3451. Amylascus Trappe
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3405. Anatexis Syd.
Von Arx (in Müller & von Arx 1962: 154) transferred the type species of Anatexis Syd., A. elmeri Syd., to Englerula Henn. Thus, Anatexis Syd. is a synonym of that generic name. - (2001-11-30).

3356. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3357. Annulatascus K.D. Hyde
Réblová & Winka (2001: 481) included Annulatascus hongkongensis K.D. Hyde (Annulatascaceae) in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of Sordariomycetes. The species formed a clade with Ascolacicola austriaca Réblová, Winka & Jaklitsch, Rhamphoria delicatula Niessl and Aquaticola ”hongkongensis” (described?, Annulatascaceae), but with no or low BT support for the branches, except for a subclade of the two first mentioned species (97% in NJ). The four species were the sister group of a Xylariales (incl. Diatrypales) clade, but without BT support. The relationships of the four species are uncertain and further studies are required. The authors stated that Rhamphoria was the only genus of the Trichosphaeriaceae included in the study. In that family they accepted also Coniobrevicolla Réblová, Crassochaeta Réblová, Neorehmia Höhn. and Trichosphaeria Fuckel, but they stated that also the Annulatascaceae matched the circumscription of Trichosphaeriaceae well. They concluded that "to confirm whether the clade consisting of taxa partly referred to both families is the true Trichosphaeriaceae and to relegate the Annulatascaceae in its synonymy, the sequence data of Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.: Fr.) Fuckel, the type species of the genus, are required". - (2001-11-20).

3358. Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer
Fallah & Shearer (2001: 570) described the new genus and species Aquadulciospora rhomboidia Fallah & Shearer, found on decomposed stems of Scirpus and Juncus in freshwater in Wisconsin, U.S.A. The authors stated that the new genus shares many characters with other taxa in Xylariales, especially with the Hyponectriaceae, but the thin-walled, immersed ascomata were not seated under any kind of clypeal tissue. The asci were inamyloid, thick-walled, fasciculate, each with 8 non-septate, ellipsoid-rhomboid to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The hamathecium consisted of paraphyses that were widest at the base. - (2001-11-20).

3359. Aquaticola W.H. Ho, K.M. Tsui, Hodgkiss & K.D. Hyde
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3554. Arecacicola J.E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
Taylor et al. (2002: 370) described the new genus and species Arecacicola calami J.E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde (Lasiosphaeriaceae), found on Calamus sp. in Java (Indonesia). It was compared with Lasiosphaeria and differed in ascomata permanently immersed in pseudostromata (hosts cells and fungal hyphae), asci without apical ring and ascospores without apical appendages. - (2002-10-04).

3406. Ariefia Jacz.
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: 36) considered Ariefia Jacz. a synonym of Zopfiella G.Winter (Lasiosphaeriaceae). - (2001-11-30).

3381. Arthoniomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 37) used this name for the taxon treated as class Arthoniomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3321. Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner
Bhattacharya et al. (2000 included Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt in phylogenetic analyses of ascomycetes (see Note 3312, Ascomycota). It was the sister group of a clade of three taxa: Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevis. and Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. (Gyalectales), and Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman (Ostropales) and part of a larger clade of lichenized taxa belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes. However, the Arthrorhaphidaceae are currently referred to Patellariales in Dothideomycetes. No other member of that class was included in the analysis by Bhattacharya et al. It was, therefore, of interest to perform a phylogenetic analysis that included both Arthrorhaphis and a member of the Patellariaceae and some other Dothideomycetes.

A BLAST search for sequences similar to the SSU rDNA sequence of Arthrorhaphis citrinella was performed. Among the 50 first listed sequences, 45 were from members of the Lecanoromycetes, five from members of the Dothideomycetes, and among the latter was Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg. (Patellariaceae). Sequences from 57 lichens from the list and other lichens represented in the paper by Bhattacharya et al. were aligned with 30 members of the Dothideomycetes, e.g. Rhytidhysteron rufulum and most of the species included in an analysis of the Dothideomycetes by Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001). Three other taxa were included as outgroups (Neolecta, Morchella, Wilcoxina). Several analyses with different constellations of taxa were performed, and they all gave the same answer: bootstrap analyses of consensus trees did not cluster Arthrorhaphis with any other taxon with any significant value, whereas Rhytidhysteron rufulum formed a clade with members of Pleosporales with very high bootstrap values (96-100%). This indicates that Arthrorhaphis is not very closely related to Rhytidhysteron and Arthrorhaphidaceae should not continue to be included in the Patellariales. Most probably it is closest to Lecanoromycetes, as indicated in the BLAST search and in the phylogenetic trees, although in the latter without any bootstrap support. The family can provisionally be included among Lecanoromycetes familiae incertae sedis with a "?". - (OE: 2001-10-29).

3475. Arthrosporum A. Massal.
Timdal (1992) and Ekman (1996) discussed the delimitation of Arthrosporum A. Massal. versus Toninia A. Massal. Both authors concluded that the genera are very closely related, if not synonymous (Toninia being the older). Both authors also agreed that Toninia is closely related to Bacidia (see Note 3477), but neither author accepted the Bacidiaceae. It is evident from the their discussions, however, that Arthrosporum should be moved from the Catillariaceae to the Bacidiaceae as the families are circumscribed in the Current outline. - (E. Timdal: 2001-12-18).

3407. Ascocratera Kohlm.
Harris (in Aptroot 1991: 28) maintained that Ascocratera probably is a synonym of Ditremis Clem. (Monoblastiaceae), but that name has been proposed for rejection versus Anisomeridium. - See Note 1456 (Ditremis)! - (2001-11-30).

3360. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3382. Ascomycetes sensu P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001
Kirk et al. (2001: 41) used this name for the taxon treated as subphylum Pezizomycotina in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3502. Ascomycota (see Appendix 1, p. 38)
This Note deals with the estimated species numbers of higher taxa in the ninth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2001). The contributors to the Dictionary provided emendations to the numbers of species currently accepted in each genus. No comments were solicited for species numbers for higher categories, as they would be generated semi-automatically from the genera upwards. Obviously, this has not worked out well, as can be seen from e.g. page 37 which features Arthonia, Arthoniaceae and Arthoniales. The genus Arthonia has 400 species attributed to it, but the family Arthoniaceae is reported to contain only 21. The whole order Arthoniales is given a number of species of 363, still well below the number accepted for one of the genera it contains.

In Appendix 1, the numbers of species are given for the higher taxa that mainly contain lichenized taxa. For enabling a comparison, it largely follows the classification in the Appendix of the Dictionary, which is incidentally not always in congruence with the main body of the text. For comparison, the corresponding taxa in Outline of Ascomycota (Myconet 7, 2001) is given in the first column in Appendix 1. Discrepancies between the two classifications are indicated by an "*" and are commented on after the Appendix, with the taxa in alphabetic order. The numbers are not simply totals of the taxa, but are rounded off so as to reflect real estimates. Based on the generic entries in the Dictionary, the grand total number of accepted described lichenized species is 13700. This is lower than the total of the numbers mentioned below, because several of them contain numbers of non-lichenized species. This is obvious for, e.g., the Arthopyreniaceae, which are partly non-lichenized, but also genera like Arthonia and Opegrapha contain many lichenicolous, but non-lichenized species.

A comparison should be made with the most recent estimate of the numbers of known and probably existing, but still unknown lichen species in Sipman & Aptroot (2001). - (André Aptroot : 2002-05-15).

3380. Ascomycota
The 9th Edition of Dictionary of the Fungi was published in October 2001 (Kirk et al., Eds). In this edition of the Dictionary supraordinal taxa were recognized in Ascomycota. Unfortunately, the classification of higher taxa differs in some respects from that in the Current System in Myconet. In the latter, Ascomycota is divided into three subphyla (see below), one of them, Taphrinomycotina, used provisionally for four classes that almost always cluster together in molecular studies at the base of the ascomycete tree. The Dictionary does not use the subphylum level but has six classes, the four classes from Taphrinomycotina, and two classes that correspond to the subphyla Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina. This does not cause any problem with Saccharomycotina, as it contains only one class, Saccharomycetes, but Pezizomycotina contains eleven classes (eight in the Current System and three added here), which were treated as subclasses in the class Ascomycetes in the Dictionary. There are at least three drawbacks with this new classification: (i) Virtually the same taxa are recognized at different levels in the two classifications, (ii) the subclass level is lost for the present subclasses in Sordariomycetes if that class is reduced to a subclass, (iii) the name Ascomycetes will represent only a part of the ascomycetes. The budding yeasts, for instance, which we talk about as ascomycetes, are not a part of the class Ascomycetes (moreover, browsers are often not sensitive to capital letters and will treat the words ”ascomycetes” and ”Ascomycetes” as the same). It should be added that there is the same problem with the name Basidiomycetes for one of the basidiomycete classes.

There are now several alternative supraordinal classifications of the Ascomycota, but we should try to approach a common and more stable classification. That would be important for all users of an ascomycete system (e.g. GenBank). The following are the higher taxa of Ascomycota used in Myconet and with the corresponding taxa in the Dictionary within parentheses. One further class has recently been accepted (Laboulbeniomycetes, see Note 3388), another one is proposed ad interim below (Spathulosporomycetes, see Note 3401), both corresponding to subclasses in the Dictionary. One further class (Orbiliomycetes, see Note 3395) is not represented by any taxon above the familial level in the Dictionary. The new classes are not formally described (as was neither any of the eleven new subclasses in the Dictionary). - (OE: 2001-11-30).

