Eriksson O.E. (web ed.), Baral H.-O., Currah R.S., Hansen K., Kurtzman C.P., Rambold G. & Laessøe T. (eds) 2004. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3624-3911. - Myconet 10: 101-141

The present paper presents 288 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels.

Introduction

The series ”Notes on ascomycete systematics” has been published in Systema Ascomycetum (1986-1998) and in Myconet since 1999 as hard copies and on the Internet (URL: http://www.umu.se/myconet/new.html).

The date of electronic publication is given within parentheses at the end of each entry.

A numeric list of the new Notes is provided at the end of this paper.

Notes

3803. Acanthographina W. Watson
Staiger (2002: 70) stated that Watson did not base this generic name on a section with the same name described by Vainio. (2003-10-15).

3804. Acanthographis W. Watson
Staiger (2002: 70) stated that Watson did not base this generic name on a section with the same name described by Vainio. (2003-10-15).

3699. Acanthogymnomyces Udagawa & Uchiy.
Udagawa & Uchiyama tentatively placed their new genus in Eoterfeziaceae (see Note 3403). Solé et al. 2002b: 146) considered Gymnoascus alatosporus Natarajan a synonym of Acanthogymnomyces princeps (Udagawa & Uchiy.) Udagawa & Uchiy. It differs from Spiromastix in several respects: "two kinds of ascomatal appendages and finely sulcate, oblate ascospores with a broad equatorial rim". The authors obviously accepted the genus. It was closest (as Spiromastix princeps) to Shanorella spirotricha with 99% BT support in an analysis of the ITS region in a study of the genus Gymnoascus. (2003-08-20).

3805. Acanthothecis Clem.
Staiger (2002: 68) accepted 22 species in Acanthothecis (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Fissurina and Hemithecium (p. 70). - See also Note 2986 (Acanthothecis, Myconet 5)! (2003-10-15).

3700. Ajellomyces McDonough & A.L. Lewis
Ajellomyces appeared in a clade outside Onygenaceae s.str. in phylogenetic analyses of LSU / SSU rDNA data by Sugiyama et al. (2002: 9, 10), LSU rDNA data by Gibas et al. (2002: 133) and Untereiner et al. (2002: 30), and ITS and 5.8S rDNA data by Guarro & Cano (2002: 2). Some medically important taxa are anamorphs of or closely related to Ajellomyces, e.g. Lacazia loboi, Onychocola canadensis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Blastomyces dermatitidis (ref. in Sugiyama et al. 2002: 6; see also Peterson & Sigler 1998). (2003-08-20).

3629. Allantoporthe Petr.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1027) included this genus in Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae). - See Notes 3635 (Diaporthaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3806. Allographa Chevall.
Staiger (2002: 183) concluded that Allographa lutea Chevall. should be accepted as type species of the genus. No original material could be found, however, and a neotype was selected. It belongs in Graphis and the correct name is Graphis chrysocarpa (Raddi) Spreng. (2003-10-15).

3774. Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss.
See Note 3777 (Hadrospora)! (2003-09-24).

3701. Amaurascopsis Guarro, Gené & De Vroey
Amaurascopsis is currently placed among Eurotiomycetes inc. sed. (Eriksson et al. 2003: 33). Cano et al. (2002b: 170-171; 2002c: 177-178) included the type species Amaurascopsis perforata Guarro, Gené & De Vroey in analyses of ITS and SSU rDNA sequences and stated that the relationships of the genus are still uncertain. Amaurascopsis reticulata Guarro & Gené clustered with three Gymnascella species in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Sugiyama et al. (2002: 12) and may be unrelated to A. perforata. (2003-08-20).

3702. Amauroascaceae Arx
See Note 3703 (Amauroascus)! (2003-08-20).

3703. Amauroascus J. Schröt.
Sigler et al. (2002ab: 115, 124) confirmed that Amauroascus belongs in Onygenaceae (93% BT support in an analysis of SSU rDNA data). However, Sugiyama et al. (2002: 15) demonstrated that Amauroascus is polyphyletic with one line related to Byssoonygena, Coccidioides and Uncinocarpus queenslandicus, and another line to Auxarthron, Neogymnomyces and Renispora. Some authors accept a separate family (Amauroascaceae) to accommodate Amauroascus and some related genera (see Udagawa & Uchiyama 2002: 182). (2003-08-20).

3688. Ancistroporella G. Thor
See Note 3689 (Ancistrosporella)! (2003-06-30).

3689. Ancistrosporella G. Thor
Komposch et al. (2002: 223) regarded Ancistroporella (syn. Ancistrospora G. Thor 1990, non Ancistrospora C.A. Menendez & Azcuy 1972) as a typographical error and suggested it be corrected to Ancistrosporella. However, as the name is clearly based on Ancistrospora and there is no generic name "Ancistropora" the correction proposed is orthographic and not typographic and so permissible under the Code. G. Thor (pers. comm.) has confirmed that this was an orthographic error. (2003-06-30).

3892. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
Raja et al. (2003: 1) published the results of a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from genera that are or have been included in the Annulatascaceae. They indicated that the family was heterogenous. The taxa appeared as five separate clades in their phylogenetic tree. Clade A (Annulatascaceae s. str.) contained members of Annulatascus, Aquaticola, Ascolacicola, Cataractispora, Cyanoannulus, Pseudoproboscispora, Submersisphaeria and Vertexicola. Clade B: Clohiesia. Clade C: Brunneosporella, Fluminicola. Clade D: Ascocollumdensa. Clade E: Ascolacicola. Clades A-C were close to members of Sordariales, Clade D to Diaporthales and Clade E to none of the taxa in Sordariomycetes. Four genera, currently accepted in the Annulatascaceae, were not included in the analysis, viz. Aqualignicola, Diluviocola, Frondicola, and Torrentispora. - See Notes 3893 (Ascocolumndensa), 3894 (Ascolacicola), 3895 (Brunneosporella), 3897 (Clohiesia), 3898 (Cyanoannulus), and 3901 (Fluminicola). (2004-01-07).

3807. Anomalographis Kalb
Staiger (2002: 85) accepted only the type species Anomalographis madeirensis (Tav.) Kalb in the genus. Its position was not quite clear, as the asci differed in some respects from the Graphis type, and Staiger recommended that the relationships of the genus to the Graphidaceae should be tested using molecular methods. (2003-10-15).

3808. Anomomorpha Nyl.
This generic name has been treated in the Graphidaceae as a synonym of Graphis or Fissurina, but Staiger (2002: 88) accepted the genus and included four species. The genus was compared with Anomalographis, Fissurina, Gymnographopsis, Hemithecium and Platythecium. (2003-10-15).

3704. Aphanoascus Zukal
Sugiyama et al. (2002: 15) concluded that Aphanoascus is monophyletic. Untereiner et al. (2002: 32) stated that the position of Aphanoascus within Onygenaceae is uncertain. Their LSU rDNA analysis indicated that the genus is closely related to Xynophila mephitalis (Aphanoascus mephitalis in tree), but the gene could not resolve the position of Keratinophyton terreum (Aphanoascus terreus). They stated that a more rapidly evolving gene region from more representatives of the genus would likely clarify the phylogeny.

Cano et al. (2002a: 156, Fig 2) used such a gene region, viz. the ITS1 - 5.8S rDNA - ITS2 sequences. Their molecular analyses indicated that Aphanoascus consisted of at least six clades, each clade characterized by specific ascospore features. They also concluded that Keratinophyton, Neoxenophila, and Xynophila are ingroups in Aphanoascus, three names treated as synonyms of Aphanoascus in Myconet.

The ITS region is probably the DNA region most commonly used in phylogenetic analyses, but there are pitfalls. Both ITS1 and ITS2 evolve partly comparatively fast and it is difficult to align sequences from species that are not closely related. In most phylogenetic studies of the ITS region specific alignment programs are used. However, both the ITS1 and ITS2 RNA has a secondary structure (of fundamental importance during maturation of the adjacent SSU, 5.8S and LSU rRNAs), but very few phylogenetic studies use information from these structures for safer alignments.

To test the results obtained by Cano et al. the secondary structure of the ITS2 sequences used by these authors were studied and evaluated. The following is a hypophetic secondary structure of ITS2 from Aphanoascus fulvescens (GenBank acc. AJ 439437). It has to be tested and may have to be revised, but it can serve as a model in the comparison between the ITS2 sequences from members of Aphanoascus and related genera.

ITS2 is situated between the 5.8S rDNA and LSU rDNA and the 3´ end of the former is bound to the 5´end of the latter.

5.8S rDNA G T T C G A G c G T C A T T G… 5´end of ITS2
LSU rDNA T A G G C T C - C A G T T……….3´end of ITS2

The ITS2 sequence seems to encode four stemloops (D1-D4) and 5 unpaired RNA sequences (a-e) forming a ring structure with a "handle" of 5.8S rRNA and LSU rRNA.

a)
C A A A C C C C T

Domain 1)
C A A G C (A C G)
G T T C G

b)
T G T G T T

Domain 2)
G G G C C A T C G T C C - (C C T C T)
T C C G G   -  - G C A G G

c)
G A A A T G C A

Domain 3)
G T G G -  C A G - C A C C G A G (T)
T G T G A G T C T G T G G T C C

d) A T G

Domain 4)
G G A A T C T C T T A T C G C T C A A A G A (C C C A A )
T T T T A G A C T G T A G T C  - G T G G C T

e) T A T C C A G T T … to LSU rRNA

As mentioned above Cano et al. (2002) recognized six clades in Aphanoascus. The same clades were obtained in analyses of the secondary structures of the ITS2 sequences.

Clade I.
According to Cano et al. (2002: 157) the species in this clade have "oblate ascospores (circular in front view and broadly ellipsoidal in lateral view). However, the ascospores of different species have different surface ornamentation …". Aphanoascus fulvescens belongs in this group and it was easy to construct a possible secondary structure of the whole ITS2 for all members of the group and easy to align all sequences. Cano et al. (l.c.) also stated that this was the most homogeneous group in their analysis. In their Clade I they included Aphanoascus canadensis, A. cubensis (as strain 4220), A. foetidus (syn. Neoxenophila foetida), A. fulvescens, A. keratinophilus, A. mephitalis (Xynophila m.), A. pinarensis (as strain 4221), A. reticulisporus, and A. verrucosus. I found that the same species were closely related in Blast searches and reconstructions of the secondary structures. Members of this clade were also some Chrysosporium species (articulatum, keratinophilum, tropicum) and Castanedomyces australiensis, described as a new genus and species in the same issue. In fact, ITS2 of that species did not differ from that of the generic type A. fulvescens in one single position. This can not be a coincidence and the species should most probably be transferred to Aphanoascus. (See Note 3720, Castanedomyces)!

