. on the basis of TEM studies (ascus apex and hair wall) of the two type species (I. ciliare, B. aeruginosum). The authors observed in both genera a distinct large plasmatic "apical cap" below the annulus which they considered unique among inoperculate discomycetes. The structure of the comparatively thick hair wall and their warts which also cover the surface of the excipulum (namegiving character of Incrucipulum) are mentioned as additional features in common.

There are, however, some further important features not mentioned by the authors. One (1) supports the author´s conclusion: the consistent absence of croziers in both taxa. The others tell against it so that I cannot accept the above synonymy: (2) a striking, namegiving greyish-olivaceous pigment which turns deeply lilaceous in KOH characterizes Belonidium while Incrucipulum has hyaline apothecia without KOH-reaction, (3) Ca-oxalate crystals are completely absent in Belonidium while rather constantly present and firmly attached to the hair tips in Incrucipulum, (4) apothecia of Belonidium are xerotolerant (distribution eumediterranean) while those of Incrucipulum are rather xerointolerant (distribution submediterranean to boreal).

The "apical cap" was already clearly observed by me with the LM in living material of I. ciliare (Baral 1987: fig. 25) and identified as "nasse apicale", a plasmatic structure, the presence of which is now confirmed by TEM. The very closely related I. virtembergense has the same feature (Baral, ined.) which seems to be indeed very rare in the Leotiales (the only further case where I observed this structure is the completely unrelated genus Vibrissea (Baral 1987: fig. 17, Bellemère 1960: fig. 3, as "manchon épiplasmique différenciés")). The structure was originally described in the fissitunicate ascus, and there is no doubt that it is homologous to that in the unitunicate ascus, considering the close resemblance under the LM (Baral 1992: 372 & fig. 7, Tubeufia cerea). However, neither the "nasse apicale", nor the warts on the excipulum surface were seen by me in living B. aeruginosum (Baral ined.).

Because of not having "typical thick-walled hairs", Raitviir (1987) considered I. ciliare as more closely related to Lachnum roseum than to the other species originally included in the genus (I. virtembergense, I. sulphurellum, and I. capitatum). However, I. capitatum concurs exactly with I. ciliare in the excipular and hair morphology so that immature collections can hardly be identified (the hairs are partly more thin-walled just as in I. ciliare). I. virtembergense differs from I. ciliare only in more thick-walled hairs and a hemiamyloid annulus. These species are, therefore, undoubtedly more closly related to each other (and probably also to L. roseum) than any of them to B. aeruginosum. - (HOB: 2001-03-07).

3129. Benjaminiomyces I.I. Tav.
Tavares (2000: 206) proposed the new name Benjaminiomyces to replace Benjaminella I.I. Tav., non Benjaminiella Arx. - (2000-10-25).

3278. Bimuria D. Hawksw., Chea & Sheridan
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Bimuria novae-zelandiae D. Hawksw., Chea & Sheridan and Trematosphaeria heterospora (De Not.) G. Winter. Both genera are currently classified in the Melanommataceae (Eriksson et al. 2001) with "?", but they did not cluster together in the present study. SSU rDNA sequences from three Melanomma species are now available in GenBank, and an analysis including these sequences may indicate whether any of the two genera is close to the type genus of the family. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3175. Blumeria Golovin ex Speer
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). NJ analysis of SSU rDNA: Blumeria sister group of a clade of Leuconeurospora and Pseudeurotium (BT: 92%). - (2001-03-26).

3279. Brunneosporella V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
Ranghoo & Hyde (in Ranghoo et al. 2001: 625) described the new genus Brunneosporella in the Annulatascaceae to accommodate the single species B. aquatica V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde. - (2001-10-01).

3176. Bulbithecium Udagawa & T Muroi
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Bulbithecium hyalosporum. NJ analysis: see Note 3188 (Hapsidospora). Change proposed: to Hypocreales incertae sedis. - (2001-03-26).

3257. Bulgariaceae Fr.
Döring & Triebel (1998) performed phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences from 28 ascomycetes. These supported the placement of Bulgaria inquinans in the Leotiales (including Blumeria graminis of the Erysiphales) with which it shares an inoperculate ascus. On the basis of this analysis B. inquinans was not closely related to the Sordariales or Xylariales despite sharing their longitudinal germ slit on spores, pigmented and non-pigmented ascospores in a single ascus, and the chemical compound 4,9-dihydoxyperylene-3,10 quinone. However, B. inquinans's relationships within the Leotiales could not be resolved conclusively — it was not phylogenetically within the Leotia clade (Leotiaceae s. str.), the Neobulgaria-Sclerotinia clade (Helotiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae), or the Cudonia-Spathularia clade (?Geoglossaceae). Instead, it was a sister taxon to a clade containing the two representatives of the ?Geoglossaceae and Cyttaria (Cyttariaceae). Therefore, Bulgaria can not be placed with Neobulgaria and Leotia in the family Leotiaceae as previously proposed, and the authors accept the monotypic family Bulgariaceae. - (PDP: 2001-06-06).

3280. Byssothecium Fuckel
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Byssothecium circinans Fuckel. In their phylogenetic analyses the species clustered with Pleomassaria siparia (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (Pleomassariaceae). Byssothecium is currently classified in the Dacampiaceae, but that family may be heterogenous (Ríos & Grube 2000: 1353) and no SSU rDNA sequences are available from any other member of that family. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3263. Caliciaceae Chevall.
Wedin et al. (2000b: 246) found that this family is closely related to the Physciaceae, and they form a well-supported monophyletic group in Lecanorales, as inferred from SSU rDNA analyses. Spore surface structures and ontogeny are similar in the two families. A close relationship with the Teloschistaceae was not supported by jackknifing, but could not be rejected with the data available. - (2001-07-11).

3218. Candelariaceae Corda
Döring & Lumbsch (1998: 492): ascoma development as in Lecanoraceae and distinction of the families doubtful. - (2001-03-28).

3177. Cephalotheca Fuckel
SSU rDNA of Cephalotheca sulfurea. See Note 3178 (Cephalothecaceae)! - (2001-03-26).

3178. Cephalothecaceae Höhn.
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Cephalotheca sulfurea. NJ analysis: Cephalotheca + two other genera (Albertiniella and Cryptendoxyla) sister group of Sordariales (BT90%) within Sordariomycetes. MP analysis: Cephalotheca + Cryptendoxyla (BT91%). Change proposed: to Sordariales. - (2001-03-26).

3222. Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst.
Viljoen et al. (2000: 217) analysed morphological characters in ophiostomatoid fungi. They found that Ceratocystis sensu stricto formed a distinct monophyletic group, but could not find any support for separating species of Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr. from Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd. "Despite the high degree of homoplasy of characters, results strongly suggest that anamorph type may be an important character on which further subdivisions, in Ceratocystiopsis and Ophiostoma, may be based" (p. 236).Their results were largely congruent with those obtained in previously published molecular studies. - (2001-04-06).