TAPHRINOMYCOTINA (-)

• Neolectomycetes (Neolectomycetes)
  
• Pneumocystidomycetes (Pneumocystidomycetes)
  
• Schizosaccharomycetes (Schizosaccharomycetes)
  
• Taphrinomycetes (Taphrinomycetes)

SACCHAROMYCOTINA (-)

• Saccharomycetes (Saccharomycetes)

PEZIZOMYCOTINA (Ascomycetes)

• Arthoniomycetes (Arthoniomycetidae)
  
• Chaetothyriomycetes (Chaetothyriomycetidae)
  
• Dothideomycetes (Dothideomycetidae)
  
• Eurotiomycetes (Eurotiomycetidae)
  
• Laboulbeniomycetes (Laboulbeniomycetidae)
  
• Lecanoromycetes (Lecanoromycetidae)
  
• Leotiomycetes (Erysiphomycetidae and Leotiomycetidae)
  
• Orbiliomycetes (-)
  
• Pezizomycetes (Pezizomycetidae)
  
• Sordariomycetes (Meliolomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae)
  
• Spathulosporomycetes (Spathulosporomycetidae)
  

3371. Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka
Réblová & Winka (2001: 481) described the new genus and species Lecythothecium duriligni Réblová & Winka. It was shown to have a Sporodesmium anamorph. In phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of the class Sordariomycetes, L. duriligni clustered with high BT values with Chaetosphaeria, Striatosphaeria and Umbrinosphaeria species (MP 98%, NJ 100%). The new genus was included in Chaetosphaeriaceae and was an ingroup in a paraphyletic Chaetosphaeria. The asci have an apical I- ring. The ascospores are 7-septate, have hyaline end cells and brown central cells. - (2001-11-20).

3337. Leotiales Carpenter
Gernandt et al. (2001: 929) stated that ”The data support separation of Leotiaceae from Helotiaceae, but tree topologies do not provide strong evidence to indicate that Leotiaceae should be placed in a separate order”. - (2001-10-31).

3511. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Lumbsch et al. (2002) received high BT support for this taxon and proposed to reinstate it to accommodate non-pezizalean euascomycetes. However, the Orbiliomycetes should be included in the analysis before that can be done. - (2002-06-10).

3336. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Gernandt et al. (2001) performed very thorough phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from a large number of representatives of Helotiales and Rhytismatales and discussed the delimitation of the two orders and the families within the orders, but they also covered issues as the origins of apothecia, amyloidity as a taxonomic criterion, etc. - See also Notes 3330 (Cudonia), 3331 (Cyclaneusma), 3332 (Darkera), 3333 (Geoglossaceae), 3334 (Gremmeniella), 3335 (Hemiphacidiaceae), 3337 (Leotiales), 3338 (Naemacyclus), 3339 (Orbiliaceae), 3340 (Phacidium), 3341 (Piceomphale), 3342 (Pseudeurotiaceae), 3343 (Rhabdocline), 3344 (Rhytismatales), 3345 (Spathularia), and 3346 (Thelebolaceae). - (2001-10-31).

3391. Leotiomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 276) used this name for the taxon treated as class Leotiomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3571. Lepidocollema Vain.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 626) accepted this genus in the Pannariaceae, with a reference to Henssen & Jahns (1973). - (2002-11-04).

3459. Lepidotia Boud.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3512. Lepolichen Trevis.
Schmitt et al. (2001: 315) proposed that this name should be treated as a synonym of Coccotrema. See Note 3509 (Coccotrema)! - (2002-06-10).

3543. Lepropinacia Dill.
Marbach (2000: 338) stated that the identity of this genus is uncertain and that there is no original material. It should be listed under Excluded genera. - (2002-09-24).

3353. Leptotrema Mont.
Kalb (2001: 326) found that Leptotrema Mont. is a synonym of Myriotrema Fée. - (2001-11-06).

3473. Lichenopyrenis Calatayud, Sanz & Aptroot
Calatayud et al. (2001: 634) described the new genus and species Lichenopyrenis galligena Calatayud, Sanz & Aptroot, a parasite causing galls in thalli of Leptochidium albociliatum. It has also been found in apothecia of the host lichen. The perithecioid ascomata produce fissitunicate asci separated by very wide, mostly simple physes. The pale brown ascospores are 1-septate, and the septum is thickened at the spore wall and bulges out from the ellipsoid outline (esp. with KOH).The anamorph is pycnidial and produces small hyaline conidia acrogenously from branched conidiophores. The genus was tentatively referred to the Pleomassariaceae. - (2001-12-18).

3499. Lichinaceae Nyl.
Schultz & Büdel (2002: 39) published a key to the genera of the Lichinaceae. Gloeoheppia (Gloeoheppiaceae) and Heppia (Heppiaceae) were included in the key, which excluded Finkia, Gyrocollema, Mawsonia and Pseudarctomia, listed in the family in the Current system in Myconet. - (2002-04-15).

3558. Linhartia Sacc. & P. Syd.
Lücking (1999) treated Linhartia as a synonym of Psorotheciopsis in Asterothyriaceae. - See Note 3474 (Solorinellaceae)! (2002-10-04).

3460. Loculotuber Trappe, Parladé & I.F. Alvarez
See Note 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3491. Lophodermium Chevall.
See Note 3493 (Terriera)! - (2002-03-21).

3429. Lophomerum Quell. & Magasi
Kirk et al. (2001: 252) accepted this genus in Rhytismataceae and referred to Johnston (1988). - (2001-11-30).

3544. Mannia Trev.
Marbach (2000: 341) replaced Mannia Trev. 1857 (non Opiz 1828) with the new name Cratiria Marbach. - (2002-09-24).

3461. Marcelleina Brumm., Korf & Rifai
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3545. Mattickiolichen Tomas. & Cif.
Marbach (2000: 341) found that the type species M. triphragmioides (Anzi) Tomas. & Cif. differed from all genera segregated from Buellia s.lat. in its conidiomata, which corresponded to the ’Umbilicaria-Typ nach Vobis (1980)’. Mattickiolichen can be listed among Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. - (2002-09-24).

3546. Melanaspicilia Vain.
Marbach (2000: 342) stated that M. sororia (Th. Fr.) Vain. (lectotype selected by Marbach), differed in several respects from corticolous species of Buellia s.lat. treated by him. However, the type species is conspecific with, or a least very close to, the type of Buellia aethalea, and Melanaspicilia should be treated as a synonym of Buellia. - (André Aptroot: 2002-09-24).

3430. Melanophloea P. James & Vezda
This genus was accommodated in the Thelocarpaceae in Note 3164 by Eriksson et al. (2001: 18). - (2001-11-30).

3372. Melanopsammella Höhn.
The genus has been used to accommodate Chaetosphaeria species with fragmenting ascospores, but it nested among Chaetosphaeria species in a phylogenetic analysis by Réblová & Winka (2000: 952) and was treated by them as a synonym of that generic name. - See Note 3363 (Chaetosphaeria)! (2001-11-20).

3504. Melanospora Corda
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) found that SSU rDNA data grouped four species of Melanospora (M. brevirostris, M. singaporensis, M. tiffanii, M. zamiae) and several other members of the Ceratostomataceae in Hypocreales and not Sordariales, in which they had been accommodated in recent classifications (Eriksson et al. 2001, Kirk et al. 2001). A placement in Hypocreales had, however, been proposed already in 1994 by Spatafora & Blackwell, based on SSU rDNA studies of two members of Melanospora. Zhang & Blackwell (l.c.) sequenced also the rpb2 gene in two Melanospora species, which grouped with Hypocreales in their analysis, although with low bootstrap support. Partial sequences of LSU rDNA placed the four above mentioned Melanospora species and two Sphaerodes species (S. compressa, S. fimicola) as a monophyletic group at the base of Hypocreales. - (2002-05-30).

3392. Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 314) used this name for a subclass that accommodated only the order Meliolales. This order was included in class Sordariomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet, on the basis of analyses by Saenz & Taylor (1994, 1999). - See Notes 2083 (Meliola), 2908 (Meliolaceae) and 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3373. Microglossum Gillet
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3547. Mischoblastia A. Massal.
Mayrhofer (in Marbach 2000: 342) discussed the typification of this generic name and stated that M. oxidata A. Massal. is the only possible choice. He maintained that characters that recently had been emphasized to separate Mischoblastia from Rinodina were unreliable. However, he stated that the R. lecanorina Group ’mit ihren Ascosporen vom Bicincta-Typ’ has an isolated position within the genus and may have to be segregated as separate genus if molecular data will support that. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3572. Moelleropsis Gyeln.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from two Moelleropsis species in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. One of them, M. nebulosa, clustered with 100% statistical support with two Fuscopannaria species within a Pannariaceae clade. According to the authors, the distinction between the two genera has been increasingly ill-defined. They have a similar hemiamyloid reaction of the hymenium and the ascus apex structure is similar. The authors suggested that the two genera should be merged, but Moelleropsis (1939) is the older name, and conservation of Fuscopannaria (1994) will be necessary to keep it as the correct name of the genus. Further analyses, including more genera, should preceed that action. See Notes 3569 (Fuscopannaria) and 3573 (Pannariaceae)! - The other species, Moelleropsis humida, did not cluster within the Pannariaceae clade. The position of this species is uncertain. - (2002-11-04).

3445. Mollisiaster Kirschst.
Kirk et al. (2001: 328) reported that Arendholz (in litt.) treats this generic name as a synonym of Microscypha (Hyaloscyphaceae). - (2001-12-11).

3492. Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker
Collado et al. (2002) accepted four species in the genus Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker, one of them new to science. Analysis of SSU rDNA sequences indicated that the genus might have affinities with the Xylariales rather than with the Sordariales. However, the BT support for that was low, and the genus is best accommodated among Sordariomycetes incertae sedis until we have further information. - (2002-03-21).

3306. Montagnula Berl.
As pointed out by Holm (1992) and Rossman (Note 3308), Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze may be an older name for Montagnula Berl. However, there have been at least three different interpretations of the name Winterella and more than 14 taxa have been accepted in the genus. To use that generic name for the species in the genus Montagnula might cause confusion. At least 16 taxa have been accepted in Montagnula, a now well established name. The new family Montagnulaceae was recently erected by Barr (1999, Note 3250). A conservation proposal should be submitted and treated by the Committee for Fungi before a transfer of all species in Montagnula to Winterella. - (OE: 2001-10-22).