Clade II
Cano et al. (2002: 157) included two species in this clade, both with ascospores that are "lenticular to discoid, with a small, flat, smooth circular area at the poles. In A. clathratus the spore surface is reticulate alveolate, in A. orissi [syn. Uncinocarpus orissi] it is pitted". They also pointed out that A. orissi may have a reduced membranaceous peridium, whereas it is composed of several layers of flattened cells in A. clathratus, as it normally is in the genus.
A Blast search for ITS2 from A. orissi indicated that it is closest to other Aphanoascus species (esp. A. arxii). In secondary structure analyses it was easy to find similarities with ITS2 in Clade I in all parts although there were several differences in D4.

Clade III
Cano et al. (2002: 157) included only one species in this clade, A. saturnoideus. It has ascospores that are "subglobose with a conspicuous equatorial rim and a finely pitted surface". Blast searches indicated that the species is isolated. The D4 region could not be constructed.

Clade IV.
Cano et al. (2002: 157) placed three taxa in this clade, Aphanoascus durus, Chrysosporium siglerae and C. submersum. The ascospores are similar to those in A. clathratus in Clade II, but "the smooth, circular areas at the poles protrude, giving the spores a cruciform aspect in lateral view". The three taxa had the most similar sequences in a Blast search for ITS2 from A. durus. Construction of the secondary structure of D4 was not possible, but the primary sequences in the three taxa were similar.

Clade V
Cano et al. (2002: 157) stated that no taxa in this clade develop ascomata. Three Chrysosporium species were included, viz. C. evolceanui, C. fluviale, and C. minutisporum. The D4 sequences were very different from those in other Aphanoascus / Chrysosporium species, and no plausible secondary structure could be proposed.

Clade VI
Cano et al. (2002: 158) included species with "lenticular to discoid ascospores ornamented with a foveolate-reticulate or finely pitted pattern. There is also one species with smooth ascospores, Aphanoascus punsolae". The following taxa belonged in this clade: Aphanoascus hispanicus, A. punsolae, A. terreus (syn. Keratinophyton terrei), Chrysosporium indicum and C. sp. Several of these taxa came close in a Blast search for ITS2 from A. hispanicus. No secondary structure was found for the D4 area and there were several differences in other parts of ITS2 compared to the corresponding areas in other Ascophanus species.

Thus, studies on the secondary structures seem to support the clades proposed by Cano et al., but more detailed secondary structure studies are required. They are time-consuming and difficult, but should give much safer alignments compared to other methods. Whether all the six clades should be treated as one genus, Aphanoascus, is uncertain. There is, for instance, morphological and molecular support for keeping Keratinophyton (see Clade VI) as a separate genus (R.S. Currah, pers. inf.).

Cano et al. (2002) used Corynascus sepedonium (Sordariales, Sordariomycetes) as outgroup in their analyses of the ITS region. It is possible to align the D1 regions in Aphanoascus fulvescens and Corynascus sepedonium, but to find homologies in the secondary structures of D2-D4 regions was impossible. A much more closely related organism should be selected as outgroup, for instance, another genus in Onygenales. (O.E. Eriksson: 2003-08-20).

For more information on Aphanoascus, see Notes 3720 (Castanedomyces) and 3743 (Pseudoamauroascus)!

3705. Apinisia La Touche
See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3630. Apiognomonia Höhn.
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3706. Arachniotus J. Schröt.
Solé et al. (2002b: 145) treated this generic name as a synonym of Gymnoascus, as the type species A. ruber (Tiegh.) J. Schröt. clustered in a Gymnoascus clade with high BT support in a study of ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences. - See Note 3725 (Gymnoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3707. Arachnomyces Massee & E.S. Salmon
Gibas et al. (2002: 135) stated that the anamorphs of Arachnomyces are of Onychocola type. - See Note 3709 (Arachnomycetales)! (2003-08-20).

3708. Arachnomycetaceae Gibas, Sigler & Currah
See Note 3709 (Arachnomycetales)! (2003-08-20).

3709. Arachnomycetales Gibas, Sigler & Currah
Gibas et al. (2002: 134) proposed the new order Arachnomycetales and family Arachnomycetaceae to accommodate the genus Arachnomyces. Five species formed a monophyletic clade with 100% BT support in an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. The sister clade (68%) was Eurotiales (100% BT). The relationships with other members of Onygenales were uncertain, but three other clades were Ajellomyces (80%), Gymnoascaceae / Arthrodermataceae (98%) and Onygenaceae (96%). (2003-08-20).

3710. Arachnotheca Arx
See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3661. Ascobotryozyma J. Kerrigan, M.T. Sm. & J.D. Rogers
Kerrigan et al. (2001: 15) described the new genus and species Ascobotryozyma americana J. Kerrigan, M.T. Sm. & J.D. Rogers with the anamorph Botryozyma americana J. Kerrigan, M.T. Sm. & J.D. Rogers. The fungus was found on free-living nematodes (Panagellus spp.) collected from beetle frass, entrance sites and in galleries in Populus tremuloides in Canada. The fungus was attached to nematodes by a basal cell from which developed a short branched thallus of a few monostichous cells. The authors found that one cell from one thallus might fuse with a cell from another thallus to form a globose to broadly ellipsoidal ascus, producing four lunate ascospores. A phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from another Botryozyma species (B. nematodophila) and various yeasts by Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) indicated that the species was most closely related to Candida caseinolytica. Ascobotryozyma, therefore, probably belongs in Saccharomycetales. Elongated ascospores are known in members of the Metschnikowiaceae (Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes), but also in Pneumocystis (Pneumocystidales, Pneumocystidomycetes). The thallus is normally hyphal in Ascoidea, single genus in the Ascoideaceae (Saccharomycetales), with four species found in insect frass, but the ascospores are ellipsoidal with a unilateral, mucilaginous brim (de Hoog in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 136) and not lunate. Further molecular studies are needed to confirm that Ascobotryozyma belongs in Saccharomycetales and to show whether a new family should be erected. We suggest that the genus be listed among Saccharomycetes incertae sedis in the next Outline. (2003-05-07).

3893. Ascocollumdensa Ranghoo et al., nom. nud.
This genus has not yet been described. The name Ascocolumndensa aquatica was first used by Ranghoo et al. (1999: 161). The gene encoding its LSU rRNA sequence (AF132325) was included in a phylogenetic analysis of sequences from other ascomycetes, mainly members of the Sordariales, by Raja et al. (2003: 1). It indicated that the genus should be included in the Annulatascaceae. (2004-01-07).

3711. Arthroderma Curr.
See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3712. Arthrodermataceae Currah
See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3713. Ascocalvatia Malloch & Cain
Sigler et al. (2002b: 124) found that Ascocalvatia alveolata Malloch & Cain came closest to Onygena equina Pers. in an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. The clade comprising members of the Onygenaceae received 93% BT support. Also studies of LSU rDNA data give the same result (see Sugiyama et al. 2002: 15-16). (2003-08-20).

3894. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
This genus is currently listed among Sordariales inc. sed., but phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Raja et al. (2003: 1) indicated that A. austriaca Réblová et al. was closely related to Annulatascus (Annulatascaceae), whereas A. aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde was not found to be close to any ascomycete included in the analysis. (2004-01-07).

3795. Ascomycota
Tehler et al. (2003: 901) performed a phylogenetic analyses of 1551 SSU rDNA sequences from all main groups of Fungi. In most cases the results confirmed current classification of taxa in Myconet (Note! some taxa are used provisionally here, until more information is available; e.g. Lecanoromycetes). One exception was Pezizales (Pezizomycetes), which was paraphyletic in the tree obtained by Tehler et. al. The family Pezizaceae formed a separate clade, whereas the other taxa in Pezizales clustered with Orbiliales. It is too early to make any changes in the system. More taxa and more genes from Pezizales and Orbiliales have to be analyzed. (2003-10-08).

3764. Ascosacculus J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer
Campbell et al. (2003: 543) described the new genus Ascosacculus J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer. Two species were accepted. This genus and five other new genera (Ascosalsum, Littispora, Magnisphaera, Natantispora, Panorbis) were segregated from Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Halosphaeriaceae) on the basis of morphological and molecular data. Table 1 in the paper presented detailed information on the morphological differences between the new genera and Aniptodera, Halosarpheia and Ophiodeira. A key to genera in the family with thread-like unfurling ascospore appendages was provided. (2003-09-01).

3765. Ascosalsum J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer
Campbell et al. (2003: 543) described the new genus Ascosalsum J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer., a segregate from Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Halosphaeriaceae). Two species were accepted. - See Note 3764 (Ascosacculus)! (2003-09-01).

3714. Ascosphaera L.S. Olive & Spiltoir
Sigler et al. (2002b: 124) confirmed in an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences that Ascosphaera and Eremascus should be included in Onygenales, not Eurotiales. They were both placed in Eremascaceae, but Ascosphaera differs morphologically enough to be accommodated in a separate family, Ascosphaeraceae. (2003-08-20).

3809. Asterisca G. Mey.
Staiger (2002: 458) considered Asterisca a younger synonym of Medusula Eschw. and a "nomen illegitimum". (2003-10-15).

3690. Asterothyriaceae W. Watson ex R. Sant.
Henssen & Lücking (2002: 273) discussed the morphology, anatomy and ontogeny in the Asterothyriaceae. (2003-06-30).

3715. Auxarthron G.F. Orr & Kuehn
Sigler et al. (2002b: 124) confirmed that Auxarthron belongs in Onygenaceae. It appeared in a clade with members of that family, supported by 93% in a BT analysis of a tree based on SSU rDNA data. (2003-08-20).

3778. Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman
Rossman et al. (2001: 100) concluded that the family Bionectriaceae sensu Rossman et al. 1999 was monophyletic if Peethambara and related taxa were excluded. – See Note 3779 (Peethambara)! (2003-09-29).

3780. Biscogniauxia Kuntze
See Note 3786 (Hypoxylon)! (2003-10-06).

3716. Blastomyces Costantin & Rolland
Blastomyces and some other anamorph genera are close to Ajellomyces (Guarro & Cano 2002: 3). - See Note 3700 (Ajellomyces)! (2003-08-20).

3796. Boedijnopeziza S. Ito & S. Imai
See Note 3797 (Cookeina)! (2003-10-08).

3666. Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon
Hyde & Cannon (1999: 47) described the new monotypic genus Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (Phyllachoraceae), typified by B. nigeriensis (Sivan. & Okpala) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon. (2003-05-26).

3717. Brunneospora Guarro & Punsola
Cano et al. (2002b: 171) stated that Solé et al. (2002a: 388) have demonstrated that Uncinocarpus sensu Sigler (1997) is polyphyletic as U. reesii appears in a separate clade from that of U. queenslandicus (syn. Brunneospora reticulata). This is not obvious from the trees presented by Cano et al. (2002b: 170, 171), but from a tree by Sugiyama et al. (2002: 15, see also p. 16) based on LSU rDNA data. If that result is correct it seems that the genus Brunneospora should be resurrected. (2003-08-20).

3895. Brunneosporella V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
This genus is currently included in the Annulatascaceae, but phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Raja et al. (2003: 1) indicated that its position within Sordariales is uncertain. (2004-01-07).

