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"For using dragon's bones, first cook odorous plants; bathe the bones twice in hot water, pound them to powder and put this in bags of gauze. Take a couple of young swallows and, after taking out their intestines and stomach, put the bags in the swallows and hang them over a well. After one night take the bags out of the swallows, rub the powder and mix it into medicines for strengthening the kidneys. The efficacy of such a medicine is as it were divine!"
—Chinese medical scholar Lei Xiao (AD 420-477)
Dragons in the Dust
In legends and folktales, dragons are magical—yet early naturalists often treated these creatures as part of the natural world. Biologists in Europe once wrote accounts of the behavior and habitat of dragons, along with lizards and snakes. Chinese scholars have classified the dragon as one of the 369 animal species with scales. Long before the development of paleontology, people unearthed fossilized bones in Asia and Europe—and believed they had found the remains of dragons from an earlier age.
Town Trophy
Legend has it that long ago, the marshes near Klagenfurt, Austria, were haunted by a fearsome Lindwurm—a serpentlike dragon. It devoured all the people and livestock who ventured its way. Finally, a local ruler called on his knights to destroy the dragon, and after many attempts it was slain. To commemorate the event, a "dragon" skull was placed in the town hall. In 1582, an artist borrowed the skull—really the fossil remains of an Ice Age woolly rhinoceros—to use as a model in shaping a massive sculpture of the Lindwurm, which still stands in the city today.
 Dragons and Dinosaurs
With their enormous size, reptilian shape and threatening teeth and claws, some dragons might easily be taken for cousins of Tyrannosaurus rex. Living dinosaurs did not inspire the dragon idea—they died out long before people were around to observe them. But the fossil remains of extinct animals have sometimes been taken for dragon bones—and helped perpetuate old dragon stories.
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