3314. Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3315. Mycopepon Boise
Bhattacharya et al. (2000: 937) included the single species of Mycopepon, M. smithii Boise, in phylogenetic analyses of the ascomycetes. Boise (1987) stated that this fungus has fissitunicate asci and that the ”fungal peridium, which is pseudoparenchymatous, and hamathecium of cellular pseudoparaphyses suggest that this genus is related to members of the Pleosporales sensu Barr”. She preferred, however, not to refer it to any specific family. The original description does appear to be of a member of the Dothideomycetes. However, molecular data (Bhattacharya et al. 2000) from culture SMH1609 indicated that it belongs in Sordariomycetes, although the exact position of the genus in that class was uncertain. A second sequence from other material of the species is necessary to confirm that it really belongs in Sordariomycetes, and that the sequence is not from a contaminant. - (OE: 2001-10-25).

3431. Mycosphaerellales (Nannf.) P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: x) raised Pseudosphaeriales suborder Mycosphaerellineae Nannf. to ordinal rank. The reference was given to Nannfeldt 1932 p. 38, but the name of the suborder does not appear there, but as a nomen nudum in p. 56. A description from the running text may be extracted in p. 38 (extracted as done for the orders described by Nannfeldt: Diaporthales, Ostropales, and Xylariales), so a reference should have been given to both p. 38 and 56.

Mycosphaerellaceae has usually been accommodated in the order Dothideales. From recent molecular studies it may appear that Mycosphaerella is not very closely related to Dothidea and other members of Dothideales, but that is false if based on sequences of Mycosphaerella citrullina (C.O. Sm.) Grossenb., as that name is a synonym of Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm (see, for instance, Sivanesan 1984: 419). - (2001-11-30).

3446. Myeloconidaceae P.M. McCarthy
McCarthy (2001: 227) erected the new family Myeloconidaceae P.M. McCarthy (as Myeloconaceae; based on Myeloconis; cfr Melanconis - Melanconidaceae) in Trichotheliales. It resembled the Trichotheliaceae in ”ascus structure, ascospore shape and ontogeny and the largely free hamathecium”, but it could be distinguished from that family ”by a combination of unique thallus chemistry, the absence of an involucrellum and by the presence of a deeply pigmented wall of periclinal cells external to the exciple”. - (2001-12-11).

3432. Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst.
Kirk et al. (2001: 345) placed this family in the Hysteriales, but stated that "molecular data are lacking and similarities with the Hysteriaceae may be due to convergence". - See Note 3423 (Glyphium)! (2001-11-30).

3307. Myxobilimbia Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 154) described the new genus Myxobilimbia in Lecanorales ("?subord. Cladoniineae"). Four species were accepted, with M. lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner as type species. - (2001-10-22).

3338. Naemacyclus Fuckel
See Note 3331 (Cyclaneusma)! - (2001-10-31).

3374. Neobulgaria Petr.
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3559. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002: 4) transferred Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus Udagawa & Takada to the new genus Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales). - (2002-10-04).

3526. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002: 4) described the new genus Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales) to accommodate the single species N. acanthosporum (Udagawa & Takada) Udagawa & Uchiyama. - (2002-09-20).

3484. Neolecta Speg.
Landvik et al. (2001: 1151) reported that phylogenetic analyses of ten previously unpublished and 30 GenBank ß-tubulin amino acid sequences supported previous studies of rRNA and RPB2 sequences. Neolecta is not closely related to any other ascomycetes producing fruit-bodies, but clusters within a paraphyletic Taphrinomycotina, although with low BT support. New sequences were reported for species in Neolecta, Pneumocystis, Protomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Saitoëlla, and Taphrina. - (2002-03-19).

3393. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it with other ”basal” ascomycetes in a subphylum Taphrinomycotina as in the Current System in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota)! (2001-11-30).

3501. Obscurodiscus Raitv.
Raitviir (2002: 49) described the new monotypic genus Obscurodiscus Raitv. The type species O. myricae (P. Karst.) Raitv. occurs on dead branches of Myrica gale (Myricaceae). Raitviir stated that it is not hyaloscyphaceous, but should be included in Dermateaceae, as "it has typical Mollisiaceous hymenium and its marginal hairs are similar to those of some Pirottaea species". It differed, however, from Pirottaea in lack of grana and lanceolate paraphyses. - (2002-04-17).

3447. Ophiomeliola Starbäck
Kirk et al. (2001: 367) placed this genus in ?Parodiopsidaceae and reported that "material of the type species is effete fide Cannon (in litt., 2001); possibly a synonym of Ophioparodia, but probably based on discordant elements". - (2001-12-11).

3308. Ophiovalsa Petr.
Ophiovalsa Petr. is the correct name for Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze sensu Reid & Booth (1987) in the Diaporthales. -- Use of the name Winterella for Cryptospora suffusa and related species was advocated by Reid & Booth (1987). They wrongly attributed the genus Winterella to Kuntze (1891) suggesting that the type species was C. suffusa. In reality, the name Winterella was based on Cryptospora subgenus Winterella Sacc. In recognizing Winterella at the generic level, Kuntze (1891) refers specifically to the subgenus Winterella using the symbol § for subgenus. Therefore, this genus should be cited as Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze as pointed out by Holm (1992). The only taxon in Saccardo's Cryptospora subgenus Winterella was C. anthostomoides Rehm, so that must be the type species of Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze. This species may belong in Montagnula Berl. (1900) and, if so, Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze (1891) would be an older name for Montagnula. The name Ophiovalsa Petr. is a good genus in the Diaporthales based on the type species, O. suffusa (Fr.) Petr. The genus Winterella has been discussed previously in Notes 507, 545 and 546 (Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1987). Confusion about the genus Winterella stems from the fact that Reid & Booth (1987) did not recognize that Kuntze (1891) was referring to Saccardo's subgenus when he wrote about Winterella. I agree with Holm (1992) and Farr et al. (1979) that Kuntze was referring to the Cryptospora subgenus Winterella by using the symbol for subgenus (§) in common use at the time. Therefore, there is no such taxonomic entity as Winterella Kuntze, only Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze. - See also Note 3306 (Montagnula). (Amy Rossman: 2001-10-22).

3339. Orbiliaceae Nannf.
As in several other studies, Orbiliaceae had a basal position in Pezizomycotina (the euascomycetes) in the thorough phylogenetic study by Gernandt et al. (2001). A new order and class should be described for this group of fungi, strongly supported by both morphological and molecular characters! - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (OE: 2001-10-31).

3394. Orbiliales ad int. (nom.nud.)
See Note 3395 (Orbiliomycetes)! - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3395. Orbiliomycetes ad int. (nom.nud.)
The new class Orbiliomycetes is used ad interim for the members of the family Orbiliaceae. Molecular data have shown that this group of fungi is distinct from the rest of the ascomycetes and it has appeared as the sister group to the rest of Pezizomycotina. Also TEM data support that the Orbiliaceae be placed in its own order and class. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota)!

Benny et al. (1978: 2006) demonstrated in a TEM study that the ascospores of Orbilia luteorubella (Nyl.) P. Karst. contain an electron-opaque body ”that appears to evolve from a mitochondrion that is attached, at one end, to the inner wall of the spore apiculus” (see also Note 2717, Orbilia). The authors also found that the asci were truncate and that the outer ascus wall (=ectotunica) was relatively thicker ”at the shoulders than on the top or sides”. The endotunica was very thin and contained no demonstrable discharge mechanism. The authors suggested that the genus should be excluded from the Helotiales and possibly be included in Lecanorales. However, molecular studies do not support that classification and the type of ascus they described is not known in Lecanorales or any other order in Pezizomycotina.

Pfister (1997: 1), in a morphological and molecular study of teleomorphs and anamorphs of Orbilia, stated that the Orbiliaceae ”to date seem distant from Leotiaceae and the Sclerotiniaceae”. Sugiyama (1998) included the SSU rDNA sequence from Orbilia auricolor in a broad phylogenetic analysis of Ascomycota. Orbilia came out as the sister group of Pezizales and was not close to the Helotiales. Harrington et al. (1999) used Orbilia as an outgroup in a phylogenetic study of the Pezizales. In other parsimony analyses (Note 3028, Orbiliaceae), Orbilia was the sister group of all other members of Pezizomycotina. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3513. Orceolina Hertel
Poulsen et al. (2001: 323) revised the genus Orceolina Hertel and accepted two species. Analysis of LSU rDNA sequences supported the placement of the genus in the Agyriaceae with high bootstrap values and the Kishino-Hasegawa test. - (2002-06-10).

3514. Ostropales Nannf.
Lumbsch et al. (2002: 63, Fig. 2) received 96% BT support for a clade consisting of the genus Diploschistes (Thelotremataceae, Ostropales) and members of Agyriales (Trapelia, Trapeliopsis), Gyalectales (Gyalecta), Lecanorales (Lobaria) and Pertusariales (Coccotrema, Ochrolechia, Pertusaria), orders of the class Lecanoromycetes. This is in agreement with results obtained by Winka et al. (1998) and Winka (2000: 13), but analyses including more taxa are needed before the order can be included in Lecanoromycetes. - (2002-06-10).

3462. Pachyella Boud.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3463. Pachyphloeus Tul. & C. Tul.
See Notes 3465 (Pezizaceae) and 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3548. Pachysporaria (Malme) M. Choisy
Marbach (2000: 344) stated that this genus may have to be resurrected and will require a detailed study. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3573. Pannariaceae Tuck.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) published a thorough phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from 21 lichen species, most of them members of the Pannariaceae. They compared their results with the system by Eriksson et al. (2001) and found that some taxa should not be accepted in the family (Degelia sect. Amphiloma, Fuscopannaria subg. Micropannaria, and Moelleropsis; see Notes 3568, 3569 and 3572). The genera Hosseusia (Note 3570) and Triclinum (Note 3579) were not included in the phylogenetic analysis, but should be excluded from the Pannariaceae for other reasons. Three genera should be added to the family (Lepidocollema, Protopannaria and Siphulastrum; see Notes 3571, 3575 and 3578). The ITS studies indicated that Pannaria was confamilial with Fuscopannaria subg. Fuscopannaria, Protopannaria, Psoroma, and Santesoniella. Parmeliella fell outside the family cluster in the optimal tree, but could not be rejected as a member of the family. The authors pointed out that some further genera should be included in a broader study (Degelia sect. Degelia, Erioderma, Fuscoderma, Leioderma, Lepidocollema, Psoromidium and Siphulastrum). - (2002-11-04).