3896. Buellia De Not.
See Note 3900 (Diplotomma)! (2004-01-07).

3718. Byssoascus Arx
See Note 3732 (Myxotrichaceae)! (2003-08-20).

3719. Byssoonygena Guarro, Punsola & Cano
Sugiyama et al. (2002: 15) found that Byssoonygena ceratinophila Guarro, Punsola & Cano was closest to Uncinocarpus queenslandicus in an analysis of LSU rDNA data, but without high BT support. Further studies are needed to reveal its position in Onygenaceae. - See Note 3717 (Brunneospora)! (2003-08-20).

3627. Caliciaceae Chevall.
Wedin et al. (2002: 655) proposed the conservation of the family name Physciaceae against Caliciaceae. (2003-03-19).

3691. Calopadiopsis Lücking & R. Sant.
Lücking & Santesson (2002: 58) described the new genus Calopadiopsis (Ectolechiaceae). The type species, C. tayabasensis (Vain.) Lücking & R. Sant., differed from Calopadia "in the ellipsoid, non-septate conidia and the richly branched and anastomosing paraphyses". The campylidia of this species were found to be of Pyrenotrichum "mirum"-type. (2003-06-30).

3781. Camillea Fr.
See Note 3786 (Hypoxylon)! (2003-10-06).

3810. Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb
Staiger & Kalb (in Staiger 2002: 98) described the new genus Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb (Graphidaceae) to accommodate the type species C. chionophora (Redinger ) Staiger & Kalb and seven other species. The genus was compared with Dyplolabia and Graphis. (2003-10-15).

3720. Castanedomyces Cano, Pitarch & Guarro
Cano et al. (2002b: 167) described the new genus and species Castanedomyces australiensis Cano, Pitarch & Guarro, a keratinophilic fungus from Australian soil. In analysis of SSU rDNA sequences it clustered with 98% BT support with Aphanoascus fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis. Both genera have a membraneous peridium. Aphanoascus spp. lack peridial appendages, Castanedomyces has "seta-like appendages". The ascospores in that genus are lenticular with a tuberculate wall and an equatorial crest. The ascospores of Aphanoascus sensu Cano et al. show a great variation in shape and ornamentation. Castanedomyces has the same ITS2 sequence as A. fulvescens and should most probably be treated as a synonym of Aphanoascus. - See Note 3704 (Aphanoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3667. Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr
Hyde & Cannon (1999: 8) discussed this family in a paper on fungi causing tar spots on palm trees. The single genus is Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd., which they assumed was more closely related to the Xylariales than to Sordariales. Cannon has later accommodated the Catabotrydaceae in his new order Boliniales (see Note 3409). (2003-05-26).

3811. Chiographa Leight.
Staiger (2002: 293) treated Chiographa as a synonym of Leiorreuma (Graphidaceae). (2003-10-15).

3721. Chlamydosauromyces Sigler, Hambleton & Paré
Sigler et al. (2002b: 127) described the new genus and species Chlamydosauromyces punctatus Sigler, Hambleton & Paré, isolated from shed skin of a lizard from San Diego Zoo, USA. It was distinguished by "ascomata composed of narrow, thin-walled hyphae, punctate oblate ascospores with equatorial rim, an anamorph of alternate arthroconidia". The fungus had the ability to digest hairs in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences placed the genus in an Onygenaceae clade with 93% BT support. (2003-08-20).

3631. Chromendothia Lar. N. Vasiljeva.
This genus has been treated as a possible synonym of Camarops (see Note 2968), but molecular analysis clustered it with Cryphonectria and related genera. - See Notes 3632 (Cryphonectria) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3897. Clohiesia K.D. Hyde
This genus is currently included in the Annulatascaceae, but phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Raja et al. (2003: 1) indicated that its position within Sordariales is uncertain. (2004-01-07).

3871. Coccocarpiaceae (Mont. ex Müll. Stuttg.) Henssen
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 424, Fig. 1) demonstrated that the Coccocarpiaceae, represented by Steinera, formed a poorly supported group with Degelia, within a strongly supported clade corresponding to suborder Peltigerineae (see Note 3881). (2003-10-22).

3872. Collemataceae Zenker
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 426, Fig. 3) received high jackknife support (j = 96) for the Collemataceae + Placynthium within the suborder Peltigerineae (see Note 3881). (2003-10-22).

3797. Cookeina Kuntze
Melendez-Howell et al. (2003: 413) confirmed that Boedijnopeziza should be included in Cookeina and treated as a subgenus. The authors discussed the position of Cookeina in the Sarcoscyphaceae. (2003-10-08).

3662. Corethromyces Thaxt.
Weir & Hughes (2002: 483) discussed the relationships of Corethromyces based on molecular (SSU rDNA) and morphological characters. (2003-05-07).

3812. Creographa A. Massal.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3782. Creosphaeria Theiss.
See Note 3786 (Hypoxylon)! (2003-10-06).

3632. Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1028) found in phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from members of the Diaporthales that seven taxa in Chromendothia, Cryphonectria, Cryptodiaporthe and Endothia formed a separate group in the order, supported by 84% BT value, and that could not be accommodated in any of the four families accepted by the authors. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3633. Cryptodiaporthe Petr.
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3634. Cryptosporella Sacc.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1027) accepted this genus in the Gnomoniaceae. It was treated as a synonym of Ophiovalsa (Winterella in earlier Outlines in Myconet). - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3813. Ctesium Pers.
Staiger (2002: 184) regarded this as an obligate synonym of Allographa, thus a synonym of Graphis. - See Note 3806 (Allographa)! (2003-10-15).

3753. Culbersonia Essl.
Esslinger (2000: 771) described the new genus and species Culbersonia americana Essl., a foliose lichen collected in Peru and U.S.A. (Arizona). All material lacks apothecia, but there is a pruina on the thalli similar to that in Physconia or Physcia. The position of the genus is uncertain, but it may belong in Physciaceae or Parmeliaceae. (2003-08-22).

3754. Curvatispora V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde
Sarma & Hyde (2000: 771) described the new genus and species Curvatispora singaporensis V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, a unitunicate pyrenomycete on Livistona (Arecaceae) in Singapore. It has "erumpent perithecial ascomata immersed under a clypeus, unitunicate asci with a J+ subapical ring, and unicellular, cylindric-ellipsoid, curved ascospores". (2003-08-22).

3898. Cyanoannulus Raja, J. Campb. & Shearer
Raja et al. (2003: 8) described the new genus and species Cyanoannulus petersenii Raja, J. Campb. & Shearer. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences demonstrated that it is closely related to the Annulatascaceae. (2004-01-07).

3814. Cyclographina D.D. Awasthi
Staiger (2002: 420) treated Cyclographina as a synonym of Solenographa. (2003-10-15).

3909. Cymadothea F.A. Wolf
This genus is currently accepted in the Outline, but there are no molecular data available to support that. The correct name of the type species C. trifolii (Pers.: Fr.) F.A. Wolf is Mycosphaerella killianii Petr. (non M. trifolii (P. Karst.) Jacz). It is common on leaves of Trifolium spp. The anamorph is Polythrincium trifolii Kunze: Fr. - See Note 3911 (Mycosphaerella) and Barr (1972: 600)! (2004-02-16).

3910. Davidiella Crous & U. Braun
See Note 3911 (Mycosphaerella)! (2004-02-16).

3873. Degelia Arv. & D.J. Galloway
See Note 3879 (Pannariaceae)! (2003-10-22).

3783. Dermea Fr.
Abeln et al. (2000: 685) performed phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA and ITS region sequences from species of Dermea (7 strains), Neofabraea (3) and Pezicula (34). These genera formed three monophyletic groups if the genus Ocellaria was included in Pezicula. Also morphological features supported the three genera. (2003-10-06).

3635. Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1029) delimited this family to include only the genera Diaporthe and Mazzantia. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3636. Diaporthales Nannf.
Eriksson published eclectic classifications of the order Diaporthales (1982, orders and families; 1984 also genera), compiled from classifications based on morphological studies by Barr (1978), etc. Five families were accepted: Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae, Melogrammataceae, Pseudovalsaceae, and Valsaceae. Cannon (1988: 23) synonymized Gnomoniaceae with Valsaceae, and Pseudovalsaceae and Melogrammataceae with Melanconidaceae. These changes were accepted in "Outline of the ascomycetes - 1989" (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1990: 121). Since then, one new family has been added, Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon, but otherwise the classification of the order has remained unchanged in all Outlines, also the latest one (Eriksson et al. 2003). However, the classification of such a large group as the Diaporthales is always preliminary until molecular data are available to support or falsify inferences based on morphology. Castlebury et al. (2002) have now used LSU rDNA sequences from 62 taxa within Diaporthales in phylogenetic analyses and demonstrated that recent classifications of the order have to be changed considerably (see also Zhang & Blackwell 2001: 355). In fact, their classification of the order is much more in line with the 1982 and 1984 Outlines mentioned above. They found that there were at least six distinct lineages within the order, which they referred to as Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae, Valsaceae, a Cryphonectria - Endothia Complex, and a Schizoparme Complex (q.v.v.). As outgroup they used four taxa in the Magnaporthaceae. The Outline published recently in Myconet listed 97 genera in Diaporthales. Thus, many remain to be studied using molecular methods, but based on the results available now, several changes in the classification of the Diaporthales should be implemented. - See Notes 3629 (Allantoporthe), 3630 (Apiognomonia), 3631 (Chromendothia), 3632 (Cryphonectria), 3633 (Cryptodiaporthe), 3634 (Cryptosporella), 3635 (Diaporthaceae), 3637 (Ditopella), 3638 (Endothia), 3639 (Gnomonia), 3640 (Gnomoniella), 3641 (Gnomoniaceae), 3642 (Hercospora), 3643 (Leucostoma), 3644 (Linospora), 3645 (Mazzantia), 3646 (Melanconidaceae), 3647 (Melanconis), 3648 (Ophiovalsa), 3649 (Phragmoporthe), 3650 (Plagiostoma), 3651 (Pleuroceras), 3652 (Pseudovalsaceae), 3653 (Schizoparme), 3654 (Valsa), 3655 (Valsaceae), 3656 (Valsella), 3657 (Vialaea), and 3658 (Wuestneia). (2003-04-11).

3775. Diaporthe Nitschke
See Note 3776 (Diaporthopsis)! (2003-09-24).

3776. Diaporthopsis Fabre
Castlebury et al. (2003: 203) found that phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA clustered the generic type Diaporthopsis angelicae within a clade that included the type and many other species of Diaporthe. The former genus differs from Diaporthe in nonseptate ascospores rather than 1-septate spores, but is similar to Diaporthe in stromatal, perithecial and centrum morphology, and the authors treated Diaporthopsis as a synonym of Diaporthe. (2003-09-24).

3815. Digraphis Clem.
Staiger (2002: 88) stated that Digraphis Clem. (1909) and the older name Anomomorpha Nyl. (1891) were based on the same species: Graphis turbulenta Nyl. (2003-10-15).