3157. Cetraria Ach.
See Note 3158 (Cetrariella)! - (2001-01-09).

3158. Cetrariella Kärnefelt & A. Thell
Based on sequences from the ITS region of rDNA, the only two species of the genus Cetrariella (C. delisei and C. fastigiata) appear more distantly related than it was expected considering the morphological similarities (Kärnefelt & Thell 2000: 29). Still, the two species are kept together although the bootstrap support is low. According to the consensus tree, the genus Cetrariella forms a sister group to Cetraria, represented in this analysis by C. aculeata, C. arenaria and C. islandica. - (TR: 2001-01-09).

3163. Chalazion Dissing & Sivertsen
As mentioned earlier (Note 2942), Landvik et al. (1998) reported that this genus should be accommodated in the Pyronemataceae and not the Thelebolaceae, on the basis of molecular studies. However, the reference should have been to another paper by Landvik et al. (1998), in which they studied longtime storage of fresh fungal material in DNA preparation buffer. - (OE: 2001-01-11).

3281. Chiodecton Ach.
See Note 3298 (Pulvinodecton)! - (2001-10-01).

3224. Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
Kantvilas & Vezda (2000: 325): genus emended to include not only foliicolous species, but also corticolous and terricolous species. - (2001-04-11).

3180. Chrysogluten Briosi & Farneti
See Note 3198 (Nectriopsis)! - (2001-03-26).

3225. Cladia Nyl.
Wedin et al. (2000a: 171): molecular support for placement in Cladoniaceae. See Note 3226 (Cladoniaceae)! - (2001-04-11).

3226. Cladoniaceae Chevall.
Wedin et al. (2000a: 171): maximum parsimony analyses of SSU rDNA sequences. The family should be emended to include also Cladia, Metus and Heterodea. - (2001-04-11).

3282. Claviceps Tul.
Pazoutova (2001: 265) studied the ITS region in Claviceps for inferring the phylogeny and evolution of the genus. Two strongly supported clades were found. Secondary structures of a variable region in ITS1 in five of the species were presented. However, even with these reconstructions it is impossible to align more than the basal parts of these hairpin loops. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3283. Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex Rogerson
Sung et al. (2001: 311) have performed an extensive study of Verticillum sect. Prostrata with phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences from anamorphs and teleomorphs of the Clavicipitaceae. It is difficult to subdivide the genus on morphological bases, as characters can vary much with cultural conditions. However, the molecular study by Sung et al. confirmed earlier results by Zare et al. (2000: 465), who found that sect. Prostrata is not monophyletic and recognized several groups within the section. Sung et al. concluded that most of the species are phylogenetically close to teleomorphs typical of the Clavicipitaceae (stromatic fruit bodies, narrow cylindrical asci, etc.). Teleomorph genera included in the analyses of the family were Atkinsonella, Atricordyceps, Balansia, Claviceps, Cordycepioideus, Cordyceps, Epichloë, and Myriogenospora. The authors found that Cordyceps s.str., with C. militaris (L.) Link and other entomophagous, bright-coloured species, formed a monophyletic clade with V. sect. Prostrata Group B1, whereas the dark-coloured species on Elaphomyces were closer to the genera Atricordyceps and Cordycepioideus, and to Verticillium species on Nematoda, V. sect. Prostrata Group C. It should be mentioned that some Verticillium species should be classified in other families in Sordariomycetes, e.g. V. incurvum in Hypocreaceae, and V. dahliae with Glomerella (position uncertain). - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3240. Coccotremataceae Henssen ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
See Note 3243 (Pertusaria)! - (2000-04-24).

3179. Connersia Malloch -11
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Connersia rilstonii. NJ analysis: Connersia + Pleuroascus sister group of a clade of three genera: Blumeria, Leuconeurospora and Pseudeurotium (BT: 52%). - (2001-03-26).

3284. Cordyceps (Fr.) Link
See Notes 3283 (Clavicipitaceae) and 3296 (Phytocordyceps)! - (2001-10-01).

3181. Cresporhaphis M.B. Aguirre -10
Calatayud & Aguirre (2001: 122): taxonomic and ecological reassessment. Key. - (2001-03-26).

3182. Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Cryptendoxyla hypophloia. NJ and MP analyses: Cryptendoxyla + two other genera (Albertiniella and Cephalotheca) = sister group of Sordariales (BT90%) within Sordariomycetes. Change proposed: to Cephalothecaceae in Sordariales. - (2001-03-26).

3183. Dasyphthora Clem.
See Note 3198. - (2001-03-26).

3184. Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr
Barr (2000: 109): described the new family Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr to accommodate three genera, Delitschia Auersw., Ohleriella Earle and Semidelitschia Cain & Luck-Allen. Key characters, according to Barr, were periphysate ostioles, wide endotunica in the ascus, and ocular chamber containing refractive rods and often a dome. She referred the family to the Melanommatales on the bases of the trabeculate hamathecium. That character, however, has turned out to be very unreliable. Molecular data indicate that the orders Melanommatales and Pleosporales should be merged (Winka & Eriksson 2000, Note 3037; Liew et al. 2000, Note 3136). Delitschia didyma clustered within Dothideomycetes in the SSU rDNA parsimony tree by Winka & Eriksson (2000: Fig 1, 2), but not with Melanomma or the Sporormiaceae. The Delitschia ascus apex is special and the family can be accepted in a broadly conceived Pleosporales. - (OE: 2001-03-26).

3285. Delphinella (Sacc.) Kuntze
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Delphinella strobiligena (Desm.) E. Müll. & Arx. The genus is currently classified in the Dothioraceae. Whether it should be kept in this family is not yet clear from the present study, but it is anyhow obviously a member of the order Dothideales sensu Eriksson et al. (2001). We need sequences from Dothiora species to confirm that the family can be transferred to the order Dothideales. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3258. Dicephalospora Spooner
The genus was placed by Spooner near Rutstroemia P. Karst. (as Lanzia Sacc.) in the Sclerotiniaceae on account of a stroma present as a blackened surface of the substrate and stipe base (see Note 588). Examination of recent dry material of Dicephalospora rufocornea (Berk. & Broome) Spooner from Mauritius (on Pisidium guajava, leg. A. Hausknecht) revealed that the asci have an apical apparatus of the Hymenoscyphus-type (amyloid ring visible as two very thin lines occupying the lower 3/4-6/7 of dome, apically not extending, Baral 1987, Verkley 1993), and arise from simple septa, a character quite frequent in Hymenoscyphus, but rarely met in the Sclerotiniaceae. Spore shape and guttulation, and even the polar mucilaginous caps are also reminiscent of Hymenoscyphus [the caps are possibly homologous to the setulae (= cilia) typical of several species of the genus]. Black bases of stipes are found in some species of Hymenoscyphus which have, therefore, also been assigned by researchers to the Sclerotiniaceae, e.g. H. albidus (Roberge & Desm.) W. Phillips or H. serotinus (Pers.) W. Phillips.