3527. Paralethariicola Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich
Calatayud et al. (2001: 478) introduced the new genus and species Paralethariicola aspiciliae Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich for a lichenicolous fungus with "cleistohymenial apothecia, an exciple with periphyses and marginal hairs, asci with a thickened hemiamyloid apical wall and distinct hemiamyloid ring, and hyaline, 3-septate, curved, falcate or slightly helicoid ascospores" (p. 477). The authors referred the new genus to the Odontotremataceae and compared it with similar genera in that family. - (2002-09-20).

3327. Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss
Tsui et al. (2001: 1002) described Paraniesslia tuberculata K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, gen. et sp. nov., in the Niessliaceae. It differs from other members of the family in its greenish-brown ascospores with tuberculate ornamentations. The species was found on submerged wood in freshwater in Hong Kong. - (2001-10-30).

3574. Parmeliella Müll. Arg.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from Parmeliella triptophylla in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. This species, which is close to the type species of the genus, did not cluster with members of the Pannariaceae, but the authors stated that "apparently, the present data set does not have the power to resolve the question of the position of this genus" (p. 631). It can be retained in the family until data indicating another classification are available. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3348. Peltigera Willd.
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2000) performed a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from 46 putative species of Peltigera and from ten other taxa in Peltigerales. The analysis indicated that Peltigera is a monophyletic genus, but the highest bootstrap support (100%) was received if the monotypic genus Hydrothyria was included in Peltigera. The resolution and bootstrap support increased in analyses of LSU rDNA data combined with morphological and chemical data. Therefore, the authors treated Hydrothyria as a synonym of Peltigera.

The single species in Hydrothyria, H. venosa J.L. Russell, is an aquatic lichen with nonstratified thallus with cyanobacteria (cf. Nostoc) as only photobiont. This species was given the new name Peltigera hydrothyria Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (bas. Hydrothyria venosa J.L. Russell, non Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.). It was accommodated in a separate section in Peltigera, Sect. Hydrothyriae Miadlikowska & Lutzoni. Five other sections were accepted in the genus. - (2001-11-05).

3483. Penzigia Sacc.
Ju & Rogers (2001) obtained a culture of the anamorph of the generic type Penzigia cranioides Sacc. & Paol., stated that it was close to anamorphs of Xylaria and by that provided support for the transfer of the species to that genus. Thus, Penzigia Sacc. was accepted as a younger synonym of Xylaria Hill ex Schrank. - (2002-03-11).

3505. Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included Persiciospora africana in molecular studies of the Ceratostomataceae. It grouped within Hypocreales in analyses of SSU rDNA data, within a Nectriaceae clade in a LSU rDNA tree, but with no bootstrap support. See Note 3504 (Melanospora)! - (2002-05-30).

3515. Pertusaria DC.
Lumbsch & Schmitt (2001: 161) studied the relationships within Pertusaria DC, using LSU rDNA sequences. They found that the genus was polyphyletic, with ”the subgenus Monomuratae more closely related to the Coccotremataceae and Ochrolechia than to taxa of the subgenera Pertusaria and Pionospora”. This means that the family Pertusariaceae was found to be paraphyletic, as one branch included the family Coccotremataceae. - (2002-06-10).

3516. Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb.
See Note 3515 (Pertusaria)! - (2002-06-10).

3464. Peziza Fr.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3465. Pezizaceae Dumort.
Phylogenetic relationships in the Pezizaceae were studied using 90 partial LSU rDNA sequences from 51 species of Peziza and 20 species from eight additional epigeous genera of the family, Boudiera, Iodophanus, Iodowynnea, Kimbropezia, Pachyella, Plicaria, Sarcosphaera and Scabropezia, and five hypogeous genera, Amylascus, Cazia, Hydnotryopsis, Ruhlandiella and Tirmania (Hansen et. al. 2001). All of these genera were confirmed to belong to the family.

To test the monophyly of the Pezizaceae and the relationships to the genera Marcelleina and Pfistera (currently Pyronemataceae), six species from the families Ascobolaceae, Morchellaceae and Pyronemataceae were included. The analyses suggest that the Pezizaceae should be emended to include the non-amyloid Marcelleina. The morphologically distinct Peziza gerardii forms a clade with Marcelleina and appears to be the sister group to the rest of the Pezizaceae. The Ascobolaceae is confirmed to be the sister group to the Pezizaceae, which supports the general view that the amyloid reaction of the ascus is phylogenetically informative in the Pezizales.

Peziza is confirmed to be non-monophyletic. It is composed of at least six major lineages, most of which include other genera of the Pezizaceae and four species of Peziza occur in separate lineages of yet uncertain placement. One well-supported clade, that includes the type species of Peziza, P. vesiculosa, was identified and will serve as a core group for a future circumscription of Peziza. The monotypic genera Kimbropezia and Pfistera were also nested within this clade and should be included in Peziza s. str. Both genera were originally described on the basis of very peculiar ascus apices (Korf & Zhuang 1991, see Note 1272). Van Brummelen (1998) studied the ascus apical structure in Kimbropezia campestris and Pfistera pyrophila by TEM. He found it to be unique in Kimbropezia and considered the genus best placed as a rather aberrant genus in the Pezizaceae, while he found Pfistera to belong to Peziza. Nevertheless, the apical structure in Kimbropezia is suggested to be derived within the core group of Peziza, from a typical Peziza-type (Hansen et al. 2001). Kimbropezia shares all other morphological characters with Peziza core group members. The placement of Kimbropezia in Peziza confirms the findings by Norman & Egger (1999, see Note 3191).

A close relationship between Sarcosphaera and the truffle Hydnotryopsis is suggested for the first time. They form a strongly-supported clade (bootstrap 99-100%).

Likewise, a close relationship between Scabropezia and the truffle Amylascus is strongly indicated (bootstrap 99-100%). Another truffle, Pachyphloeus melanoxanthus (type of Pachyphloeus), was suggested as closely related to Scabropezia, based on nSSU rDNA sequences (Norman & Egger 1999) and morphology (Dissing & Pfister 1981). The morphological features are also shared with Amylascus (Trappe 1971, 1975, Beaton and Weste 1982). The genera Ruhlandiella and Tirmania are nested within another clade of Peziza (not including the type) and Plicaria species. This clade is not strongly supported, but is present in all trees. Iodowynnea is supported as separate from the main groups of Peziza, but a close relationship to some Peziza species is possible. As suggested by Norman & Egger (1999), Peziza quelepidotia (= Lepidotia hispida) is also supported as a separate lineage in the family. In the analysis by Norman & Egger (1999) Peziza quelepidotia formed a clade with P. subisabellina (as Pachyella clypeata), but in the analyses by Hansen et. al. (2001) it forms a clade with P. natrophila (P. quelepidotia and P. nathrophila might be con-specific). Boudiera, Iodophanus and Pachyella are also recognized as distinct genera. It is still premature to propose a phylogenetic classification of the Pezizaceae. - (Karen Hansen: 2001-12-18).

3396. Pezizomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 390) used this name for the taxon treated as class Pezizomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3517. Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Lumbsch et al. (2002) examined a combined data set of nuclear SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences to examine the relationships of major clades of euascomycetes. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian statistics were employed. The Leotiomyceta were strongly supported and all classes as circumscribed by Eriksson & Winka (1997) included in the study received strong support. The relationships among the classes remained uncertain with the exception of a sister-group relationship of Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes and of Chaetothyriomycetes and Eurotiomycetes (see also Lindemuth et al. 2001: 1176). - (Thorsten Lumbsch: 2002-06-10).

3466. Pfistera Korf & W.Y. Zhuang
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3340. Phacidium Fr.
The position of the two representatives of this genus was uncertain in the phylogenetic trees published by Gernandt et al. (2001). - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (2001-10-31).

3520. Phacopsis Tul.
In a study of SSU nrDNA sequence data of the genus Phacopsis by Persoh & Rambold (2002: 43), the two investigated species (P. huuskonenii Räsänen, P. oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel & Rambold) formed a monophyletic clade with all available taxa of the family Parmeliaceae. It is discussed that morphological characters do not conflict with such a placement. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS nrDNA of the type species of Phacopsis (P. vulpina Tul.) and Nesolechia A. Massal (N. oxyspora (Tul.) A. Massal = P. oxyspora) could neither confirm nor reject a monophyletic origin of the two taxa, as previously implied by their synonymisation. - (G. Rambold: 2002-06-20).

3316. Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3467. Phillipsia Berk.
Phylogenetic relationships among species of Phillipsia were studied using ITS rDNA sequences and morphology (Hansen et al. 1999). Four species, P. carnicolor, P. crispata, P. domingensis and P. olivacea, were identified as distinct rDNA lineages, supported by spore morphology. Recognition of segregate species within the P. domingensis complex, which was based on differences in hymenium color, was not supported. Phillipsia lutea and another yellow form were nested within the P. domingensis complex, of those with reddish hymenial colors. Different anamorphs are, however, described for P. lutea and P. domingensis (Paden 1984). Phillipsia rugospora was proposed to be a synonym of P. olivacea. - (Karen Hansen: 2001-12-18).

3549. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
This family has been treated in several recent papers (e.g., Nordin & Mattsson 2001, Scheidegger et al. 2001, Grube & Arup, 2001) and molecular studies have indicated a close relationship with the Caliciaceae (Wedin et al. 2000). A large number of new genera have been introduced (Marbach 2000). It is difficult to assess the relationships and value of these new taxa without extensive molecular studies and several of them should be treated as synonyms of Buellia or Rinodina until more information is available. - (2002-09-24).

3341. Piceomphale Svrcek
This genus is currently included in Helotiales incertae sedis in Myconet. The position of this genus was uncertain also in the phylogenetic trees published by Gernandt et al. (2001). - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (2001-10-31).