3816. Diorygma Eschw.
Staiger & Kalb (in Staiger 2002: 113) proposed Diorygma hieroglyphica (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb for lectotype of Diorygma. The position of the genus within the Graphidaceae was uncertain. (2003-10-15).

3817. Diplogramma Müll. Arg.
Staiger (2002: 455) suggested that this genus should be transferred from the Graphidaceae to the Opegraphaceae because of the net-like and branched hamathecium. (2003-10-15).

3818. Diplographis A. Massal.
Staiger (2002: 119) discussed the nomenclature of Diplographis A. Massal. (Graphidaceae) and treated the name as a possible synonym of Fissurina. (2003-10-15).

3899. Diploicia A. Massal.
Molina et al. (2002: 509) treated Diploicia A. Massal. as a synonym of Diplotomma. - See Note 3900 (Diplotomma)! (2004-01-07).

3900. Diplotomma Flot.
Nordin (2000) monographed the Buellia species with pluriseptate spores, a group that has often been treated as a separate genus, Diplotomma Flot. In his phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological data, Buellia alboatra, the type species of Diplotomma, formed a monophyletic group together with a few other species. Since the support was low, all species treated were retained in Buellia. This was also followed by Foucard et al. (2002). However, molecular studies later supported the segregation of the Diplotomma group. Molina et al. (2002: 509) performed a phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region in Buellia, Diploicia and Diplotomma species. In their phylogeny Diploicia appeared to be closely related to the Diplotomma-group. The authors accepted the genus Diplotomma and treated Diploicia as a synonym of that name. Another alternative would be to accept Diplotomma as a subgenus in Buellia until molecular data are available from also other genera recently treated by Marbach (see Note 3549, Physciaceae - Myconet 8, 2002). (2004-01-07).

3637. Ditopella De Not.
From Melanconidaceae to Gnomoniaceae - See Notes 3646 (Melanconidaceae) 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3819. Dyplolabia Müll. Arg.
Staiger (2002: 114) accepted two species in Dyplolabia (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Carbacanthographis and Graphis. (2003-10-15).

3885. Echinodiscus Etayo & Diederich
Etayo & Diederich (2000: 63) described the new genus Echinodiscus with the single species E. lesdainii (Vouaux) Etayo & Diederich (bas. Phacopsis lesdainii Vouaux), a lichenicolous fungus on Lecania spp. The new genus was similar in some respects to Rhymbocarpus geographici (J. Steiner) Vouaux, but differed by "the more erumpent, not perithecium-like apothecia, the characteristic excipular and hymenial hairs, a different ascus type, and the unusual violet hymenial and excipular pigment". The genus can be listed among Helotiales incertae sedis. (2003-11-24).

3820. Ectographis Trevis.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3821. Emblemia Pers.
Staiger (2002: 457) could not find any type material of the lectotype proposed by her, Emblemia contexta Pers. Illustration and description of an older synonym cited by Persoon, indicated, according to Staiger, Graphis poitaei Fée = Glaucinaria poitaei (Fée) A. Massal. (2003-10-15).

3638. Endothia Fr.
See Notes 3632 (Cryphonectria) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3722. Eremascus Eidam
See Note 3715 (Ascosphaera)! (2003-08-20).

3668. Eurotiales G.W. Martin ex Benny & Kimbr.
Kuraishi et al. (2000: 179) studied the ubiquinone systems in members of the Eurotiales and Onygenales. In most families there is more than one type of ubiquinones, but in the Arthrodermataceae all 17 isolates examined had the Q9 system. The results, so far, do not suggest any immediate changes of the current classification of the two orders in Eurotiomycetes. (2003-05-26).

3904. Falcatispora K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Pang & Jones (in Pang et al. 2003b: 13) described the new genus Falcatispora (Halosphaeriaceae) to accommodate three species, with the type species F. viscidula (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones. There were significant morphological differences between these species and Halosarpheia and also strong molecular (LSU rDNA) support for the new genus. (2004-01-26).

3822. Fissurina Fée
Staiger (2002: 117) distinguished between five different types of ascomata in this genus: "dumasti type" (10 species), "comparilis type" (5), "incrustans type" (3), "globulifica type" (3) and "subcontexta type" (8). Fissurina was compared with Acanthothecis, Anomomorpha and Platythecium. (2003-10-15).

3901. Fluminicola S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
This genus is currently included in Annulatascaceae, but phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Raja et al. (2003: 1) indicated that its position within Sordariales is uncertain. (2004-01-07).

3823. Glaucinaria A. Massal.
This generic name has been treated as a synonym of Graphina. Staiger (2002: 164) proposed a lectotype for the type species Glaucinaria poitaei (Fée) A. Massal. (Graphidaceae). The genus will be treated more in detail in a future paper. (2003-10-15).

3824. Glyphis Ach.
Staiger (2002: 164) recognized two subgenera in Glyphis Ach. (Graphidaceae), subg. Glyphis and subg. Pallidoglyphis Staiger. (2003-10-15).

3639. Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3641. Gnomoniaceae G. Winter
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1027) accepted this family in Diaporthales. In a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences it formed a clade with 98% BT support, closely related to Melanconidaceae. The following genera were included in the family: Apiognomonia, Cryptodiaporthe, Cryptosporella, Ditopella, Gnomonia, Ophiovalsa, Phragmoporthe, and Plagiostoma. A majority of other taxa in Melanconidaceae sensu Eriksson et al. (2003) may be included in the Gnomoniaceae, but some should be listed among Diaporthales inc. sed. until molecular data are available. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3640. Gnomoniella Sacc.
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3798. Goosia B. Song
Song (2003: 413) described the new genus and species Goosia melastomatis B. Song (Englerulaceae). It resembled Thrauste medinillae (Racib.) Theiss., but phialides were absent and the ascospores were larger. (2003-10-08).

3825. Graphidaceae Dumort
Staiger (2002) revised the family Graphidaceae Dumort. Seventeen genera of previously formally described genera were accepted or reintroduced: Acanthothecis Clem., Anomalographis Kalb, Anomomorpha Nyl., Dyplolabia Müll. Arg., Fissurina Fée, Glyphis Ach., Graphis Adans., Gymnographa Müll. Arg., Gymnographopsis C.W. Dodge, Hemithecium Trevis., Leiorreuma Eschw., Phaeographina Müll. Arg., Phaeographis Müll. Arg., Platygramme Fée, Sarcographa Fée, Thalloloma Trevis. and Thecaria Fée. Two new genera were described: Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb and Platythecium Staiger. The author typified eleven generic names. The many genera were mainly based on morphological characters. Future molecular studies may necessitate some changes in the generic concepts. (2003-10-15).

3826. Graphidula Norman
Staiger (2002: 455) concluded that this name is a synonym of Pyrenula Ach. (2003-10-15).

3827. Graphina Müll. Arg.
Staiger (2002: 421) treated this name as a synonym of Thalloloma Trevis. (2003-10-15).

3828. Graphinomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Staiger (2002: 421) treated this name as a synonym of Thalloloma Trevis. (2003-10-15).

3829. Graphis Adans.
Staiger (2002: 181) described / redescribed 53 species in Graphis Adans. (2003-10-15).

3784. Guanomyces M.C. Gonzáles, Hanlin & Ulloa
Gonzáles et al. (2000: 1139) described the new genus and species Guanomyces polythrix M.C. Gonzáles, Hanlin & Ulloa found on bat dung in Mexico. Morphological features and SSU rDNA data indicated that it was a member of the Chaetomiaceae (Sordariales), but it differed from other members of the family by hyaline ascospores without a germ pore and the ascomata had a long neck furnished with lateral glandular hairs. (2003-10-06).

3694. Gyalidea Lett. ex Vezda
Aptroot & Lücking (2003: 53) performed a phylogenetic analysis of the Asterothyriaceae, using morphological, anatomical and ontogenetic data. They found an enormous variation in morphology and anatomy in the genus Gyalidea. They concluded that taxonomic concepts of taxa within the genus have to be reevaluated. (2003-07-11).

3724. Gymnascella Peck
See Note 3725 (Gymnoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3723. Gymnoascoideus G.F. Orr, K. Roy & G.R. Ghosh
Sugiyama et al. (2002: 9, 10) found that Gymnoascoideus petalosporus clustered with high BT support (98%) with Gymnascella and Gymnoascus in studies of SSU rDNA sequences. - See Note 3725 (Gymnoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3725. Gymnoascus Baran.
Solé et al. (2002b: 144) published a tree based on the ITS and 5.8S rDNA region sequences from Gymnoascus spp. and related genera. They accepted Gymnoascus in a broad sense and treated the following generic names as synonyms: Arachniotus, Gymnascella, Gymnascoideus, and Narasimhella. - Before merging these genera the secondary structure of the RNAs encoded by the ITS regions should be studied and evaluated. See discussion on ITS in Note 3704 (Aphanoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3830. Gymnographa Müll. Arg.
Gymnographa has been treated as a synonym of Sarcographa. Staiger (2002: 266) accepted 3 species in Gymnographa Müll. Arg. (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Phaeographis and Platythecium. (2003-10-15).

3831. Gymnographomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Gymnographa and Gymnographomyces have been treated as a synonyms of Sarcographa (Graphidaceae). Staiger (2002: 266) accepted Gymnographa as a separate genus and listed Gymnographomyces as a synonym of that name. (2003-10-15).

3832. Gymnographopsis C.W. Dodge
Staiger (2002: 273) accepted one species in this genus, G. chilena C.W. Dodge (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Acanthothecis, Anomomorpha, Fissurina, Gymnographa and Hemithecium. (2003-10-15).

3833. Gymnotrema Nyl.
Staiger (2002: 164) treated this name as a synonym of Glyphis (Graphidaceae). The correct name of the type species Gymnotrema atratum (Fée) Nyl. is Glyphis scyphulifera (Ach.) Staiger. (2003-10-15).

3834. Gyrostomomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Staiger (2002: 164) listed this illegitimate name as a synonym of Glyphis (Graphidaceae). (2003-10-15).

3835. Gyrostomum Fr.
Staiger (2002: 164, 175) treated this name as a synonym of Glyphis (Graphidaceae). The correct name of the type species Gyrostomum scyphulifera (Ach.) Fr. is Glyphis scyphulifera (Ach.) Staiger. (2003-10-15).

3777. Hadrospora Boise
Tanaka & Harada (2003: 245) gave a thorough description of the generic type Hadrospora fallax (Mouton) Boise (1989: 310; Phaeosphaeriaceae; see Note 1019, Systema Ascomycetum 9: 12, 1991), based mainly on material from Japan. The detailed illustrations indicate that the genus is related to Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss. (1981: 124; Phaeosphaeriaceae or ?Botryosphaeriaceae). Especially the shape and septation of the ascospores and the perispore that is "conspicuous sharply delimited …sometimes constricted at the primary septum, and bell-shaped at the ends" indicate a relationship, but whereas Amarenomyces probably has an Amarenographium anamorph (coelomycete), the anamorph of Hadrospora is a "Zalerion" sp. (hyphomycete). The spores of Hadrospora are ”brown to reddish-brown and end cells pale brown”, but they are yellowish in Amarenomyces. The two species in Hadrospora (H. fallax and H. clarkii) and the single species of Amarenomyces (A. ammophilae) are all graminicolous, but Tanaka & Harada found H. fallax also on herbaceous plants and twigs of a woody plant. (2003-09-24).