The lateral ascus wall, stressed by Spooner as a generic character, was much thinner and, therefore, did not differ markedly from large-spored species of Hymenoscyphus. What remains not to merge Dicephalospora with Hymenoscyphus? Among the paraphyses are abundant pale yellowish granules (observed in water mount). Upon addition of KOH these inflate and then completely dissolve by staining the medium intensely honey-yellow. This KOH-extractable pigment was never observed in the many species of Hymenoscyphus studied by me, but was also not reported by Spooner when erecting the new genus.

Dicephalospora could be accepted as different from Hymenoscyphus based on spore caps and KOH-soluble pigment, but must be removed from the Sclerotiniaceae (s.l.). - (HOB: 2001-06-06).

3286. Dichosporidium Pat.
See Note 3298 (Pulvinodecton)! - (2001-10-01).

3247. Didymosphaerella Cooke
Barr (2001: 196-198) lectotypified the genus by Didymosphaerella longipes (Trabut) Cooke. She accepted two species and placed the genus in her new family Montagnulaceae. See Note 3250. - (2001-05-14).

3254. Dipodascus Lagerh.
Ueda-Nishimura & Mikata (2000: 1045) studied the secondary structure of SSU rRNA in members of the genera Dipodascus, Galactomyces and Geotrichum and found that they could be divided into two groups. In group 1, the length and the structure was similar to those in ”typical eukaryotes”, whereas in group 2, the sequences were about 150 nt shorter, and the predicted secondary structure lacked helices 10 and E21-5. There were Dipodascus and Geotrichum species in both these groups and the authors suggested ”that a number of deletions occured in the 18S rRNA of the common ancestor of group 2 strains”. - (OE: 2001-05-28).

3185. Discorehmia Kirschst.
Nauta & Spooner (1999: 4) stated that the type species D. eburnea Kirschst. had an excipular structure similar to that of typical members of the Leotiaceae. However, a revision of the type species, D. eburnea Kirschst., in B (Baral, ined.) reveals that this is a later synonym of Calycina cruentata (P. Karst.) O. Kuntze, a typical member of the genus Calycina (Nees) ex Gray (Hyaloscyphaceae) as circumscribed by Baral (in Baral & Krieglsteiner 1985). Therefore, Discorehmia Kirschst. becomes a synonym of Calycina. - (HOB: 2001-03-26).

3287. Discosphaerina Höhn.
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from "Discosphaerina" fagi (H.J. Huds.) M.E. Barr. As recently shown by Holm et al. (1999, Note 2955), the type species of Discosphaerina, D. discophora Höhn., is a unitunicate fungus. The correct generic name for a majority of the other species in Discosphaerina is uncertain. D. fagi has been reported to have an Aureobasidium-like anamorph (see, for instance, Sivanesan 1984: 148). They formed a clade with 100 % bootstrap support in the present study. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3136. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Liew et al. (2000: 392) studied SSU rDNA sequences from 31 members of Dothideales s.lat. and six members of other orders, viz. Hypocreales, Patellariales, Pyrenulales, Sordariales, Taphrinales and Xylariales. The purpose of the study was to determine the phylogenetic significance of different types of hamathecium among the bitunicate ascomycetes. They found that neither Pleosporales nor Melanommatales are monophyletic taxa if defined by hamathecium type (cellular and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, respectively). However, taxa with pseudoparaphyses clustered as one clade with 91% bootstrap support, and for this group the ordinal name Pleosporales can be used, as done in the latest outline of the ascomycetes (Eriksson 1999b). - (OE & AA: 2000-12-07).

3288. Dyplolabia A. Massal.
Kalb & Staiger ( 2000: 409) resurrected the genus Dyplolabia A. Massal. (Graphidaceae) for two species, the pantropical type species D. afzelii A. Massal. with transseptate spores (sometimes a longiseptum in one of the central segments), and D. oryzoides (Leight.) Kalb & Staiger, found in tropical South America, with muriform spores. The two species are corticolous and have bright-coloured ascomata. The genus differs from other genera in the family in chemistry and structure of the excipulum. - (2001-10-01).

3186. Emericellopsis J.F.H. Beyma
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Emericellopsis terricola. NJ analysis: See Note 3196 (Leucosphaerina). Change proposed: to Hypocreales incertae sedis. - (2001-03-26).

3241. Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan
Mori et al. (2000: 437): discussed the molecular phylogeny and radiation time of Erysiphales. They performed phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNAs from 50 and 36 ascomycete species, respectively. Their results agree in large with previously published studies, but the basal position of Elsinoë and Neolecta being the sister group of Pezizales is not in accordance with other molecular studies. Their studies confirm the close relationships between "Erysiphales, Myxotrichaceae, and some discomycetous fungi (Leotiales, Cyttariales and Thelebolaceae)". - (OE: 2000-04-24).

3289. Erythrodecton G. Thor
See Note 3298 (Pulvinodecton)! - (2001-10-01).

3187. Fragosphaeria Shear
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Fragosphaeria purpurea. NJ analysis: Fragosphaeria clustered with Ophiostomatales with 92% BT support (100% in MP analysis). Change proposed: to Ophiostomataceae. - (OE: 2001-03-26).

3290. Graphium van der Walt
Okoda et al. (1998: 1495, 2000: 169) have studied Graphium species and stated that the type species and related species belong in Microascales. Species related to the Ophiostomatales were transferred to Pesotum. One Graphium species related to Chaetothyriales was transferred to Exophiala. A fourth group belong in Helotiales, and one Graphium species was placed in Dendrostilbella. Issakainen et al. (1997) have been working in the same field and used the same gene (SSU rDNA) in phylogenetic analyses. These studies are an example of the importance to include both teleomorphs and mitosporic taxa in phylogenetic analyses when that is possible. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3137. Guignardia Viala & Ravaz
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 31) revised the lichenicolous species described in the genus and concluded that none was congeneric with the type species. The lichenicolous species proved to belong to several genera, most notably Lichenochora, Obryzum, Telogalla, Thamnogalla and Zwackhiomyces. - (OE & AA: 2000-12-07).

3188. Hapsidospora Malloch & Cain
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Hapsidospora irregularis. NJ analysis: Hapsidospora clustered with Nigrosabalum with 87% BT support and these two with 97% support with Bulbithecium. This was a clade within Hypocreales (82% support) that with Microascales formed a clade with 97% BT support. Change proposed: to Hypocreales incertae sedis. - (2001-03-26).

3134. Helotiaceae Rehm
Gams (1999: 808) reported that the Committee for Fungi supported the proposal for conservation of this familial name, based on Helotium Pers. (non Tode: Fr.). For the proposal, see Note 2184 (Helotiaceae)! - (2000-11-02).

3189. Helotiales Nannf.
Korf & Lizon (2000: 501): validated. Type of Helotiaceae Rehm = Helotium Pers. 1801 non Tode 1791. - (2001-03-26).