3433. Pindara Velen.
Kirk et al. (2001: 240) preferred not to treat Pindara as a synonym of Helvella (cf. Note 2668, Pindara) because "Helvella is in need of splitting". - (2001-11-30).

3448. Placuntium Ehrenb.
This genus has been accepted by some mycologists (e.g. Terrier 1942, Darker 1967), but others have treated the name as a synonym of Rhytisma (e.g. Nannfeldt 1932, B. Eriksson 1970). - (2001-12-11).

3317. Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3318. Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
Five orders are currently accepted in the class Dothideomycetes in Myconet, all supported by morphological as well as molecular characters. Families not yet represented in any molecular studies are provisionally included in Chaetothyriomycetes / Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. Recent molecular studies now support earlier morphological evidence that the following families can be moved from that group to the order Pleosporales: Montagnulaceae (Liew et al. 2000), Phaeosphaeriaceae (Berbee 1996, Dong et al. 1998, Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin 1999, Olivier et al. 2000, Liew et al. 2000, Lumbsch & Lindemuth 2001), Pleomassariaceae (Liew et al. 2000), Venturiaceae (Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin 1999, Olivier et al. 2000). - (OE: 2001-10-25).

3397. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it with other ”basal” ascomycetes in a subphylum Taphrinomycotina as in the Current System in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3485. Pneumocystis P. Delanoë & Delanoë
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3449. Porodothion Fr.
Kirk et al. (2001: 423) cited Porodothion Fr. (1825) as an obligate synonym of Porothelium Eschw. (1824) (Pyrenulales). - (2001-12-11).

3375. Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels
The position of this genus was uncertain in phylogenetic studies of LSU rDNA by Réblová & Winka (2000: 946, Fig. 3). - (2001-11-20).

3309. Protomicarea Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 156) described the new genus Protomicarea in Lecanorales ("subord. Cladoniineae, ?Psoraceae"). The single species was P. limosa (Ach.) Hafellner (syn. Lecidea limosa Ach.). - (2001-10-22).

3486. Protomyces Unger
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3575. Protopannaria (Gyeln.) P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman
Pannaria subg. Protopannaria Gyeln. was raised to generic rank by Jørgensen (2000). Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from Protopannaria pezizoides in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. This species clustered with high statistical support within a Pannariaceae cluster. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3342. Pseudeurotiaceae Malloch & Cain
The Pseudeurotiaceae are included among Ascomycota familiae incertae sedis in the Current system in Myconet. They clustered with inoperculate discomycetes in phylogenetic analyses by Gernandt et al. (2001), but without bootstrap support. The present classification can be kept until relationships with Leotiomycetes is supported by studies of more genes. - (OE: 2001-10-31).

3560. Pseudopaulia M. Schultz
Schultz (2002: 446) described the new genus and species Pseudopaulia tesselata M. Schultz (Lichinaceae) from Socotra. Phylogenetic MP analysis of SSU rDNA sequences clustered the species with Lichina species with 89% BT support. - (2002-10-04).

3450. Pseudotulostoma O.K. Miller & T. Henkel
Miller & Henkel (in Miller et al. 2001: 1269) described the new genus and species Pseudotulostoma volvata O.K. Miller & T. Henkel from Guyana. It was found under Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) and may be ectomycorrhizal. The fungus is epigeous, has a black stalk that ”expands just beneath the enlarged, rounded apical gleba”. This structure develops from a basal woody volva. The apex of the head has ”no sign of an opening and weathers away to expose a mazaedium which is gray”. Analyses of SSU rDNA indicated that the fungus is related to Elaphomyces, and it was accommodated in the Elaphomycetaceae. The ultrastructure of the ascospores was similar in the two genera. The Eurotiales branch had a 100% BT support in one of their most parsimonious trees and was the sister group of an Onygenales branch. Stalked ascomata are known earlier both in Eurotiales (Trichocoma) and Onygenales (Onygena), but they are not volvate and not as large as those in Pseudotulostoma. - (2001-12-11).

3576. Psoroma Michaux
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from three Psoroma species in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. Together with Santesoniella polychidioides they formed a cluster with high statistical support within a Pannariaceae cluster. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3310. Pycnora Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 157) described the new genus Pycnora in Lecanorales (Lecanoraceae). The type species P. xanthococca (Sommerf.) Hafellner (bas. Lecidea xanthococca Sommerf.) and two other species were accepted. - (2001-10-22).

3434. Pyxidiophorales P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: xi) established the new order Pyxidiophorales. The single family, Pyxidiophoraceae G.R.W. Arnold, was accommodated in Laboulbeniales by Eriksson (1999: 76) and Weir & Blackwell (2001: 1189). The latter authors pointed out the distinctive life cycle in Pyxidiophora. The family Pyxidiophoraceae is probably the sister group of the other four families in Laboulbeniales. The order Pyxidiophorales can be accepted as long as we do not have evidence of these assumptions being wrong. - (2001-11-30).

3481. Ramalinaceae C. Agardh
See Note 3479 (Bacidiaceae)! - (2002-02-18).

3435. Ramalodium Nyl.
See Note 3437 (Staurolemma)! - (2001-11-30).

3354. Reimnitzia Kalb
Kalb (2001: 325) described the new monotypic lichen genus Reimnitzia Kalb (Thelotremataceae), based on R. santensis (Tuck.) Kalb (bas. Thelotrema santense Tuck.). The main feature separating the genus from other members of the family was the distinct epithecium, formed by densely interwoven, branched, upper parts of the paraphyses. - (2001-11-06).

3376. Reinkella Darb.
Tehler et al. (1997: 262) stated that Reinkella lirellina Darb. "is a lichenicolous fungus parasitising a sterile, sorediate and isidiate, unidentified species of Roccella". Morphological features indicated that R. lirellina is a member of the Opegraphaceae. - (2001-11-20).

3343. Rhabdocline Syd.
A close relationship between Rhabdocline and Keithia Sacc. (now a synonym of Didymascella Maire & Sacc.) was pointed out already by Nannfeldt (1932: 73). Nannfeldt included these genera in the Phacidiaceae, but some of the genera, including Rhabdocline and Didymascella, were later accommodated in the new family Hemiphacidiaceae by Korf (1962). This placement was accepted by DiCosmo et al. (1983), although Rhabdocline has been placed in the Rhytismataceae in some papers, e.g. in Dictionary of the Fungi (Hawksworth et al. 1983, 1995) and that classification was adopted by Eriksson (1984) and in later versions of Outline of the ascomycetes. Gernandt et al. (2001) demonstrated in phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences that Rhabdocline is closely related to the genera of Hemiphacidiaceae included in the study, in agreement with Korf’s (1962) classification. - (OE: 2001-10-31).

3565. Rhagadostomella Etayo
Etayo (2002: 109) described the new genus Rhagadostomella Etayo. The single species R. gregaria Etayo was found on Sticta weigelii in Colombia. The small, black, globose ascomata were gregarious, erumpent or sessile and lacked a hamathecium. The asci were 8-spored. The ascospores were arranged in a bundle in the upper part of each ascus. They were cylindric, 1-septate and hyaline. Etayo assumed that this species belonged in Nitschkiaceae. - (2002-10-15).

3377. Rhamphoria Niessl
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3344. Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter
The phylogenetic studies of Helotiales and Rhytismatales by Gernandt et al. (2001) solved some of the problems re the delimitation of the orders, but, as they pointed out, SSU rDNA sequences are not yet available from two of the families in the latter order, Ascodichaenaceae and Cryptomycetaceae. - See Notes 3333 (Geoglossaceae), 3336 (Leotiomycetes). (2001-10-31).

3561. Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Vasilyeva (2002: 399) described the new genus Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva (Valsaceae). The type species R. ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva was collected on dead branches of Acer ukurunduensis in the Khabarovsk Territory, Russia. The genus was ”superficially similar to Diaporthe or Phragmodiaporthe but differs in elongated ascospores of Winterella type”. - (2002-10-04).

3468. Ruhlandiella Henn.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3398. Saccharomycetes G. Winter
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it in a separate subphylum as in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3487. Saccharomycopsis Schiønn.
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3488. Saitoëlla S. Goto, J. Sugiyama, M. Hamamoto & K. Komagata
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3550. Samboa Tomas. & Cif.
Marbach (2000: 338) stated that the identity of this genus is uncertain and that there is no original material. It should be listed under Excluded genera. - (2002-09-24).

3577. Santesoniella Henssen Arwidss. & D.J. Galloway
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from Santesoniella polychidioides in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. It formed a cluster with high statistical support with three Psoroma species within a Pannariaceae cluster, but data did not exclude the possibility that it should be accepted as a separate genus. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3436. Sarcosagium A. Massal.
This genus was accommodated in the Thelocarpaceae in Note 3164 by Eriksson et al. (2001: 18). - (2001-11-30).

3469. Sarcosphaera Auersw.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3470. Scabropezia Dissing & Pfister
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae) and 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3399. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it with other ”basal” ascomycetes in a subphylum Taphrinomycotina as in the Current System in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3325. Sclerotinia Fuckel
Holst-Jensen et al. (1998: 705) performed an extensive analysis of ITS sequences from Sclerotinia and related genera and concluded that "Sclerotinia is probably polyphyletic and characterized by symplesiomorphies rather than synapomorphies". They believed that the best taxonomic treatment might be to "relax the generic delimitation of Sclerotinia to include Dumontinia, Grovesinia and probably also Botryotinia", but they refrained "from applying a strict cladistic approach to the circumscription of these four genera until additional supportive evidence is available". - (2001-10-29).

3506. Scopinella Lév.
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included Scopinella solani in molecular studies of the Ceratostomataceae. It grouped within Hypocreales in analyses of SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA data, but with no bootstrap support for a close relationship with any specific taxon within the order. - See Note 3504 (Melanospora)! - (2002-05-30).

