The Ito or Odawara school of tsuba manufacture started as an offshoot of the Umetada style. It was founded by Umetada Myoju in the year 1600 and soon became popular for its openwork tsuba. The goal of this school of tsuba manufacture was to produce a tsuba that gave adequate protection to the user, did not weigh too much, and also looked beautiful. The artists of this school fulfilled their goal admirably (Gunsaulus 1923:70-71, Okabe-Kakuya 1909:43-44) Shakudo (literally red copper) is a metal alloy that was invented and used exclusively by the Japanese. There are fifteen grades of shakudo, all are primarily copper with an inclusion of at least four percent gold, and oftentimes small amounts of other metals. When cast, shakudo is a dark copper color but it is most often treated with a boiling or pickle solution which results in a rich, velvety black color with a violet sheen (Gunsaulus 1923:35-36, Rucker 1924:xxiii-xxiv). (Commentary by Rob Nalewajk) |