3259. Helotiales Nannf. (syn. Leotiales Carpenter)
See Note 3257 (Bulgariaceae)! - (2001-06-06).

3262. Hemigrapha (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw.
Diederich & Wedin (2000: 203) revised the species of Hemigrapha growing on members of the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae (syn. Peltigerales). They provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of the type species H. asteriscus (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw. and two new species. They suggested that the genus might belong in the Microthyriaceae as it had thyriothecia with an upper wall of radiating cells and the bitunicate and asci are separated by more or less evanescent paraphysoids. However, the ascomata are often star-shaped and open with radiating slits and, above all, the asci are almost ellipsoidal, short-stalked, very thick-walled and produce large, clavate, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores, that finally become brownish. The ascospores have no bristle-like appendages as in several Microthyriaceae. The morphology suggests Parmulariaceae. The closely related Asterinaceae have a more abundant superficial mycelium, but the limits between these and some other families (Englerulaceae, etc.) should be evaluated using molecular methods. The authors reported the asci to be I-. Some Asterinaceae have I+ asci (see Eriksson 1981: 31 and 115). One species that possible may belong in Hemigrapha, Melanographa epigraphella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., was reported to have an I+ hymenium by Nylander (1868: 55; see Diederich & Wedin 2000: 206). This feature has not been extensivly studied in the Asterinaceae, and provisionally the genus Hemigrapha can be excluded from Hysteriaceae and Microthyriaceae and included in the Parmulariaceae with a "?".- (OE: 2001-07-11).

3264. Heppia Zahlbr.
New SSU rDNA sequence. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3265. Heppiaceae Zahlbr.
Transferred from Lecanorales to Lichinales (see Note 3267). - (2001-07-11).

3227. Heterodea Nyl.
Wedin et al. (2000a: 171): Heterodea to Cladoniaceae. See Note 3226 (Cladoniaceae). - (2001-04-11).

3138. Holstiella P. Henn.
Aptroot (1998: 95) reported that Holstiella is a synonym of Trypethelium Spreng., and that the name of the type species, H. usambarensis P. Henn., is a synonym of T. eleuteriae Spreng. - (2000-12-07).

3190. Hueella Zahlbr.
Jørgensen (2000: 812): proposal for rejection of Hueella Zahlbr. against Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg. - (2001-03-26).

3159. Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl.
See Note 3160 (Menegazzia)! - (2001-01-09).

3248. Kalmusia Niessl
See Note 3250! - (2001-05-14).

3228. Kantvilasia P.M. McCarthy, Elix & Sérus.
McCarthy et al. (2000: 318): described the new foliicolous genus Kantvilasia (Ectolechiaceae) from Tasmania. Single species: K. hias P.M. McCarthy, Elix & Sérus. - (2001-04-11).

3191. Kimbropezia Korf & W.Y. Zhuang
Norman & Egger (1999: 820). Mol.: SSU rDNA from 20 species of Peziza, and ITS and LSU rDNA from some of them. ML analysis of these and sequences from some related genera, i.a. Kimbropezia, here sister group of Peziza p.p. (incl. type species P. vesiculosa) with 91% BT support. - (2001-03-26).

3291. Kluyveromyces van der Walt
Kurtzman et al. (2001: 907) proposed the conservation of the generic name Kluyveromyces with K. marxianus (E.C. Hansen) van der Walt as a new type, as the economically important species K. lactis and K. marxianus would otherwise have to be excluded from the genus. As pointed out by the authors, "such a classification would face almost certain rejection by the industrial / biotechnological and genetics communities".- (2001-10-01).

3229. Knightiella Müll. Arg.
Galloway (2000: 294). The type species differs from Icmadophila only in the squamulose to small-foliose thallus, and Knightiella was, therefore, placed as a synonym of Icmadophila. - (2001-04-11).

3292. Lacazia P. Taborda, V. Taborda & McGinnis
Taborda et al. (1999: 2031) described Lacazia loboi gen. et comb. nov., a fungus that causes a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous disease in humans, but that has also been recorded in two species of dolphins. No ascomata have been found, but a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences (Herr et al. 2001: 309) placed the fungus among members of the Onygenales. The taxa appeared in four clusters, corresponding to Arthrodermataceae (100% bootstrap support), Gymnoascaceae (100%), Onygenaceae (99%), and a fourth cluster of pathogenic fungi (99%): Blastomyces dermatitidis, Emmonsia parva, Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum and var. duboisii, Lacazia loboi, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Eremascus albus (Eremascaceae) appeared at the base of the Arthrodermataceae branch, but without any bootstrap support. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3192. Lagerheimia Sacc.
Nauta & Spooner (1999: 4) followed Gamundí (1981) in excluding Lagerheimia Sacc. from the Dermateaceae and in treating the name as a synonym of Bulgariella P. Karst. in the Leotiaceae. - (2001-03-26).

3193. Lecanoraceae Körb.
Gams et al. (2001: 272) reported that the Committee for Fungi supported the proposal for adding Motyka´s 4-volume work on Lecanoraceae on the list of ”Opera utique oppressa”. - (2001-03-26).

3194. Lepidotia Boud.
Norman & Egger (1999: 820) maintained that this genus should be recognized on the bases of molecular and morphological characters. Type species L. hispida (Quél.) Boud. (syn. Peziza quelepidotia Korf & O´Donnell). See Note 3202 (Peziza)! - (2001-03-26).

3293. Letendraea Sacc.
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Letendraea helminthicola (Berk. & Broome) Petch. The genus is currently classified in the Tubeufiaceae. Corresponding sequences are known from three other species in the family (Eriksson 2001), viz. members of the type genus Tubeufia and of Acanthostigmella. The position of these taxa is uncertain (Untereiner et al. 1995) and further studies are required. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3195. Leuconeurospora Malloch & Cain -11
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Leuconeurospora pulcherrima. NJ analysis: : Leuconeurospora + Pseudeurotium sister group of Blumeria (BT: 92%). - (2001-03-26).

3196. Leucosphaerina Arx -11
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Leucosphaerina indica. NJ analysis: Leucosphaerina clustered with Emericellopsis with 87% BT support and within the clade Hypocreales with 82%. Change proposed: to Hypocreales incertae sedis. - (2001-03-26).

3139. Lichenochora Hafellner
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 47) suggested the conservation of Lichenochora Hafellner versus Paralaestadia (Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Vainio. - (2000-12-07).

3266. Lichina Zahlbr.
New SSU rDNA sequence. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3267. Lichinales Henssen & Büdel
The order Lichinales was described by Henssen & Büdel (1986) to accommodate the families Lichinaceae and Peltulaceae. Later on, the new family Gloeoheppiaceae (Henssen 1995) was added. The photobionts are cyanobacteria and the families have several morphological traits in common. To conform with the classification used by most lichenologists the order was recognized as a monophyletic group at the subordinal level as Lichinineae (Eriksson 1999b) .