3905. Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.
Pang et al. (2003b: 1) published a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from members of the Halosphaeriaceae and demonstrated that Halosarpheia was heterogenous. - See Notes 3904 (Falcatispora) and 3906 (Matsusphaeria)! (2004-01-26).

3766. Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.
Anderson et al. (2003: 897) performed a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from Halosarpheia species and some related taxa in the Halosphaeriaceae. The genus was further studied by Campbell et al. (2003) and several segregate genera were described. - See Note 3764 (Ascosacculus)! (2003-09-01).

3836. Helminthocarponomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Staiger (2002: 470) indicated that this name is a synonym of Solenographa, which will be treated in a future paper. (2003-10-15).

3837. Hemithecium Trevis.
Staiger (2002: 275) recognized two subgenera in this genus in Graphidaceae, subg. Hemithecium and subg. Leucogramma Staiger, with different iodine reaction in the ascospores. The genus was compared with Acanthothecis, Anomomorpha and Platythecium. (2003-10-15).

3642. Hercospora Fr.
The position of the genus Hercospora is uncertain. It is a member of the Diaporthales, but it did not cluster within any of the six lineages obtained in phylogenetic analyses performed by Castlebury et al. (2002: 1026) - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3624. Hueëlla Zahlbr.
Gams (2002: 791) reported that the Committee for Fungi recommended rejection of the generic name Hueëlla Zahlbr. versus Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg. (Pannariaceae). (2003-03-18).

3838. Hymenodecton Leight.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3785. Hyperdermium J. White, R. Sullivan, G. Bills & N. Hywel-Jones
White et al. (in Sullivan et al. 2000: 910) described the new genus Hyperdermium to accommodate two species, H. bertonii (Speg.) J. White, R. Sullivan, G. Bills & N. Hywel-Jones (type sp.) and H. pulvinatum J. White, R. Sullivan, G. Bills & N. Hywel-Jones, both of them superficial on stems of tropical Asteraceae. They differed from other members of the Clavicipitaceae by possession of anamorphs producing multiseptate conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences placed the genus in subfamily Cordycipitoideae. (2003-10-06).

3786. Hypoxylon Bull.
Sánchez-Ballesteros et al. (2000: 964) studied the phylogeny of Hypoxylon and related genera using ITS region sequences. The analyses supported the segregation of some genera (Biscogniauxia, Camillea, Creosphaeria, Kretzschmaria, Nemania and Whalleya) from Hypoxylon. The infrageneric division of Hypoxylon into the sections Hypoxylon and Annulata was not supported. Camillea and Biscogniauxia formed a strongly supported clade (99% BT support), but "this preliminary analysis did not reflect generic distinctions among species". (2003-10-06).

3902. Igneocumulus A.W. Ramaley
Ramaley (2003: 158) described the new genus and species Igneocumulus yuccae A.W. Ramaley, found on Yucca torreyi in Texas, U.S..A. It had "soft, bright-colored, often apparently multilocular ascomata with one shared ostiole". The prototunicate asci produced aseptate, hyaline ascospores. The anamorph was Lecythophora-like. Provisionally, the genus can be listed among Ascomycota inc. sed. (2004-01-07).

3726. Keratinophyton Randh. & R.S. Sandhu
See Note 3704 (Aphanoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3669. Kodamaea Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, M. Matsueda & K. Mikata
Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 329) did not accept the genus Kodamaea, but treated the type species as Pichia ohmeri (Etchells & T.A. Bell) Kreger. - See Note 2197 (Kodamaea)! (2003-05-26).

3727. Kraurogymnocarpa Udagawa & Uchiyama
Analyses of SSU rDNA data by Sigler et al. (2002b: 124) and of LSU rDNA data by Sugiyama et al. (2002: 12) supported a placement of Kraurogymnocarpa in Gymnoascaceae. (2003-08-20).

3787. Kretzschmaria Fr.
See Note 3786 (Hypoxylon)! (2003-10-06).

3670. Krogia Timdal
Timdal (2002: 297) described the new genus and species Krogia coralloides Timdal from Mauritius. The genus showed affinities with Phyllopsora. It can tentatively be placed in Ramalinaceae. (2003-05-26).

3671. Kroswia P.M. Jørg.
Jørgensen (2002: 297) described the new genus Kroswia with two species. The type species is K. crystalliferum P.M. Jørg. (Pannariaceae), found in Africa (from Kenya south to the Cape), India, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. The members of the genus have a gelatinous homoimerous thallus. (2003-05-26).

3728. Kuehniella G.F. Orr
Sugyiama et al. (2002: 14) published a tree based on LSU rDNA sequence data in which the Arthrodermataceae formed a clade (74% BT support) with Leucothecium emdenii and Shanorella spirotricha. This clade was the sister group (93%) of a clade with Apinisia spp., Arachnotheca glomerata and Nannizziopsis albicans (96%). These two clades were the sister group of Kuehniella aurea (Eidam) Udagawa & Uchiyama. However, the LSU sequence similarity between the generic types Kuehniella racovitzae and Apinisia graminicola was 99.6% and the authors treated the former species as A. racovitzae. If their analysis is correct K. aurea is better accommodated in Amauroascus, as in Currah (1985). The authors discussed the structural differences between the spores of taxa in these groups and assumed that the reticulate pattern evolved independently in different lineages. (2003-08-20).

3886. Laboulbeniopsis Thaxter
Henk et al. (2003: 561) demonstrated that the genus Laboulbeniopsis Thaxter, currently listed among "Ascomycota, genera of uncertain positions", belongs in the class Laboulbeniomycetes, which received 100% BT support in a parsimony analysis of SSU rDNA data from 35 ascomycetes and six non-ascomycete outgroup taxa. There was no support for a very close relationship with any of the ingroup taxa, viz. Pyxidiophora (Pyxidiophoraceae, 2 spp.), Hesperomyces coccinelloides, Stigmatomyces limnophorae, and Zodiomyces vorticellarius. It can be placed in Laboulbeniomycetes incertae sedis. (2003-11-24).

3729. Lacazia P. Taborda, V. Taborda & McGinnis
See Note 3292 (Lacazia) and 3697 (Ajellomyces)! (2003-08-20).

3839. Lecanactis Eschw.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3840. Leiogramma Eschw.
Staiger (2002: 293) treated this name as a synonym of Leiorreuma Eschw. (Graphidaceae). (2003-10-15).

3841. Leiorreuma Eschw.
Staiger (2002: 293) accepted seven species in Leiorreuma (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Phaeographis, Sarcographa and Thecaria. (2003-10-15).

3889. Lethariicola Grummann
Diederich et al. (2002: 479) treated Lethariicola Grummann as a synonym of Odontotrema. - See Note 3891 (Odontotrema)! (2003-11-26).

3842. Leucogramma A. Massal.
Staiger (2002: 277, 286, 470) cited this as a synonym of Hemithecium Trevis. (Graphidaceae). The correct name of the type species Leucogramma chrysenteron (Mont.) A. Massal. is Hemithecium chrysenteron (Mont.) Trevis. (2003-10-15).

3843. Leucogramma G. Mey.
Staiger (2002: 458) could not examine any of the six species originally accommodated in this genus and stated that the names should be treated as "nomina dubia et rejicienda" until material has been refound. (2003-10-15).

3643. Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1029) found that this genus was closely related to Valsa and Valsella and formed a clade they named Valsaceae, BT-supported in a phylogenetic analysis by 100%. From their studies it seems that the genera should be merged. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3730. Leucothecium Arx & Samson
See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3644. Linospora Fuckel
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3767. Littispora J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer
Campbell et al. (2003: 543) described the new genus Littispora J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, a segregate from Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Halosphaeriaceae). Two species were accepted. - See Note 3764 (Ascosacculus)! (2003-09-01).

3874. Lobaria (Schreb.) Hoffm.
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 428) discussed recent studies on Lobaria. On the basis of their molecular studies they saw no reasons to believe that the Lobaria scrobiculata group, L. amplissima group, and the L. pulmonaria group had different ”phylogenetic origins”. (2003-10-22).

3875. Lobariaceae Chevall.
See Note 3881 (Peltigerineae)! (2003-10-22).

3755. Lollipopaia Inderbitzin
Inderbitzin (in Inderbitzin & Berbee 2001: 1100) described the new genus and species Lollipopaia minuta Inderbitzin, a unitunicate pyrenomycete with long beaked perithecia on pseudoparenchymatous stromata erumpent from bark of a decaying branch, collected in a tropical rain forest in Thailand. It agreed with Diaporthales, but the habit of the stromata and the filiform spores distinguished it from other genera of the order. An SSU rDNA analysis placed the genus with 100% BT value in Diaporthales. (2003-08-22).

3768. Magnisphaera J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer
Campbell et al. (2003: 543) described the new genus Magnisphaera J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, a segregate from Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Halosphaeriaceae). Two species were accepted. - See Note 3764 (Ascosacculus)! (2003-09-01).

3731. Mallochia Arx & Samson
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002: 181) accepted three species in an emended Mallochia. (2003-08-20).

3672. Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon
Hyde & Cannon (1999: 69) described the new genus Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (Phyllachoraceae), with two species. Type species: M. calamigena (Berk. & Broome) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon. (2003-05-26).

3799. Marthamyces Minter
Minter (2003: 50) described the new genus Marthamyces Minter (Rhytismatales) to accommodate the type species M. emarginatus (Cooke & Massee) Minter and nine other species transferred from Propolis (the type species and four of the others first described in Stictis). Marthamyces differs from Propolis in filiform ascospores. (2003-10-08).

3876. Massalongia Körb.
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 428) included Massalongia in their phylogenetic analyses of mtSSU and nLSU rDNA sequences from cyanobacterial lichens. The genus was the sister group of the Nephromataceae in the Peltigerineae, but with low jackknife support. (2003-10-22).

3759. Massarina Sacc.
See Notes 3663 (Massarina), 3760 (Massarinaceae) and 3762 (Saccharicola)! (2003-09-01).

3663. Massarina Sacc.
Liew et al. (2002: 803) confirmed in studies of SSU rDNA and ITS region sequences that the genus Massarina Sacc. was heterogenous. Species with narrowly fusiform ascospores clustered with high BT support with Lophiostoma and were transferred to that genus. Species with broadly fusiform to ellipsoidal ascospores were retained in Massarina s.str. (2003-05-07).