3551. Sculptolumina Marbach
Marbach (2000: 296) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 2 species. Type species: Sculptolumina japonica (Tuck.) Marbach. The genus seems indistinguishable from Rinodina in the current sense, especially from the R. oxydata-group, which has identical ascospores. Actually, one of the species of Sculptolumina was recently transferred to Rinodina, as R. atrofusca (Vain.) Aptroot, and the genus can be regarded as a synonym of Rinodina. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (André Aptroot: 2002-09-24).

3578. Siphulastrum Müll. Arg.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 626) accepted this genus in the Pannariaceae, with references to Jørgensen & Galloway (1992) and Jørgensen (1998). - (2002-11-04).

3476. Solenopsora A. Massal.
Timdal (1992) and Ekman (1996) discussed the delimitation of this genus versus Toninia A. Massal. and Bacidia De Not./Bacidina Vezda, respectively. Both authors used a wider family concept than the Current outline does, but it is evident from their descriptions of the ascus of Solenopsora that the genus should be moved from the Bacidiaceae to the Catillariaceae. - (E. Timdal: 2001-12-18).

3474. Solorinellaceae Vezda & Poelt
Vezda & Poelt (1990) excluded Solorinella, Gyalidea, and Linhartia from the Asterothyriaceae (residual genus =Asterothyrium) and erected the new family Solorinellaceae (Ostropales). Vezda (1973) also placed Psorotheciopsis s.str. (excl. Linhartia) in the Megalosporaceae (Lecanorales; see Sipman 1983). However, several cladistic analyses of morphological and anatomical characters clearly depicted the genera Asterothyrium, Psorotheciopsis (incl. Linhartia), Gyalidea, and Solorinella as a monophyletic unit, and hence the family Asterothyriaceae sensu Vezda & Poelt (1987) and Eriksson & Hawksworth (1987) was reinstated by Lücking (1999). - (André Aptroot & Robert Lücking: 2001-12-18).

3400. Sordariomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) used this name for the taxon treated as class Sordariomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3345. Spathularia Pers.
See Note 3333 (Geoglossaceae)! - (2001-10-31).

3401. Spathulosporomycetes ad int. (nom.nud.)
This class accommodates the order Spathulosporales Kohlm., with two families: Hispidocarpomycetaceae Nakagiri (1 gen., 1 sp.) and Spathulosporaceae Kohlm. (2 gen., 6 sp.). The taxa in this class are marine and parasitic on red algae. Morphologically they show some unusual features (e.g. the type of spermatial anamorphs), but molecular data are necessary for information on their relationships. Tentatively this group is recognized as a separate class. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (OE: 2001-11-30).

3402. Spathulosporomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) used this name for a subclass that accommodated only the order Spathulosporales. This order was listed among Ascomycota incertae sedis in the current and previous systems in Myconet, but is tentatively treated as a separate class here. - See Notes 3380 (Ascomycota) and 3401 (Spathulosporomycetes)! (2001-11-30).

3507. Sphaerodes Clem.
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included two Sphaerodes species in molecular studies of the Ceratostomataceae. They grouped within Melanospora in Hypocreales. Whether Sphaerodes should be accepted as a separate genus or not is uncertain and requires further studies. Morphologically the species are characterized by ascospores with raised tubercle-like germ pores. - See Note 3504 (Melanospora)! (2002-05-30).

3528. Sporostigma Grube
Grube (2001a: 387) described the new genus Sporostigma Grube (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales) for the single species S. melaspora (Tuck.) Grube, a segregate from Arthonia, from which it differed in producing mazaedia. The genus was compared with Tylophorella and Wegea. - See Notes 3529 (Tylophorella) and 3530 (Wegea)! (2002-09-20).

3437. Staurolemma Körb.
Kirk et al. (2001: 501) placed this genus in the Lichinaceae. However, Jørgensen & Henssen (1993: 12) and Henssen (1999: 117) accepted this genus in the Collemataceae. In the former paper, the genus was compared with Physma A. Massal., but the authors found that it was closest to Ramalodium Nyl. - (2001-11-30).

3552. Stigmatochroma Marbach
Marbach (2000: 304) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 6 species. Type species: Stigmatochroma epimarta (Nyl.) Marbach. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3378. Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.
See Note 3363 (Chaetosphaeria)! - (2001-11-20).

3508. Syspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included Syspastospora parasitica in molecular studies of the Ceratostomataceae. It grouped within Hypocreales in analyses of SSU rDNA data, at the base of a Hypocreaceae clade in a LSU rDNA tree, but with no bootstrap support. - See Note 3504 (Melanospora)! (2002-05-30).

3489. Taphrina Fr.
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3562. Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr
Barr (2002: 374) established the new family Teichosporaceae (Pleosporales) to accommodate eight genera: Bertiella, Byssothecium, Chaetomastia, Immothia, Loculohypoxylon, Moristroma, Sinodidymella, and Teichospora. Several of the genera had been included in the Dacampiaceae, but she transferred now all non-lichenicolous species to the new family Teichosporaceae. - (2002-10-04).

3471. Terfeziaceae E. Fisch.
The family Terfeziaceae currently includes four genera, Terfezia, Pachyphloeus, Delastria and Loculotuber (Eriksson et al. 2001). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have led to the inclusion of Pachyphloeus and Terfezia in the Pezizaceae (Norman & Egger 1999, Percudani et al. 1999). Percudani et al. (1999) suggested that the Terfeziaceae could be maintained as a monophyletic group of truffles nested within the Pezizaceae in an unranked phylogenetic classification, referring to Hibbett & Donoghue (1998). Their results are misleading, because of poor sampling of pezizaceous members; in their study using SSU rDNA sequences, they only included two epigeous members of the Pezizaceae, Peziza badia and P. quelepidotia (= Lepidotia hispida). In the study by Norman & Egger (1999), which included a broader sampling of Peziza species, Terfezia and Pachyphloeus do not form a distinct lineage.

Terfezia, as currently circumscribed (Trappe 1971, 1979), is not monophyletic. The type species of Terfezia, T. arenaria, is closely related to Cazia and is nested within a clade of Peziza species with highly ornamented, guttulate spores (Norman & Egger 1999). Two species of the genus Tirmania, previously placed in the Terfeziaceae (Trappe 1971, Korf 1973), are also nested within this clade (Hansen et al. 2001). In contrast, T. terfezioides (= Mattirolomyces terfezioides, type of Mattirolomyces Fischer) is a sister lineage to Peziza species with smooth or finely ornamented, eguttulate spores. Species of Terfezia have highly ornamented, eguttulate spores and non-amyloid asci. Nevertheless, although the Pezizaceae has generally been characterized by amyloid asci, Hansen et al. (2001) suggested that the amyloid reaction might be lost in some lineages within the family. Species of Tirmania have smooth or minutely roughened spores and amyloid asci. Based on the amyloid reaction and the anatomy of the ascomata, Trappe (1979) transferred the genus to the Pezizaceae.

Pachyphloeus melanoxanthus (the type of Pachyphloeus) constitutes a distinct lineage with Scabropezia. Pachyphloeus has been placed in the Pezizaceae based on morphology (Dissing & Korf 1980, Dissing 2000). Amyloid asci occur in some species of Pachyphloeus (e.g. in the type species) and Dissing and Pfister (1981) noted the similarities in the structure of the outer excipular layers in Pachyphloeus and Scabropezia, which is highly pustulate or verrucose, of thick-walled, large, globose cells.

Hansen et al. (2001) treated Terfezia and Pachyphloeus in the Pezizaceae, thus relegating Terfeziaceae to synonymy. The generic status of Terfezia and Pachyphloeus should be further explored by both molecular data and morphology (including TEM). we suggest that Delastria and Loculotuber, both listed with question marks in Myconet (Eriksson et al. 2001) be placed under Pezizales incertae sedis. Delastria is morphologically distinct from all other hypogeous Ascomycetes and has some peculiarities, e.g. a single ascus can have a spore that is strictly spiny and one that is distinctly reticulate. Loculotuber, on morphological grounds, should relate closely to Tuber, but it was not placed in any family when it was introduced by Alvarez et al. (1992). - (Karen Hansen & James M.Trappe: 2001-12-18).

3493. Terriera B. Erikss.
Johnston (2001) published a thorough monograph of monocotyledon-inhabiting species of Lophodermium and transferred eleven Lophodermium spp. and two Clithris spp. to the previously monotypic genus Terriera B. Erikss. (Rhytismataceae). Three additional species were recognized in that genus. - (2002-03-21).

3553. Tetramelas Norman
Marbach (2000: 323) accepted this genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 2 species. Type species: Tetramelas geophila (Sommerf.) Norman. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3346. Thelebolaceae (Brumm.) Eckblad
Zukal (1886) was the first one to point out the similarities between Thelebolus and the Erysiphaceae. Cooke & Barr (1964) proposed that Thelebolus should be placed in a separate family in Erysiphales. Momol et al. (1996) published molecular support for a close relationship between Thelebolaceae and Erysiphales and Helotiales (as Leotiales). Eriksson (1999) accepted Thelebolaceae in Erysiphales. The analyses by Gernandt et al. (2001) indicated that the Thelebolaceae may be more closely related to Helotiales than to Erysiphales. A multigene analysis of more taxa in Erysiphales and Thelebolaceae may give a better base for safer conclusions. - (OE: 2001-10-31).

3438. Thelebolales P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: xi) described the new order Thelebolales in the Leotiomycetidae to accommodate the single family Thelebolaceae, that was tentatively included in Erysiphales in Leotiomycetes in the latest Outline (Eriksson 1999). Morphological and molecular characters indicate that they are rather closely related, but the Erysiphales are obligate parasites on vascular plants and Thelebolales are coprophilous fungi, and two orders can be accepted in Leotiomycetes. - (2001-11-30).

3311. Timdalia Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 158) described the new genus Timdalia in Lecanorales (subord. Lecanorineae). The single species was T. intricata (H. Magn.) Hafellner (syn. Acarospora intricata H. Magn.). - (2001-10-22).