Schultz et al. (2001: 116) studied the phylogenetic relationships of the Lichinales, using SSU rDNA sequences. This group of cyanolichens should be treated as a separate order, as it came out as a monophyletic clade and sister group of Lecanorales, if Heppiaceae was included. This family is currently accommodated in Lecanorales suborder Lecanorineae, but should be transferred to Lichinales. Lecanoralean asci occur in both Lichinales (e.g. Peltula) and Lecanorales, but many species in the former order have asci with a reduced, one-layered wall and passive spore discharge. The authors assumed that this type of ascus in Lichinales had evolved from lecanoralean asci.
Schultz et al. (2001) analyzed sequences from the following lichinalean genera: Heppia (Heppiaceae), Lichina, Lichinella, Paulia, Peccania, Pterygiopsis, Thyrea (Lichinaceae), Peltula (Peltulaceae). Heppia nested within Lichinaceae, but this requires further studies before any taxonomic changes are done. - (OE: 2001-07-11).

3268. Lichinella Nyl.
New SSU rDNA sequence. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3197. Lichingoldia D. Hawksw. & Poelt
See Note 3173 (Bacidina)! - (2001-03-26).

3230. Llimoniella Hafellner & Nav.-Ros.
Diederich & Etayo (2000: 450): acepted this genus in Leotiales. - (2001-04-11).

3140. Massarina Sacc.
Liew et al. (2000: 41) included three Massarina species in a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from 31 members of Dothideales s.lat. They found that the type species M. eburnea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. nested with Keissleriella cladophila (Niessl) Corbaz, and this clade was the sister group to a clade of Massaria platani Ces., Montagnula opulenta (De Not.) Aptroot and Phaeodothis winteri (Niessl) Aptroot. The other two Massarina species, M. australiensis K.D. Hyde and M. bipolaris K.D. Hyde, formed a clade with Lophiostoma caulium (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. (89% bootstrap support). Therefore, Massarina seems to be heterogenous and a split will probably be necessary. Aptroot (1998: 93) listed two generic names as synonyms of Massarina, Bertiella (Sacc.) Sacc. & Syd. and Pseudodiaporthe Speg. One of these two names may be the correct one for Massarina species clustering with Lophiostoma, and SSU rDNA sequences from the type species should be studied. Also the name Vaginatispora K.D. Hyde has to be considered (cf. Note 2131).

Several other generic names have been cited as synonyms of Massarina (see Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998: 122), but as is clear from Aptroot´s revision of the genus (1998) none of them can be used for a genus segregated from Massarina. See Notes 3135 (Abaphospora), 2523 (Epiphegia), 3138 (Holstiella), 3141 (Massarinula), 2526 (Oraniella), 3145 (Parasphaeria), and 3147 (Phragmosperma)! - (OE & AA: 2000-12-07).

3141. Massarinula Géneau
Aptroot (1998: 95) reported that Massarinula is a synonym of Arthopyrenia A. Massal., and that the type species M. quercina Géneau is A. punctiformis A. Massal. - (2000-12-07).

3142. Melanommatales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
See Note 3136 (Dothideomycetes)! - (2000-12-07).

3160. Menegazzia A. Massal.
The genera Hypogymnia and Menegazzia are very unlikely to be closely related as their asci and hamathecial structures differ considerably. Kärnefelt (1998: 99) and Kärnefelt et al. (1998:72) propose to separate Menegazzia at family level. - (TR: 2001-01-09).

3231. Metus D.J. Galloway & P. James
Wedin et al. (2000a: 171): molecular support for placement in Cladoniaceae. See Note 3226. - (2001-04-11).

3155. Monandromyces R.K. Benj.
Benjamin (1999: 72) described the new genus Monandromyces (Laboulbeniales), based on Autophagomyces microveliae Thaxt. - (2000-12-29).

3219. Monandromyces R.K. Benj.
Benjamin (1999: 72): Monandromyces, a new genus in the Laboulbeniaceae (Laboulbeniales). - (2001-03-28).

3143. Montagnula Berl.
See Note 3140 (Massarina). This genus and Phaeodothis Syd & P. Syd. are both currently included in the Didymosphaeriaceae, a placement that is not contradicted in the phylogenetic analyses presented by Liew et al. (2000: 41), but a sequence of Didymosphaeria has to be included to support this classification. - (OE & AA: 2000-12-07).

3249. Montagnula Berl.
Barr (2001: 194) based her new family Montagnulaceae on this genus (Note 3250), which for a long time was treated as a synonym of Pleospora, until Crivelli (1983) resurrected the genus with two subgenera. These subgenera were not accepted by Barr. - (2001-05-14).

3250. Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr
Barr (2001: 194) accepted three genera in her new family Montagnulaceae: dictyosporous Montagnula, phragmosporous Kalmusia, and didymosporous Didymosphaerella. Among features characterizing the family she mentioned immersed to erumpent, globose (rarely subglobose) ascomata surrounded by abundant hyphae that form an apical clypeus at times, short or well developed, terete papilla, ostiole frequently periphysate, interascal hyphae of narrow, ”cellular” pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci with clear brown, reddish brown or dark yellowish brown ascospores. Barr stated that the family was closest to Cucurbitariaceae, which differed ”in the obtuse ascoma apex that contains a minute papillate ostiole, in the peridium tending to be widest in the lower rather than upper regions, and in thinner-walled, more pallid ascospores”. There are as yet few molecular data on taxa in these families, but a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences by Liew et al. (2000) indicated that Cucurbitaria berberidis and Didymosphaerella opulenta (as Montagnula opulenta) are not very closely related.

A first indication on a group of closely related species, which may now be accommodated in Montagnulaceae, was provided by Eriksson (1967a, b), who maintained that two clypeate, graminicolous species, dictyosporous Pleospora spinosella Rehm (=Montagnula spinosella (Rehm) Criv.) and didymosporous Didymosphaeria arenaria Mouton, were closely related and not congeneric with Pleospora herbarum. Didymosphaeria arenaria was treated as a synonym of Montagnula opulenta by Aptroot (1995), but Barr (2001) preferred to use D. opulenta for specimens on cacti, whereas the more northern specimens on grasses should belong to another taxon. Whether these taxa are conspecific or not will probably be solved by, for instance, studies of their ITS sequences. However, morphological data indicate that they are related and belong in the Montagnulaceae. - (OE: 2001-05-14).

3198. Nectriopsis Maire
Gams et al. (2001: 270) reported that the Committee for Fungi supported the proposal for conservation against Chrysogluten Briosi & Farneti and Dasyphthora Clem. - (2001-03-26).

3199. Nigrosabalum Malloch & Cain
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Nigrosabalum globosum. NJ analysis: see Note 3188 (Hapsidospora). Change proposed: to Hypocreales incertae sedis. - (2001-03-26).