3760. Massarinaceae Munk
Eriksson & Hawksw. (2003: 431) resurrected the family Massarinaceae Munk to accommodate Massarina Sacc., Saccharicola D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Keissleriella Höhn. and two Helminthosporium species (H. solani and H. velutinum), which clustered with 100% BT support in an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from 34 members of Dothideomycetes, two of Chaetothyriomycetes and one of Sordariomycetes. Massarinaceae appeared in a large clade that received 99% BT support and that corresponded to the order Pleosporales s. lat. Other Massarina species are members of the Lophiostomataceae in the same order and are not closely related to Massarinaceae (cf. Note 3663, Massarina). (2003-09-01).

3906. Matsusphaeria K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Pang & Jones (in Pang et al. 2003b: 14) described the new genus Matsusphaeria (Halosphaeriaceae) with the single species M. spartinae (E.B.G. Jones ) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones. The new genus is characterized by several ascospore features, and there was molecular (LSU rDNA) support for the new genus. (2004-01-26).

3673. Mattirolomyces E. Fisch.
Díez et al. (2002: 247) included Mattirolomyces terfezioides (Mattir.) E. Fisch. in an analysis of ITS sequences from Terfezia and Tirmania species. The species in the latter genera formed a clade with high BT support (99%). Most of the species form mykorrhiza with Helianthemum spp. (Cistaceae), whereas Mattirolomyces is associated with Robinia pseudacacia (Fabaceae). The authors suggested that Mattirolomyces should be re-established. Hansen et al. (2001) found that Terfezia + Tirmania and Mattirolomyces were nested within two different Peziza lineages in their molecular studies (see Note 3471). (2003-05-26).

3645. Mazzantia Mont.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1026) found that this genus clustered with 100% BT support with Diaporthe in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It should be transferred from Valsaceae to Diaporthaceae. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3844. Medusula Eschw.
Staiger (2002: 119) could not find any type material of the type species Medusula isabellina Eschw. in Herb. M. She suggested that the generic and species names should be treated as "nomina dubia et rejicienda". (2003-10-15).

3845. Medusulina Müll. Arg.
Staiger (2002: 119) discussed the nomenclature of Medusulina Müll. Arg. and treated the name as a synonym of Fissurina (Graphidaceae). (2003-10-15).

3846. Megalographa A. Massal.
Kirk et al. (2001: 310) listed this name as a synonym of Phaeographina (Graphidaceae). Staiger (2002: 456) stated that the type species Megalographa hysterina A. Massal. is a non-lichenized fungus with bitunicate asci and phaeodictyospores and was certainly not a member of the Graphidaceae. It is probably a Hysterographium species (Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales). (2003-10-15).

3646. Melanconidaceae G. Winter
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1028) accepted only the genus Melanconis in the Melanconidaceae, based on studies of LSU rDNA sequences. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3647. Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.
Single genus in the Melanconidaceae. - See Note 3646 (Melanconidaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3625. Merismatium Zopf
Polyblastia deminuta Arnold was treated as Merismatium deminutum (Arnold) Cl. Roux & Nav.-Ros. in Roux et al. (2002: 657). The authors accepted 8 species and provided a key to the genus Merismatium Zopf (Verrucariaceae). Pleosphaeria lichenothricis Henssen was also included in the key, but SEM graphs of the "host" Pyrenothrix nigra Riddle and ascomata of P. lichenothricis indicate that they are conspecific (Eriksson 1981: 144), and that the latter is not a lichenicolous fungus, but the teleomorph of the lichen. (2003-03-18).

3761. Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr
Eriksson & Hawksw. (2003: 431) performed a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from 34 members of Dothideomycetes, two of Chaetothyriomycetes and one of Sordariomycetes. One strongly supported clade (96%) included Montagnula opulenta (Montagnulaceae), Venturia liriodendri (Venturiaceae), Cucurbidothis pithyophila (type species), Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (type species), P. pilleata, and Phaeodothis winteri. A separate extended molecular and morphological study of this group and other possibly related taxa should be performed to investigate the limits between Montagnulaceae and Venturiaceae. (2003-09-01).

3911. Mycosphaerella Johanson
Crous et al. (2001) examined the relationships between anamorphs associated with Mycosphaerella using ITS rDNA sequences. They concluded that Mycosphaerella is a monophyletic taxon. Braun et al. (2003: 3) performed a similar analyses, but used also SSU rDNA sequences and with focus on anamorphs of the Cladosporium type. The whole group was monophyletic, but the Cladosporium s. str. group formed a clade with 100% BT support. They recognized a new, separate teleomorph genus, Davidiella Crous & U. Braun, for this group, although there were no morphological differences between the teleomorphs of the new genus and Mycosphaerella. This may cause problems. If no anamorph is associated with a Mycosphaerella-like taxon it will be impossible to place the taxon safely without molecular studies. A lot of unnessary work can be saved if infrageneric taxa are used instead, as done by Barr (1972) - the group is, after all, monophyletic. All the other genera in the family should also be sequenced. Their ITS sequences should be aligned with the Mycosphaerella sequences to infer the support for the taxa. It has to be emphasized again (cf. Note 3704, Aphanoascus) that studies of ITS secondary structures are important for a safer alignment of the ITS sequences. Michot et al. (1999) aligned the very long ITS2 sequences from five species of the genus Mus (Mammalia), predicted the secondary structures, refined alignments based on these structures and then derived new foldings from the improved alignments. Such very time-consuming studies on fungal ITS2 sequences are few, but were conducted by, for instance, Shinohara et al. (1999) in their studies on different strains of Cenococcum geophilum Fr. The ITS2 sequences from the Mus spp. were 1080-1102 bp long, those from the Mycosphaerella anamorphs only about 50 bp long. In that case, the whole region sequenced (end of 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, 26S rDNA) was about 530 bp, but probably few of the 575 characters (including gaps) identified by the authors were phylogenetically informative. In conclusion, more molecular data on more taxa in the Mycosphaerellaceae are needed before we can feel safe about the generic limits in the family, and a broader study should include members of Mycosphaerella-like taxa, e.g. the Arthopyreniaceae, Naetrocymbaceae, Dermatina, and Cyrtidula. Until such information is available, we should also withdraw Cymadothea F.A. Wolf as a separate genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae (see Note 3909). (O.E. Eriksson: 2004-02-16).

3732. Myxotrichaceae Currah
The Myxotrichaceae are currently listed among Ascomycota inc. sed., but Sugiyama et al. (1999; see Note 3095, Myconet 5: 18, 2000) have shown that the closest relatives are Erysiphales and Helotiales (Leotiomycetes). That the family is not closely related to the Eurotiomycetes is indicated also by the presence of rhamnose in the cells (Ahrazem et al. 2002: 42). Gibas et al. (2002: 133) published a tree based on SSU rDNA data. The members of Myxotrichaceae appeared in two clades, as in the analysis by Sugiyama et al., one with Byssoascus and Myxotrichum (100% BT support) closest to Cudonia and Spathularia (Cudoniaceae, Rhytismatales), the other with Pseudogymnoascus in a clade with Pleuroascus and Pseudeurotium (Pseudeurotiaceae, Ascomycota inc. sed.) and Leotia (Leotiaceae, Helotiales). Further analyses are needed. More genera from Leotiomycetes and the Pseudeurotiaceae should be included in analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA data. This should give the answer to the questions whether Myxotrichaceae is a polyphyletic family, which the closest relatives are in the class, and whether the Pseudeurotiaceae should be transferred to the same class. However, the Myxotrichaceae can already now be included in Leotiomycetes inc. sed. (2003-08-20).

3733. Myxotrichum Kunze
See Note 3732 (Myxotrichaceae)! (2003-08-20).

3734. Nannizziopsis Currah
See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3735. Narasimhella Thirum. & P.N. Mathur
See Note 3725 (Gymnoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3769. Natantispora J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer
Campbell et al. (2003: 543) described the new genus Natantispora J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, a segregate from Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Halosphaeriaceae). - See Note 3764 (Ascosacculus)! (2003-09-01).

3788. Nemania Gray
See Note 3786 (Hypoxylon)! (2003-10-06).

3770. Neoclaviceps J. White, G. Bills, S. Alderman & J. Spatafora
White et al. (in Sullivan et al. 2001: 91) described the new genus and species Neoclaviceps monostipa J. White, G. Bills, S. Alderman & J. Spatafora (Clavicipitaceae), found on an unknown panicoid grass in Costa Rica. It differed from Claviceps in not producing sclerotia. LSU rDNA studies indicated that the genus (+ Myriogenospora) was intermediate between Claviceps and Balansia. (2003-09-01).

3789. Neofabraea H.S. Jacks.
See Note 3780 (Dermea)! (2003-10-06).

3736. Neogymnomyces G.F. Orr
Sugiyama et al. (2002: 15) included Neogymnomyces demonbreunii (Ajello & S.L. Cheng) G.F. Orr in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and received 100% BT support for a close relationship with Renispora flavissima Sigler, P.K. Gaur, Lichtw. & J.W. Carmich. In an ITS study of Gymnoascus and related genera by Solé et al. (2002: 144) the species was closest to Testudomyces verrucosus (99% BT support). (2003-08-20).

3877. Neolecta Speg.
Landvik et al. (2003: 1021) studied Neolecta spp. using LM, SEM and TEM and confirmed the isolated position of the genus in Ascomycota. The type material of the generic type, Neolecta flavovirescens Speg., was in a bad condition, but the morphology and anatomy indicated that the species was congeneric with the two other species in the genus. Immature asci have horn-like extensions at the top in Neolecta, which was illustrated already by Spegazzini on the envelope containing the type material of N. flavovirescens. (2003-10-22).

3696. Neophaeosphaeria Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley
Câmara et al. (2003: 519) introduced the new genus Neophaeosphaeria Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley to accommodate segregates from Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss. characterized by "3-4-septate ascospores and anamorphs that produce ovoid to ellipsoid, non-septate, brown, verrucose or punctate conidia from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells" (p. 516). The anamorph in this genus is of Coniothyrium type. All species occur on Yucca (Agavaceae). Paraphaeosphaeria was restricted to the type species P. michotii (Westend.) O.E. Erikss. and P. pilleata Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., both with 2-septate ascospores and anamorph of Microsphaeropsis type. A second segregate was Phaeosphaeriopsis Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley. The species in these genera are similar, but molecular studies indicate that the two new genera belong in a Phaeosphaeriaceae / Leptosphaeriaceae clade, whereas Paraphaeosphaeria clusters within Montagnulaceae / Massariaceae. - See Note 3698 (Phaeosphaeriopsis)! (2003-07-21).

3737. Neoxenophila Apinis & B.M. Clark
See Note 3704 (Aphanoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3878. Nephromataceae Wetm. ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
See Note 3881 (Peltigerineae)! (2003-10-22).

3907. Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Pang & Jones (in Pang et al. 2003a: 35) described the new genus Neptunella (Halosphaeriaceae) with the single species N. longirostris (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones (bas. Gnomonia longirostris Cribb & J.W. Cribb). The species has been accommodated in Lignicola but it shows differences in ascus and ascospore morphology and there was molecular (LSU rDNA) support for the new genus. (2004-01-26).