3472. Tirmania Chatin
See Notes 3465 (Pezizaceae) and 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3477. Toninia A. Massal.
Timdal (1992) and Ekman (1996) discussed the delimitation of Toninia versus Bacidia De Not. Both authors concluded that the genera are closely related, but distinct. The authors did not accept the Bacidiaceae (Timdal placed Toninia in the Lecideaceae and Ekman placed Bacidia in the Lecanoraceae), but it is evident from their discussions that Toninia should be moved from the Catillariaceae to the Bacidiaceae as the families are circumscribed in the Current outline. - (E. Timdal: 2001-12-18).

3355. Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vezda
Kalb (2001: 319) monographed the Australian lichen genus Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vezda and gave an emended description of the genus. He found that the hyaline, ellipsoid or oblong ascospores were thick-walled when mature and phragmosporous, submuriform or highly muriform, turning blue or purplish blue in iodine. The correct name of the type species T. muscicola Kantvilas & Vezda was given as T. muscigena (Stizenb.) Kalb (bas. Thelotrema muscigena Stizenb.). The genus is heterogenous, according to Kalb, and should contain only the type species. The other species should probably belong to another, undescribed genus. - (2001-11-06).

3490. Trematosphaeriopsis Elenkin
Hafellner (2001: 381) resurrected the genus Trematosphaeriopsis Elenkin, based on T. parmeliana (Jacz.) Elenkin, a gall-producing species on Xanthoparmelia spp. Hafellner suggested that the genus may be close to Cercidospora, a genus that differs in blueish green peridium rather than almost hyaline peridium, smooth ascospores, not with warts emanating from the perispore as in T. parmeliana. The genus can be listed among Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. - (2002-03-19).

3379. Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3579. Triclinum Fée
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 626) excluded this genus from the Pannariaceae and stated that it is possibly [an older] synonym of Squamacidia Brako. - (2002-11-04).

3529. Tylophorella Vain.
Grube (2001: 388) compared his new genus Sporostigma with Tylophorella Vain. Both genera were included in Arthoniales and produced mazaedia, but Tylophorella differed in "the characteristic ascospores, which eventually disintegrate to form unicellular propagules". - See Note 3528 (Sporostigma) and 3530 (Wegea)! (2002-09-20).

3349. Uleoporthe Petr.
Cannon (2001: 17) lectotypified and redescribed the type species of Uleoporthe Petr., U. orbiculata (Syd.) Petr. (Melanconidaceae). The genus was compared with some other genera in the family. - (2001-11-05).

3319. Venturiaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3439. Vermilacinia Spjut & Hale
Aptroot (in Kirk et al. (2001: 551) assumed that this genus might be "?= Ramalina". - (2001-11-30).

3320. Verrucariales Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Lutzoni et al. (2001: 937) and Bhattacharya et al. (2000) included members of Verrucariales in phylogenetic analyses of the ascomycetes. The order was the sister group of Chaetothyriales with high statistical values and a transfer of Verrucariales to Chaetothyriomycetes is proposed. The two orders were considered closely related by Barr (1976, 1979) on the basis of a similar type of hamathecium (periphysoids, "apical paraphyses"). - (OE: 2001-10-25).

3530. Wegea Aptroot & Tibell
Grube (2001: 388) stated that three genera in Arthoniales share ascomatal characters with calicioid fungi, Sporostigma, Tylophorella, and Wegea. Wegea differs from the two other genera in stalked ascomata. - See Notes 3528 (Sporostigma) and 3529 (Tylophorella)! (2002-09-20)

3328. Wenyingia Zheng Wang & Pfister
Wang & Pfister (2001: 397) described the new genus and species Wenyingia sichuanensis Zheng Wang & Pfister (Otideaceae = Pyronemataceae s. lat.). It differs from other genera in the family in hymenium being covered by a "thin, white, spiderweb-like membrane originating from parallel hyphae at the margin”. - (2001-10-30).

3329. Wilmia Dianese, Inácio & Dornelo-Silva
Dianese et al. (2001: 1014) described Wilmia brasiliensis Dianese, Inácio & Dornelo-Silva, gen. et sp. nov. in the Phaeosphaeriaceae, a fungus in lesions on leaves of Memora pedunculata (Bignoniaceae), from which only a rust fungus had been reported before. It was characterized by globose to ampulliform, immersed perithecioid ascomata with a hamathecium of sometimes branched, mostly evanescent pseudoparaphyses. They had also bristle-like aseptate or 1-septate, ascending ostiolar setae. The peridium was rather thin and consisted of 2-7 cell layers of textura angularis to prismatica. The bitunicate asci were 8-spored and the spores were 1-septate, with lower hemispore slightly longer than the upper hemispore that was inflated at the septum. They were hyaline, but became light brown to brown at maturity. A gelatinous sheath is visible in some of their illustrations. The anamorph was pycnidial and the conidia were ellipsoid, oblong, ovoid, non-septate and hyaline. All characters indicated that the genus belonged in Phaeosphaeriaceae and the authors compared Wilmia with some other genera with 1-septate spores (Didymella, etc.). However, the genus it may be most closely related to is Eudarluca Speg., typified by Eudarluca australis Speg., now a synonym of Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) O.E. Erikss. (1966, 1967). This is a cosmopolitan parasite on rusts on various hosts. The shape of the ascospores is about the same in W. brasiliensis and E. caricis. The latter species may have hyaline 1-septate spores (var. indica (Ramakr.) O.E. Erikss., with multiloculate stromata), but sometimes the lower cell may become divided by a septum and such specimens then always have light brown spores (var. caricis, usually uniloculate stromata). The spores of E. caricis usually have a globose gelatinous appendage at each end, but the appendages often dissolve and instead the perispore swells a little along the rest of the spore surface, and the perispore then seems to be "decapitated" at each end. The major difference between the teleomorphs of the type species of the two genera seems to be the presence of bristle-like hyphae in the ostiolum in Wilmia. The anamorphs seem to be similar. The anamorph of E. caricis is Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bern.: Fr.) B. Sutton, which is common in old uredosori of rusts. The pycnidia have short phialidic conidiogenous cells, as in W. brasiliensis, but in that species the conidia are continuous, whereas the conidia of S. filum are 0-1-septate and often carry a funnel-shaped gelatinous appendage at one end. Eudarluca and Wilmia should probably be treated as separate genera, considering the presence of ostiolar bristle-like setae in Wilmia, but they are probably closely related (both on rusts?). However, further studies are required to confirm that. - (OE: 2001-10-30).

3531. Wynnella Boud.
Harmaja (1974: 102) compared the morphology and anatomy of the single species of Wynnella Boud. with Helvella spp. and concluded that there was no reason for treating them in separate genera and proposed the new combination Helvella silvicola (Beck) Harmaja. Analyses of 18S rDNA sequences from Wynnella and several pezizalean genera by O´Donnell et al. (1997: 48) demonstrated a close relationship between Helvella an Wynnella, as did an analysis by Landvik et al. (1999: 278), who treated Wynnella as a synonym of Helvella. We propose that this classification be accepted. - (2002-09-20).

3440. Xanthopyrenia Bachm.
This generic name is a synonym of Pyrenocollema Reinke, according to Harris (Kirk et al. 2001: 560). - (2001-11-30).

3441. Xanthopyreniaceae Zahlbr.
Kirk et al. (2001: 560) placed this family in the Pyrenulales. - (2001-11-30).

3566. Xenonectriella Weese
Etayo (2002: 96) considered the differences between Xenonectriella Weese (1919) and Pronectria Clem. (1931) to be unimportant at the generic level (K reaction of ascomata, and ornamentation of ascospores) and placed the former name in synonymy with Pronectria, but that name is younger. The type species of Xenonectriella is X. lutescens (Rehm) Weese. It is a lichenicolous species with semi-immersed ascomata, originally found in the thallus of Solorina saccata, but has been found also on other lichens. According to Keissler (1930: 289, Fig. 60), young ascomata contain asci with 1-septate, hyaline, smooth ascospores, but the spores merge and form two or more larger muriform aggregates of irregular shape, which become brown and distinctly tuberculate. Rossman et al. (1999: 168) examined original and other material in detail. They accepted four species, the type species with muriform spores, three species with 1-septate spores that finally become brown and tuberculate. Pronectria and Xenonectriella should not be merged unless molecular data in the future will indicate that to be correct. - (2002-10-15).

Appendix 1 (to Note 3502, Ascomycota, by A. Aptroot). Numbers of lichenized groups recognized by Kirk et al (2001). For comparison, the classification in Eriksson et al. (2001) is given in column 1. An "*" refers to comments after the table.

* Comments
Aphanopsidaceae in Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Arthrorhaphidaceae in Lecanorales in Myconet, Patellariales in the Dictionary
Baeomycetaceae in Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales inc. sed. in the Dictionary
Brigantiaeaceae in Lecanorales fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Calycidiaceae in Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Coniocybaceae in Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Ectolechiaceae in Lecanorales fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Heppiaceae in Lichinales in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Myeloconidaceae not treated in the Dictionary
Pachyascaceae not treated in Myconet, validated in the Dictionary
Phlyctidaceae in Lecanorales fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Phyllobatheliaceae in Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Dothideales in the Dictionary
Pyrenulales in Ascomycota orders inc. sed. in Myconet, Dothideomycetidae in the Dictionary
Strigulaceae in Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Dothideales in the Dictionary
Verrucariales in Chaetothyriomycetes in Myconet, in Ascomycota orders inc. sed. in the Dictionary
Vezdaeaceae in Lecanorales fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Lecanorales in the Dictionary
Xanthopyreniaceae Ascomycota fam. inc. sed. in Myconet, Pyrenulales in the Dictionary