3144. Obryzum Wallr.
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 80) accepted the family Obryzaceae, which should differ from the Valsaceae in the lack of a chitinoid ring in the ascus and in ascomal wall of textura intricata. The asci become free and expelled in both families, an unusual feature. Empty asci of the type species Obryzum corniculatum Wallr. contain four rib-like structures, that may be folds in the ascus wall. Such structures have been observed also in the Valsaceae. However, in a case like this, molecular studies are needed to show whether the two families are closely related or not. Provisionally, Obryzaceae may be accepted and placed among Sordariomycetes incertae sedis. - (OE & AA: 2000-12-07).

3242. Ochrolechia A. Massal.
See Note 3243 (Pertusaria)! - (2000-04-24).

3294. Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & Kimbr.
See Note 3292 (Lacazia)! - (2001-10-01).

3166. Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss.
Câmara et al. (2001: 41) studied the ITS and SSU rDNA regions and the morphology of nine species of Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss. and concluded that the genus probably is polyphyletic (the species formed three clusters with high bootstrap support) and that possibly only the type species P. michotii and P. pilleata should be retained in the genus. However, they stated that more of 22 species hitherto placed in the genus should be studied before segregate genera are described. - (OE: 2001-03-07).

3145. Parasphaeria Syd.
Aptroot (1998: 95) stated that type material of the type species Parasphaeria contraria Syd. is lost. The generic name is a nomen dubium. - (2000-12-07).

3161. Parmeliaceae Zenker
See Note 3162 (Usneaceae)! - (2001-01-09).
Crespo et al. (2001: 807) performed a preliminary study of mitochondrial DNA in parmelioid lichens and found it very promising for establishing the phylogeny of the group and for stabilising generic concepts. They stated that sequences from a wider range of genera and species are required and that any emergent groupings should be tested against variation in anatomical and chemical characters. - (2001-10-01).

3269. Paulia Feé
New SSU rDNA sequence. The genus clustered with 100% bootstrap support with Lichina. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3270. Peccania Feé
New SSU rDNA sequence. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3200. Pellucida Dulym., Sivan., P.F. Cannon & Peerally
Dulymamode et al. (2001: 250) described the new genus and species Pellucida pendulina Dulym., Sivan., P.F. Cannon & Peerally (Hyponectriaceae). - (2001-03-26).

3271. Peltula Nyl.
New SSU rDNA sequence. The genus and family (Peltulaceae) was the sister group of the rest of Lichinales, but without high bootstrap support. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3243. Pertusaria DC.
Lumbsch & Schmitt (2001: 161): molecular studies (LSU rDNA) of Pertusaria and allied taxa. Pertusariaceae appeared to be paraphyletic with Pertusaria subg. Monomuratae, Ochrolechia, and monophyletic Coccotremataceae forming one clade, all the other Pertusaria species forming a sister clade. Thus, also Pertusaria paraphyletic. The Pertusaria-type ascus is plesiomorphic. Apothecium type and spore wall number have changed in parallel within Pertusaria. Chlorinated xanthones were restricted to Pertusaria s.str. - (2000-04-24).

3244. Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb.
See Note 3243 (Pertusaria)! - (2000-04-24).

3201. Peziza Fr.
Norman & Egger (1999: 820). Mol.: SSU rDNA from 20 species of Peziza, and ITS and LSU rDNA from some of them. ML analysis of these and sequences from some related genera (Kimbropezia, Pachyella, Plicaria, Sarcosphaera, q.v.v.). See also Note 3194 (Lepidotia). Peziza is paraphyletic. - (2001-03-26).

3272. Pezizomycotina -10
Lumbsch (2000: 335): published an overview of the present knowledge of the phylogeny of filamentous ascomycetes, most of which are members of the Pezizomycotina. The phylogenetic tree of the classes in that subphylum (Lumbsch Fig. 2) is one hypothesis inferred from several studies, but the branching order in that tree is uncertain. Lumbsch discussed in particular three problems in the classification of filamentous ascomycetes: the prototunicate ascus as a taxonomic criterion, morphology and molecular characters in Agyriales, and ascolocular fungi. - (OE: 2001-07-11).

3146. Phaeodothis Syd. & P. Syd.
See Notes 3140 (Massarina) and 3143 (Montagnula)! - (2000-12-07).

3202. Phaeotrichaceae Cain
Barr (2000: 107): now accepts this family has bitunicate, fissitunicate asci and included it in Melanommatales. See, however, Note 3184 (Delitschiaceae)! - (OE: 2001-03-26).

3295. Phaeotrichum Cain & M.E. Barr
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Phaeotrichum benjaminii Malloch & Cain, a member of the type genus of the family Phaeotrichaceae. It clustered with Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops (Berk. & Curtis) D. Hawksw. They are both probably members of the order Pleosporales s.lat., but their exact position can not be inferred from the present data. - (2001-10-01).

3147. Phragmosperma Theiss. & Syd.
Aptroot (1998: 95) reported that Phragmosperma marattiae (P. Henn.) Theiss. & Syd. ”is a true foliicolous Dothidealean fungus, not even remotely related to Massarina”. It can be listed under Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. - (2000-12-07).

3148. Physalospora Niessl
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 39) revised the lichenicolous species that have been accommodated in the genus. None of them was found to be congeneric with the type species. - (2000-12-07).

3273. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
See Note 3263 (Caliciaceae)! - (2001-07-11).

3296. Phytocordyceps C.H. Su & H.H. Wang
Sung et al. (2001: 311) included Cordyceps bifusispora O.E. Erikss. in phylogenetic analyses of anamorphs and teleomorphs of the Clavicipitaceae. This species has all the traits later described for Phytocordyceps, but it is entomophagous and it clusters within the Cordyceps s.str. clade in their trees. There is no need for recognizing a separate genus for species with bifusiform ascospores (Eriksson in Eriksson & Hawksworth 1986: 152, Note 168). - See Note 3283 (Clavicipitaceae)! - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3203. Pidoplitchkoviella Kiril.
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Pidoplitchkoviella terricola. NJ analysis: Pidoplitchkoviella sister group of a clade of four genera of Xylariales: Daldinia, Hypoxylon and Xylaria (Xylariaceae) and Diatrype (Diatrypaceae) (BT: 98%). MP also high BT support (99%) with Xylariales. Change proposed: to Xylariaceae. - (2001-03-26).

3297. Piedraia Fons. & Leâo
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Piedraia hortae Fonseca & Leâo, the single genus in the Piedraiaceae. It clustered with members of the Myriangiales and Capnodiales, but the exact position of the genus and family is uncertain. - (2001-10-01).

3204. Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds.
Lumbsch et al. (2001a: 16). Mol.: SSU rDNA; Placopsis gelida. MP: clustered with Trapelia in Lecanoromycetes (BT: 100%). - See Notes 3168 (Agyriales), 3170 (Anamylopsora), 3212 (Trapelia)! - (2001-03-26).