3771. Nesolechia A. Massal.
Hawksworth (2003: 213) retained this generic name for N. oxyspora (Parmeliaceae), following Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990) and Persoh & Rambold (2002). – See Note 3520 (Phacopsis)! (2003-09-01).

3674. Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge
Galagan et al. (2003: 859) reported that all genes of Neurospora crassa Shear & B.O. Dodge have been sequenced. See also comments by Arnold & Hilton (2003: 821). (2003-05-26).

3790. Ocellaria (Tul. & C. Tul.) P. Karst.
Synonym of Pezicula. See Note 3780 (Dermea)! (2003-10-06).

3890. Odontotrema Nyl.
Diederich et al. (2002: 479) published a survey of the lichenicolous species of Odontotrema Nyl. Fifteen species were accepted, nine of them new to science. The generic name Lethariicola Grummann was treated as a synonym of Odontotrema. (2003-11-26).

3738. Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & Kimbr.
Studies in Mycology 47 (2002) was dedicated to "Onygenales: the dermatophytes, dimorphics and keratin degraders in their evolutionary context", discussed here in Notes 3699-3752. Sugiyama et al. (2002: 5) studied the phylogeny of Onygenales based on analysis of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences, but stated that "further multiple gene analyses with other gene data would be necessary to infer the most probable phylogenetic structure of the Onygenales". The members of the order included in their study formed four groups:
I. Ajellomyces, Paracoccioides and Spiromastix (Onygenaceae pp, dimorphic pathogens),
II. Gymnoascaceae
III. Arthrodermataceae and Apinisia and related taxa
IV. Onygenaceae pp and Amauroascaceae.
The Ascosphaeraceae and Eremascaceae were not included in this study. Sugiyama et al. (2002: 16) discussed also the evolution of major phenotypic characters in Onygenales (see also Untereiner et al. 2002: 33).
Guarro & Cano (2002: 1) studied the phylogeny of onygenalean fungi of medical interest and used the ITS regions and 5.8S rDNA from 140 strains. Several groups could be identified, but, as expected, no suprageneric taxa (families, etc.) received any support. The region evolves too fast to make alignments for that purpose possible. (2003-08-20).

3675. Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & Kimbr.
See Note 3668 (Eurotiales)! (2003-05-26).

3648. Ophiovalsa Petr.
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3676. Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon
Hyde & Cannon (1999: 75) described the new monotypic genus Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (Phyllachoraceae), typified by O. petrakii (Cif.) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon. (2003-05-26).

3847. Oxystoma Eschw.
Staiger (2002: 459) reported that the type material of Oxystoma connatum Eschw. was in a bad condition and to large an extent was covered by a parasitic Arthonia species. The generic and species names were proposed to be treated as "nomina dubia et rejicienda". (2003-10-15).

3879. Pannariaceae Tuck.
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 424, Fig. 1) included members of the Pannariaceae in their phylogenetic analyses of mtSSU and nLSU rDNA sequences from cyanobacterial lichens. They formed a monophyletic group in Peltigerineae if Degelia (represented by D. plumbea) was excluded. Degelia clustered with Steinera (Coccocarpiaceae), with low support, within the same suborder. (2003-10-22).

3772. Panorbis J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer
Campbell et al. (2003: 543) described the new genus Panorbis J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, a segregate from Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Halosphaeriaceae). One species was accepted, P. viscosus (I. Schmidt) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer. - See Note 3764 (Ascosacculus)! (2003-09-01).

3891. Paralethariicola Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich
Diederich et al. (2002: 479) included the single species of Paralethariicola, P. aspiciliae Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich, in a key to lichenicolous species of Odontotrema. It differs from members of that genus in several respects: inner excipular margin with hairs (absent in Odontotrema), ascus wall with a distinct KI+ blue ring (KI- in Odontotrema), ascus apex distinctly flattened (rounded in Odontotrema), and differences in width of paraphyses, and shape of ascospores. - See Notes 3527 (Paralethariicola) and 3890 (Odontotrema)! (2003-11-26).

3800. Paraparmelia Elix & J. Johnst.
Elix (2003: 395) stated that Paraparmelia is a synonym of Xanthoparmelia. (2003-10-08).

3697. Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss.
See Note 3696 (Neophaeosphaeria)! (2003-07-21).

3739. Pectinotrichum Varsavsky & G.F. Orr
Pectinotrichum is currently placed in Onygenaceae. Analysis of SSU rDNA sequences by Gibas et al. (2002: 133) and Sigler et al. (2002a: 115, 124) supported this classification (95-96% BT support). (2003-08-20).

3779. Peethambara Subram. & J.H. Bhat
Rossman et al. (2001: 100) studied the nLSU rDNA sequences from fifteen holomorphic species of the Bionectriaceae and related anamorphic species. They found that Peethambara and their Didymostilbe anamorphs, and the similar anamorph genera Albosynnema and Myrothecium fell outside other clades and formed a separate group at the base to the Hypocreaceae / Clavicipitaceae. (2003-09-29).

3880. Peltigeraceae Dumort.
See Note 3881 (Peltigerineae)! (2003-10-22).

3881. Peltigerineae
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 419) performed phylogenetic analyses of mtSSU and nLSU rDNA sequences (50 and 41 of them new) from cyanobacterial and some other lichens in the Lecanorales. They demonstrated that the suborder Peltigerineae was monophyletic and strongly supported (jackknife value 99 in analysis of combined mtSSU + nLSU rDNA data set) and accommodated not only the Lobariaceae, Nephromataceae, Peltigeraceae and Placynthiaceae included in earlier classifications (e.g. Eriksson et al. 2003), but also the Coccocarpiaceae, Collemataceae and Pannariaceae, and the genus Massalongia. They stated that it was likely that all Lecanoralean lichen families where cyanobacterial photobionts are present as the dominant photosynthetic partner (excluding the Lichinales) have a common ancestor. (2003-10-22).

3791. Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul.
See Note 3780 (Dermea)! (2003-10-06).

3801. Pezizales C. Bessey
See Note 3795 (Ascomycota)! (2003-10-08).

3677. Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde, P.F. Cannon & M.E. Barr
Hyde & Cannon (1999) treated four genera in this family in a monograph on fungi causing tar spots on palm trees: Cocoicola K.D. Hyde, Phaeochora Höhn., Serenomyces Petr., and one new genus, Phaeochoropsis K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (q.v.). (2003-05-26).

3678. Phaeochoropsis K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon
Hyde & Cannon (1999: 30) described the new genus Phaeochoropsis K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (Phaeochoraceae). Four species were accepted, with the type species P. neowashingtoniae (Shear) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon. It had chestnut brown ascospores, which were flattened in one plane, had transverse ridges and lacked pulvinate appendages. (2003-05-26).

3848. Phaeographidomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Staiger (2002: 459) proposed that this generic name and the name of the type species, Phaeographidomyces sordidae Cif. & Tomas. (based on Graphis sordida Fée), should be treated as "nomina dubia et rejicienda", as the type material did not contain any intact hymenium. (2003-10-15).

3849. Phaeographina Müll. Arg.
Staiger (2002: 306) accepted one species in this genus, Phaeographina prosiliens (Mont. & Bosch) Müll. Arg. (Graphidaceae). Most of the other species earlier placed in this genus were referred to either Platygramme or Phaeographis. Phaeographina was compared with Graphis and Thecaria. (2003-10-15).

3850. Phaeographinomyces Cif. & Tomas.
This name has been treated as a synonym of Phaeographina. Staiger (2002: 472) stated that the position of Phaeographinomyces was uncertain. (2003-10-15).

3851. Phaeographis Müll. Arg.
Staiger (2002: 311) proposed Phaeographis Müll. Arg. (Graphidaceae) for conservation against the following older names: Creographa A. Massal., Ectographis Trevis., Hymenodecton Leight., Lecanactis Eschw., Phlegographa A. Massal., Platygramma G. Mey., Pyrochroa Eschw. and Pyrographa A. Massal. She accepted 18 species in Phaeographis. The genus was compared with Gymnographa, Leiorreuma, Platygramme, Platythecium, Sarcographa and Thalloloma. (2003-10-15).

3852. Phaeographopsis Sipman
Staiger (2002: 456) maintained that this genus does not belong in Graphidaceae. It has a mazaedium and the position of the genus was uncertain. (2003-10-15).

3698. Phaeosphaeriopsis Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley
Câmara et al. (2003: 519) described the new genus Phaeosphaeriopsis Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley to accommodate segregates from Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss. characterized by "4-5-septate ascospores. Known anamorphs produce cylindrical, 0-3-septate, brown, punctate conidia from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells or bacillar conidia from simple phialides" (p. 516). - See Note 3696 (Neophaeosphaeria)! (2003-07-21).

3853. Phlegographa A. Massal.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3649. Phragmoporthe Petr.
From Melanconidaceae to Gnomoniaceae - See Notes 3646 (Melanconidaceae) 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3679. Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & Syd.
Hyde & Cannon (1999) published a monograph on fungi causing tar spots on palm trees. These were members of three families, Catabotrydaceae, Phaeochoraceae and Phyllachoraceae. They treated eight genera in the Phyllachoraceae: Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (new genus, q.v.), Camarotella Theiss. & Syd. (resurrected), Coccostromopsis Plunkett (resurrected), Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (new genus, q.v.), Ophiodothella (Henn.) Höhn., Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (new genus, q.v.), Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel, and Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear. (2003-05-26).

3792. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
Lohtander et al. (2000: 728) studied the phylogeny of the Physciaceae using ITS region sequences. The taxa clustered in four groups: Buellia group (Amandinea, Buellia, Dimelaena), Physcia group (Heterodermia, Mobergia, Physcia), Phaeophyscia group (Phaeophyscia), and Physconia group (Anaptychia, Phaeorrhiza, Physconia, Rinodina). Hyperphyscia appeared at the base of the latter group. (2003-10-06).

3628. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
Wedin & Grube (2002: 802) demonstrated that the Caliciaceae are an ingroup in Physciaceae in parsimony analyses of combined mtSSU and nITS rDNA sequences. The taxa included formed two well-supported groups, which corresponded to the previously informally recognized "Buellia-group" and "Physcia-group" (Rambold et al. 1994), respectively. The Caliciaceae clustered with the "Buellia-group". - See also Note 3627 (Caliciaceae)! (2003-03-19).

3680. Pithoascus Arx
Abbott et al. (2002: 362) stated that the morphological characters of Microascus and Pithoascus overlap, They concluded that the genera should be merged and Pithoascus treated as a synonym of Microascus. (2003-05-26).

3882. Placynthiaceae Å.E. Dahl
See Note 3872 (Collemataceae)! (2003-10-22).

3650. Plagiostoma Fuckel
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3854. Platygramma G. Mey.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3855. Platygramme Fée
Staiger (2002: 352) accepted 8 species in Platygramme (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Graphis, Phaeographis and Thecaria. (2003-10-15).