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Numeric list of New Notes

3303. Aspilidea Hafellner
3304. Bryodina Hafellner
3305. Calvitimela Hafellner
3306. Montagnula Berl.
3307. Myxobilimbia Hafellner
3308. Ophiovalsa Petr.
3309. Protomicarea Hafellner
3310. Pycnora Hafellner
3311. Timdalia Hafellner
3312. Ascomycota
3313. Icmadophilaceae Triebel
3314. Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr
3315. Mycopepon Boise
3316. Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
3317. Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr
3318. Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
3319. Venturiaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr
3320. Verrucariales Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
3321. Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner
3322. Botryotinia Whetzel
3323. Dumontinia L.M. Kohn
3324. Grovesinia M.N. Cline, J.L. Crane & S.D. Cline
3325. Sclerotinia Fuckel
3326. Eudarluca Speg.
3327. Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss
3328. Wenyingia Zheng Wang & Pfister
3329. Wilmia Dianese, Inácio & Dornelo-Silva
3330. Cudonia Fr.
3331. Cyclaneusma DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter
3332. Darkera H.S. Whitney, J. Reid & Piroz.
3333. Geoglossaceae Corda
3334. Gremmeniella M. Morelet
3335. Hemiphacidiaceae Korf
3336. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3337. Leotiales Carpenter
3338. Naemacyclus Fuckel
3339. Orbiliaceae Nannf.
3340. Phacidium Fr.
3341. Piceomphale Svrcek
3342. Pseudeurotiaceae Malloch & Cain
3343. Rhabdocline Syd.
3344. Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter
3345. Spathularia Pers.
3346. Thelebolaceae (Brumm.) Eckblad
3347. Hydrothyria J.L. Russell
3348. Peltigera Willd.
3349. Uleoporthe Petr.
3350. Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
3351. Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde
3352. Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley
3353. Leptotrema Mont.
3354. Reimnitzia Kalb
3355. Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vezda
3356. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
3357. Annulatascus K.D. Hyde
3358. Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer
3359. Aquaticola W.H. Ho, K.M. Tsui, Hodgkiss & K.D. Hyde
3360. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
3361. Ascotaiwania Sivan & H.S. Chang
3362. Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf
3363. Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.
3364. Chlorociboria Seaver ex Ramamurthi, Korf & R.L. Batra
3365. Clohiesia K.D. Hyde
3366. Cordierites Mont.
3367. Encoelia (Fr.) P. Karst.
3368. Helotiaceae Tul. & C. Tul.
3369. Holwaya Sacc.
3370. Hubbsia W.A. Weber
3371. Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka
3372. Melanopsammella Höhn.
3373. Microglossum Gillet
3374. Neobulgaria Petr.
3375. Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels
3376. Reinkella Darb.
3377. Rhamphoria Niessl
3378. Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.
3379. Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter
3380. Ascomycota
3381. Arthoniomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3382. Ascomycetes sensu P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001
3383. Chaetothyriomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3384. Chaetothyriomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3385. Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3386. Erysiphomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3387. Eurotiomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3388. Laboulbeniomycetes Engler
3389. Laboulbeniomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3390. Lecanoromycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3391. Leotiomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3392. Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3393. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
3394. Orbiliales ad int. (nom.nud.)
3395. Orbiliomycetes ad int. (nom.nud.)
3396. Pezizomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3397. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
3398. Saccharomycetes G. Winter
3399. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
3400. Sordariomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3401. Spathulosporomycetes ad int. (nom.nud.)
3402. Spathulosporomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
3403. Acanthogymnomyces Udagawa & Uchiyama
3404. Ameghiniella Speg.
3405. Anatexis Syd.
3406. Ariefia Jacz.
3407. Ascocratera Kohlm.
3408. Aulographaceae Luttr. ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David
3409. Boliniales P.F. Cannon
3410. Calloriella Höhn.
3411. Catabotrydaceae Petr.
3412. Chaetocrea Syd.
3413. Cookellaceae Höhn. ex Sacc. & Trotter
3414. Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon
3415. Cryptomycetaceae Höhn.
3416. Cudoniaceae P.F. Cannon
3417. Cyphelium De Not.
3418. Dawsomyces Döbbeler
3419. Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr
3420. Dichomyces Thaxt.
3421. Discocainia J. Reid & A. Funk
3422. Endotryblidium Petr.
3423. Glyphium Nitschke ex F. Lehm
3424. Gymnoascoideus G.F. Orr, K. Roy & G.R. Ghosh
3425. Hyalocrea H. Syd. & Syd.
3426. Hyalomeliolina F. Stev.
3427. Hysteriales Lindau
3428. Ionomidotis E.J. Durand ex Thaxt.
3429. Lophomerum Quell. & Magasi
3430. Melanophloea P. James & Vezda
3431. Mycosphaerellales (Nannf.) P.F. Cannon
3432. Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst.
3433. Pindara Velen.
3434. Pyxidiophorales P.F. Cannon
3435. Ramalodium Nyl.
3436. Sarcosagium A. Massal.
3437. Staurolemma Körb.
3438. Thelebolales P.F. Cannon
3439. Vermilacinia Spjut & Hale
3440. Xanthopyrenia Bachm.
3441. Xanthopyreniaceae Zahlbr.
3442. Calyptronectria Speg.
3443. Chailletia Jacz.
3444. Gemmularia Raf. Ex Steud.
3445. Mollisiaster Kirschst.
3446. Myeloconidaceae P.M. McCarthy
3447. Ophiomeliola Starbäck
3448. Placuntium Ehrenb.
3449. Porodothion Fr.
3450. Pseudotulostoma O.K. Miller & T. Henkel
3451. Amylascus Trappe
3452. Boudiera Cooke
3453. Delastria Tul. & C. Tul.
3454. Eoterfeziaceae G.F. Atk.
3455. Hydnotryopsis Gilkey
3456. Iodophanus Korf
3457. Iodowynnea Medel, Guzmán & Chacón
3458. Kimbropezia Korf & W.Y. Zhuang
3459. Lepidotia Boud.
3460. Loculotuber Trappe, Parladé & I.F. Alvarez
3461. Marcelleina Brumm., Korf & Rifai
3462. Pachyella Boud.
3463. Pachyphloeus Tul. & C. Tul.
3464. Peziza Fr.
3465. Pezizaceae Dumort.
3466. Pfistera Korf & W.Y. Zhuang
3467. Phillipsia Berk.
3468. Ruhlandiella Henn.
3469. Sarcosphaera Auersw.
3470. Scabropezia Dissing & Pfister
3471. Terfeziaceae E. Fisch.
3472. Tirmania Chatin
3473. Lichenopyrenis Calatayud, Sanz & Aptroot
3474. Solorinellaceae Vezda & Poelt
3475. Arthrosporum A. Massal.
3476. Solenopsora A. Massal.
3477. Toninia A. Massal.
3478. Amorphothecaceae Parbery
3479. Bacidiaceae W. Watson
3480. Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
3481. Ramalinaceae C. Agardh
3482. Daldinia Ces. & De Not.
3483. Penzigia Sacc.
3484. Neolecta Speg.
3485. Pneumocystis P. Delanoë & Delanoë
3486. Protomyces Unger
3487. Saccharomycopsis Schiønn.
3488. Saitoëlla S. Goto, J. Sugiyama, M. Hamamoto & K. Komagata
3489. Taphrina Fr.
3490. Trematosphaeriopsis Elenkin
3491. Lophodermium Chevall.
3492. Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker
3493. Terriera B. Erikss.
3494. Calycidium Stirt.
3495. Cetradonia J.C. Wei & Ahti
3496. Cetradoniaceae J.C. Wei & Ahti
3497. Gloeoheppia Gyeln.
3498. Heppia Nägeli
3499. Lichinaceae Nyl.
3500. Involucroscypha Raitv.
3501. Obscurodiscus Raitv.
3502. Ascomycota
3503. Ceratostomataceae G. Winter
3504. Melanospora Corda
3505. Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
3506. Scopinella Lév.
3507. Sphaerodes Clem.
3508. Syspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
3509. Coccotrema Müll. Arg.
3510. Coccotremataceae Henssen ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
3511. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3512. Lepolichen Trevis.
3513. Orceolina Hertel
3514. Ostropales Nannf.
3515. Pertusaria DC.
3516. Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb.
3517. Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3518. Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter
3519. Dianesea Inácio & P.F. Cannon
3520. Phacopsis Tul.
3521. Amphorothecium P.M. McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix
3522. Candelariaceae Hakul.
3523. Coniarthonia Grube
3524. Cybebe Tibell
3525. Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Abdul Gafur & Tsuda
3526. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama
3527. Paralethariicola Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich
3528. Sporostigma Grube
3529. Tylophorella Vain.
3530. Wegea Aptroot & Tibell
3531. Wynnella Boud.
3532. Baculifera Marbach & Kalb
3533. Buellia De Not.
3534. Chrismofulvea Marbach
3535. Ciposia Marbach
3536. Cratiria Marbach
3537. Endohyalina Marbach
3538. Fluctua Marbach
3539. Gassicurtia Fée
3540. Hafellia Kalb, H. Mayrhofer & Schneid.
3541. Hypoflavia Marbach
3542. Kemmleria Körb.
3543. Lepropinacia Dill.
3544. Mannia Trev.
3545. Mattickiolichen Tomas. & Cif.
3546. Melanaspicilia Vain.
3547. Mischoblastia A. Massal.
3548. Pachysporaria (Malme) M. Choisy
3549. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
3550. Samboa Tomas. & Cif.
3551. Sculptolumina Marbach
3552. Stigmatochroma Marbach
3553. Tetramelas Norman
3554. Arecacicola J.E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
3555. Awasthia Essl.
3556. Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs
3557. Halorosellinia Whalley, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Læssøe
3558. Linhartia Sacc. & P. Syd.
3559. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama
3560. Pseudopaulia M. Schultz
3561. Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva
3562. Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr
3563. Globonectria Etayo
3564. Hypotrachynicola Etayo
3565. Rhagadostomella Etayo
3566. Xenonectriella Weese
3567. Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.-M. Ju
3568. Degelia Arwidss. & D.J. Galloway
3569. Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg.
3570. Hosseusia Gyeln.
3571. Lepidocollema Vain.
3572. Moelleropsis Gyeln.
3573. Pannariaceae Tuck.
3574. Parmeliella Müll. Arg.
3575. Protopannaria (Gyeln.) P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman
3576. Psoroma Michaux
3577. Santesoniella Henssen Arwidss. & D.J. Galloway
3578. Siphulastrum Müll. Arg.
3579. Triclinum Fée

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