3232. Pleoscutula Vou.
Diederich & Etayo (2000: 451): Pleoscutula distinct from Llimoniella. - (2001-04-11).

3233. Pleospilis Clem.
Kantvilas & Vezda (2000: 427): treated this as a synonym of Spirographa Zahlbr. - (2001-04-11).

3149. Pleosporales M.E. Barr
See Note 3136 (Dothideomycetes)! - (2000-12-07).

3205. Pleuroascus Massee & E.S. Salmon -11
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Pleuroascus nicholsonii. NJ analysis: Connersia + Pleuroascus sister group of a clade of three genera: Blumeria, Leuconeurospora and Pseudeurotium (BT: 52%).- (2001-03-26).

3206. Plicaria Fuckel
Norman & Egger (1999: 820). Mol.: SSU rDNA from 20 species of Peziza, and ITS and LSU rDNA from some of them. ML analysis of these and sequences from some related genera, i.a. Plicaria, here as ingroup in a cluster of Peziza p.p. (six spp., but not the type species) with 90% BT support. - (2001-03-26).

3207. Pseudeurotiaceae Malloch & Cain -11
Suh & Blackwell (1999: 836). Mol.: SSU rDNA of Pseudeurotium zonatum. NJ analysis: Pseudeurotium + five other genera (Blumeria in Erysiphales + Connersia, Leuconeurospora and Pleuroascus) sister group of Leotiales. (BT: no support). Change proposed: keep within Pezizomycotina incertae sedis, but with four genera only, Connersia, Leuconeurospora, Pleuroascus, and Pseudeurotium. - (OE: 2001-03-26).

3208. Pseudeurotium J.F.H. Beyma -11
SSU rDNA of Pseudeurotium zonatum. See Note 3208 (Pseudeurotiaceae)! - (2001-03-26).

3234. Pseudoramonia Kantvilas & Vezda
Kantvilas & Vezda (2000: 343): new genus (Thelotremataceae) with one foliicolous species, P. richeae Kantvilas & Vezda. - (2001-04-11).

3274. Pterygiopsis Zahlbr.
New SSU rDNA sequence. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3298. Pulvinodecton Henssen & G. Thor
Henssen & Thor (1998: 111) erected the new genus Pulvinodecton Henssen & Thor in Arthoniales. They compared their new genus with Chiodecton, Dichosporidium and Erythrodecton, three genera resembling one another in ascomal ontogeny, viz. numerous pseudoangiocarpic apothecia that arise individually in a stroma. In Pulvinodecton, however, each stroma encloses a large proliferating apothecium. The genus resembles Erythrodecton in producing rhodocladonic acid, but differs in having fusiform rather than biclavate ascospores, the development of the ascomata, and "the peculiar structure of the pycnidia having more or less deeply divided cavity that opens by more than one ostiole".- (2001-10-01).

3299. Raciborskiomyces Siemaszko
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Raciborskiomyces longisetosum (Volkart) M.E. Barr, a member of the Pseudoperisporiaceae. The genus clustered with 99% bootstrap support with Capnodium citri in an NJ analysis. The authors included both taxa in the order Capnodiales (Figs 1 and 2). Pseudoperisporiaceae (earlier Dimeriaceae) is a rather large family with many taxa especially in the Tropics. They have small superficial ascomata and mycelia on various plants and other substrates. Thus, the habitats are similar to those of the sooty moulds in Capnodiales. We need more sequences from key taxa to definitely assess the position of the family, but we can tentatively move it to Capnodiales. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3245. Ramalinora Lumbsch, Rambold & Elix.
LaGreca & Lumbsch (2001: 172): molecular studies (ITS region) suggest that Ramalinora does not belong in Ramalinaceae, but should be transferred to Lecanoraceae. - (2000-04-24).

3130. Rhadinomyces Thaxt.
This generic name was cited as a synonym of Corethromyces by Ainsworth et al. (1971: 505), with reference to Thaxter. The genus was accepted by Tavares (1985: 301) in the Laboulbeniaceae, but she stated that it was not clearly distinguished from Corethromyces. - (OE: 2000-10-25).

3235. Rhymbocarpus Zopf
Diederich & Etayo (2000: 459): transferred Rhymbocarpus from Ostropales to Leotiales. A neotype of the type species R. geographici was designated. - (2001-04-11).

3301. Saccharomycetaceae G. Winter
The laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989 were S. Altman and T.R. Cech, honoured for their discoveries of catalytic properties of RNA. Altman had studied the enzyme that cleaves precursor-tRNA at the 5´ end. It is a ribonucleoprotein of two subunits, a small protein and an RNA molecule. The RNA (RNase P RNA) is the catalytically active part of the ribozyme. There was an early study (Brown & Pace 1991) that indicated that this RNA might be of considerable phylogenetic interest. A phylogenetic bacterial tree based on the RNase P RNA showed much the same branching pattern as a tree based on SSU rDNA (16S rDNA). We have waited for similar studies of fungal RNase P RNAs. There have been some sequences available from GenBank, viz. of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. globosum and S. kluyveri (Saccharomycetales) and from three Schizosaccharomyces species (Schizosaccharomycetales). Secondary structures of the RNAs show that there are large differences between the two orders (for information on RNAse P RNA, see http://jwbrown.mbio.ncsu.edu/RNaseP/home.html) and that the Schizosaccharomyces RNA is more similar to that from animals than to budding yeast RNA. A recent study by Frank et al. (2000) included sequences from 20 new RNase P RNA sequences from budding yeasts, and showed, for instance, that the hairpin structure eP15 was present in all budding yeasts studied, but was missing in fission yeasts and animals. Despite the title of the paper, however, there is no truly phylogenetic analysis of the alignment (but of SSU rDNA from several of the taxa). The main focus of the study was to identify enzymatically active regions in the RNA and to compare with RNase P RNA data from Bacteria and Archaea. There are not yet any sequences of this molecule from other members of the Taphrinomycotina than the fission yeasts and none from any members of the Pezizomycotina. The molecule is much shorter than SSU rRNA, the sequences more difficult to align, and this RNA will probably not become of the same phylogenetic importance as the ribosomal RNAs. - (OE: 2001-10-01).

3209. Sarcosphaera Auersw.
Norman & Egger (1999: 820). Mol.: SSU rDNA from 20 species of Peziza, and ITS and LSU rDNA from some of them. ML analysis of these and sequences from some related genera, i.a. Sarcosphaera, here sister group of a clade comprising Peziza p.p. (not with the type species), Plicaria and Pachyella with 88% BT support. - (2001-03-26).

3302. Schaereriaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner
Lumbsch et al. (2001b: 265) treated this family name as a synonym of Agyriaceae. See Note 3168 (Agyriales)! - (2001-10-01).

3236. Skyttea Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins
Diederich & Etayo (2000: 425): recircumscribed the genus and gave a detailed discussion on the morphology. It was transferred from Ostropales (Odontotremataceae) to Leotiales. The authors provided a key to lichenicolous genera of these two orders. - (2001-04-11).

3237. Spirographa Zahlbr.
Diederich & Etayo (2000: 427): indicated that this genus may be better accommodated in Leotiales than in Ostropales. - (2001-04-11).

3150. Sporophysa (Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Vain.
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 101) stated that this generic name is a synonym of Verrucaria Schrad. - (2000-12-07).

3238. Stereocaulaceae Chevall.
Wedin et al. (2000a: 171): family recircumscribed to include only the genus Stereocaulon. - (2001-04-11).

3210. Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou, K.D. Hyde & B.S. Lu
Zhou et al. (2000: 142): Striatodecospora bambusae gen. et sp. nov. (Xylariaceae), close to Anthostomella. - (2001-03-26).

3300. Stylodothis Arx & E. Müll.
Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001: 901) sequenced SSU rDNA from Stylodothis puccinioides (DC.) Arx & E. Müll., and their phylogenetic analyses confirmed that it is closely related to the genus Dothidea (Dothideaceae). - (2001-10-01).

3220. Syncesia Taylor
See Note 3217 (Arthonia)! - (2001-03-28).

3223. Taphrophila Scheuer
Réblova & Barr (2000: 282-283) discussed the limits between Taphrophila and Tubeufia (Tubeufiaceae) and accepted both genera. - (2001-04-06).

3131. Tavaresiella T. Majewski
This genus was stated to belong in Laboulbeniales in Index of Fungi (5: 96, 1982), but it has, more precisely, been included in the family Laboulbeniaceae by both Bemjamin and Tavares (see Tavares 2000: 209). The same refers also to the genus Triceromyces T. Majewski (Tavares 2000: 210). - (OE: 2000-10-25).

3151. Telogalla Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 106) erected this new genus in the Verrucariaceae to accommodate the lichenicolous fungus that usually has been called Guignardia olivieri (Vouaux) Sacc., a common species on Xanthoria parietina. - (OE & AA: 2000-12-07).

3251. Tetrapisispora Ueda-Nishimura & K. Mikata
Ueda-Nishimura & Mikata (2000) described this new genus in the Saccharomycetaceae and accepted four species on the bases of TEM studies of ascospores and molecular data. - (2001-05-14).

3152. Thamnogalla D. Hawksw.
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 41) found that ascomata of Thamnogalla crombiei (Mudd) D. Hawksw., the single species in the genus, were apothecioid in some collections studied by them. They suggested the the genus might belong in the Odontotremataceae (Rhytismatales), rather than Phyllachoraceae (Phyllachorales). - (2000-12-07).

3164. Thelocarpaceae Zukal
By mistake, this family was omitted in the Outline of Ascomycota - 1999 (Eriksson 1999b). Three genera are currently accepted in this family, Thelocarpon Nyl., Melanophloea P. James & Vezda, and Sarcosagium A. Massal. The position of this family is uncertain and it can provisionally be included among Ascomycota inc.sed. - (OE: 2001-01-11).

3275. Thyrea A. Massal.
New SSU rDNA sequence. See Note 3267 (Lichinales)! - (2001-07-11).

3239. Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vezda
Kantvilas & Vezda (2000: 347): new genus (Thelotremataceae) with three foliicolous species. Type species: T. muscicola Kantvilas & Vezda. The genus accommodated ”those Thelotremataceae .... that have sessile, exfoliating, perithecioid apothecia with a cupular, usually brown-pigmented excipulum, very well-developed periphyses, a persistently and deeply urceolate disc, markedly apically thickened young asci and very large, thin-walled, muriform ascospores that colour [reddish or purplish] in iodine”. - (2001-04-11).

3260. Torrendiella Boud. & Torrend
Johnston & Gamundí (2000) described six species of Torrendiella confined to wood and fallen leaves of Nothofagus from Australia, New Zealand and southern South America. Five of them were described as new: T. andina, T.brevisetosa, T.cannibalensis, T.dingleyae and T.grisea, and the geographical range for T. madsenii (Beaton & Weste) Spooner - previously reported only from Australia - was widened to New Zealand and southern South America. Some collections were recorded erroneously by Gamundí (1962) as Zoellneria eucalyptii. A key was provided to differentiate between these Nothofagus-inhabiting species, which were profusely illustrated and described in culture. The genus Torrendiella was accepted within Sclerotiniaceae auctt. and characterised by the possession of excipular setae and a three-layered ectal excipulum, whose central layer is gelatinous. The authors accepted Zoellneria as a separate genus, on the bases of the different excipular construction, non-amyloid asci and consistent association with Amerosporium patellarioides. The concept of Zoellneria eucalypti (= Torrendiella eucalypti auctt.) was used in a much restricted sense as a taxon specialized on Acacia-species. However, they admitted a strong relationship between Torrendiella and Rutstroemia (as pointed out by Galán et al. 1993). They suggested that at least some of the Torrendiella species inhabiting Nothofagus leaves could have an endophytic stage in their life cycle. - (RG: 2001-07-04).

3255. Torrentispora K.D. Hyde, W.H. Ho, E.B.G. Jones, K.M. Tsui & S.W. Wong
Hyde et al. (2000b: 1399) described the new genus Torrentispora (Annulatascaceae) to accommodate the new species T. fibrosa K.D. Hyde, W.H. Ho, E.B.G. Jones, K.M. Tsui & S.W. Wong. It was compared with Annulatascus, from which it differed in ”ascoma peridium and ascospore sheath morphology”. - (2001-05-28).

3211. Trapelia M. Choisy
Lumbsch et al. (2001: 16). Mol.: SSU rDNA; Trapelia involuta and T. placodioides. MP: clustered with Placopsis (BT: 100%). - See Notes 3168 (Agyriales), 3170 (Anamylopsora), 3205 (Placopsis)! - (2001-03-26).

3132. Triceromyces T. Majewski
This genus belongs in Laboulbeniaceae. See Note 3131 (Tavaresiella)! - (2000-10-25).

3212. Trichodelitschia Munk
See Note 3203 (Phaeotrichaceae)! - (2001-03-26).

3162. Usneaceae Escw.
Anatomy of eleven genera, ten of which have earlier been included in Usneaceae - Bryocaulon Kärnefelt, Cornicularia Hoffm., Evernia Ach., Everniopsis Nyl., Himantormia Lamb, Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Lethariella (Mot.) Krog, Protousnea (Mot.) Krog, Pseudevernia Zopf and Usnea Adans. - was examined. In respect of development of the apothecia and formation of a meristematic cupular exciple as well as characters in cortex, asci and conidia, the listed taxa do not deviate from other genera included in the Parmeliaceae. Thus a separate family Usneaceae is not supported (Kärnefelt et al. 1998). - (TR: 2001-01-09).

3261. Zoellneria Velen.
See Note 3260 (Torrendiella)! - (2001-07-04).

3153. Zwackhiomyces Grube & Hafellner
Hoffmann & Hafellner (2000: 41) extended the concept of this genus to include also species with non-septate ascospores. - (2000-12-07).

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