3856. Platythecium Staiger
Staiger (2002: 370) established the new genus Platythecium in the Graphidaceae and accepted nine species. The genus was compared with Anomomorpha, Fissurina, Gymnographa, Hemithecium, Phaeographis and Thalloloma. (2003-10-15).

3740. Pleuroascus Massee & E.S. Salmon
See Note 3732 (Myxotrichaceae)! (2003-08-20).

3651. Pleuroceras Riess
From Valsaceae to Gnomoniaceae. - See Notes 3641 (Gnomoniaceae) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3857. Pliariona A. Massal.
Staiger (2002: 444, 445) treated this name as a synonym of Thecaria. (2003-10-15).

3741. Polytolypa J.A. Scott & Malloch
Untereiner et al. (2002: 30) included Polytolypa in phylogenetic analyses of molecular (nLSU rDNA, mLSU rDNA) / non-molecular data which placed the genus in a clade (100% BT support) consisting of Ajellomyces, Polytolypa, Spiromastix and a large group of taxa (90% BT) that are currently accommodated in the families Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae and Onygenaceae. Polytolypa clustered with Ajellomyces, but with only 61% BT support. Further analyses are required to reveal its position in Onygenales. (2003-08-20).

3742. Pseudeurotium J.F.H. Beyma
See Note 3752 (Myxotrichaceae)! (2003-08-20).

3743. Pseudoamauroascus Cano, Solé & Guarro
Cano et al. (2002c: 175) described the new genus and species Pseudoamauroascus australiensis Cano, Solé & Guarro characterized by a peridium of a network of thin hyphae and "oblate, brown ascospores ornamented with a reticulum of conspicuous and anastomosed crests". The anamorph was of Malbranchea type. Two trees were presented, one based on ITS region sequences, the other on SSU rDNA sequences. No alignment was published, but would have been of interest. In the ITS tree P. australiensis clustered with Aphanoascus keratinophilus with 98% BT support, but in another analysis by Cano et al. (2002a: 154) the latter species was more distant to other Aphanoascus species, in some cases much more distant, so even if it is not possible to compare BT support between different matrices it would have been of interest if more Aphanoascus species had been included in the Pseudoamauroascus analysis. Blast searches for, for instance, SSU rDNA sequences often give very good hints on relationships between taxa and often give reason for including further possibly related taxa in extended phylogenetic analyses. A Blast search for the ITS region of P. australiensis did not result in a single alignment of the whole region from any other organism. In large, only the 5.8S rDNA part aligned well between the 100 sequences listed, of which almost all were from members of Eurotiomycetes. Thus, Blast was of no value in this case. The ITS1 and ITS2 regions vary too much. The two regions are, in fact, very difficult to use and secondary structure analyses should be tried in efforts to construct a reliable matrix. The Aphanoascus ITS regions ranges from 516 to 545 bp (Cano et al. 2002a: 155). The indels have to be identified. Further studies of Aphanoascus and Pseudoamauroascus will probably give important information about their relationship. The genera "can be clearly distinguished by the types of peridium they form …. The type of peridium formed has low taxonomic value (Cano et al. 2002c: 179). For the time being, Pseudoamauroascus can be included in Onygenaceae with a "?". - See Note 3704 (Aphanoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3883. Pseudocyphellaria Vain.
Wiklund & Wedin (2003: 425, 428) stated that Pseudocyphellaria was a paraphyletic taxon in their molecular analyses of the Peltigerineae (see Note 3881). (2003-10-22).

3744. Pseudogymnoascus Raillo
See Note 3732 (Myxotrichaceae)! (2003-08-20).

3756. Pseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi
Inderbitzin & Berbee (2001: 1105) performed an SSU rDNA analysis of members of Diaporthales and some possibly related taxa. They found that Pseudohalonectria lignicola Minoura & T. Muroi clustered with 99% BT support with members of the Magnaporthaceae. (2003-08-22).

3681. Pseudoproboscispora Punith.
Punithalingam (1999: 234) proposed the new name Pseudoproboscispora Punith. to replace Proboscispora S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde 1999 (non Proboscispora Punith. 1984). The type species is P. aquatica (S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde) Punith. Campbell et al. (2003: 45) accepted a second species in the genus, P. caudae-suis (Ingold) J. Campb., Shearer, J.L. Crane & Fallah. They stated that their LSU rDNA data showed very strong support for the inclusion of Pseudoproboscispora in the Annulatascaceae. (2003-05-26).

3652. Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1030) did not have access to any material of Pseudovalsa, type genus of Pseudovalsaceae, in their extensive molecular study of the Diaporthales, but such studies of Pseudovalsa are urgently needed. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3858. Pyrochroa Eschw.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3859. Pyrographa A. Massal.
See Note 3851 (Phaeographis)! (2003-10-15).

3745. Renispora Sigler & J.W. Carmich.
In an SSU rDNA analysis by Cano et al. (2002b: 170) the generic type Renispora flavissima Sigler, P.K. Gaur, Lichtw. & J.W. Carmich. grouped with Auxarthron conjugatum. In a similar analysis by Sigler et al. (2002b: 124) the species was closest to their new genus and species Chlamydosauromyces punctatus Sigler, Hambleton & Paré. The genera differed in ascospore morphology, type of anamorphs, etc. (2003-08-20).

3773. Rimaconus Huhndorf, F.A. Fernández, J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde
Huhndorf et al. (2003: 1073) described the new genus Rimaconus to accommodate the single species R. jamaicensis (Seaver) Huhndorf, F.A. Fernández, J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde. It had conical to hemisphaerical, immersed, finally erumpent ascomata. The base was thin-walled. The asci were unitunicate, but were thick-walled in the upper part and had an I- ring. The ascospores were cylindrical, hyaline, and had several transsepta. The authors discussed the relationships of this genus and suggested Pleurotremataceae sensu M.E. Barr. However, the ascomata of the type species Pleurotrema polysemum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. have an eccentric ostiole and the asci are thin-walled without I- ring (Eriksson 1981: Fig. 186). The family is currently listed among families of uncertain positions (Eriksson et al. 2003: 83). It may be related to Pyrenulales, but we need molecular data for assessing its relationships. Rimaconus is better listed among Sordariomycetes incertae sedis until we have such information. (2003-09-01).

3746. Rollandina Pat.
Rollandina Pat. 1905 is currently treated as a synonym of Arachniotus J. Schroet. 1893, but that name was recently treated as a synonym of Gymnoascus Baran. 1872 by Solé et al. 2002b: 145). - See Notes 3706 (Arachniotus) and 3722 (Gymnoascus). (2003-08-20).

3908. Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Pang & Jones (in Pang et al. 2003a: 35) described the new genus Saagaromyces (Halosphaeriaceae). Three species were included. The type species was S. ratnagiriensis (S.D. Patil & Borse) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones. The genus is close to Nais, but there were differences in ascus and ascospore morphology between these taxa and, at the same time, strong molecular (LSU rDNA) support for a close relationship between the three species included in the new genus. (2004-01-26).

3626. Saccardoëlla Speg.
Cai et al. (2002: 261) provided a key to species they accepted in Saccardoëlla Speg., but they did not accept, e.g. S. berberidis Eliasson, which has been considered a typical Saccardoëlla. The concept and position of the genus is still uncertain, and, as the authors stated, molecular studies are required to ascertain the postion of the genus. (2003-03-18).

3762. Saccharicola D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Hawksworth & Eriksson (in Eriksson & Hawksworth 2003: 431) described the new genus Saccharicola for two Leptosphaeria species on sugar cane. The type species, S. bicolor (D. Hawksw., W. Kaiser & Ndimande) D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., clustered with 100% BT support with the generic type Massarina eburnea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. and two Helminthosporium species. These species were accommodated in the resurrected family Massarinaceae (q.v.) in Pleosporales. The ascospores of S. bicolor are 1-3-transseptate, hyaline at first, but become melanized (often only the upper of the two median cells, but sometimes two or all four cells in 3-septate spores) and rough after release. A second species, S. taiwanensis (W.Y. Yen & C.C. Chi) O.E. Erikss. & D. Hawksw., has slightly longer, hyaline, usually 1-septate (sometimes 3-septate) ascospores. (2003-09-01).

3757. Saccharomyces Meyen ex E.C. Hansen
Yeh & Lee (1992) performed a detailed analysis of the ITS2 sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and proposed a cruciform secondary structure. They inferred a similar structure in some other eukaryotes: Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa, Phaseolus aureus (mung bean), and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). Joseph et al. (1999) studied the ITS2 sequences of various eukaryotes and proposed a ring-shaped secondary structure with a four-domain folding not only in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, for which this folding was already known, but also in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. rosei, Pichia canadensis (Hansenula wingei), Kluyveromyces lactis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cote et al. (2002) believed that both the "hairpin model" proposed by Yeh et Lee and the "ring model" discussed by Joseph et al. are present and they suggest a dynamic conformational model of importance in efficient processing of the LSU rRNA. This possibility should be considered in the construction of ITS2 secondary structures and alignments. (2003-08-22).

3682. Saccharomycetaceae G. Winter
Kurtzman & Robnett (2003: 417) performed phylogenetic analysis of combined gene sequences (nrDNA genes, single copy nuclear and mitochondrial genes) from yeasts. The 75 species in Saccharomyces, Arxiozyma, Eremothecium, Hanseniaspora, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Pachtichospora, Saccharomycodes, Tetrapisispora, Torulaspora, and Zygosaccharomyces, and three related Candida species clustered into 14 clades, "many of which differ from currently circumscribed genera". (2003-05-26).

3683. Saccharomycodes E.C. Hansen
See Note 3682 (Saccharomycetaceae)! (2003-05-26).

3860. Sarcographa Fée
Staiger (2002: 392) accepted eight species in Sarcographa (Graphidaceae). Two more species were treated, but they differed from typical Sarcographa in some respects (e.g., lacking a distinct stroma). The genus was compared with Leiorreuma and Phaeographis. (2003-10-15).

3861. Sarcographina Müll. Arg
Staiger (2002: 266) treated Sarcographina as a synonym of Gymnographa (Graphidaceae). The genus had been placed close to Sarcographa, but Staiger found that the type species lacked a stroma and the ascospores were thin-walled (young lumina I+ faintly blue) and different from those in Sarcographa (I+ red or reddish brown). (2003-10-15).

3862. Sarcographomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Staiger (2002: 474) stated that the position of this genus was uncertain. (2003-10-15).

3802. Sarconiptera Raitv.
Raitviir (2003: 363) described the new genus and species Sarconiptera vinacea Raitv. (Dermateaceae) found on Festuca vivipara in Greenland. It resembled a Pseudombrophila, but had a mollisioid structure of the excipulum and inoperculate asci. It was closest to Niptera, but differed in much thicker, fleshy excipulum and pink to vinaceous colours in hymenium and receptacle. (2003-10-08).

3653. Schizoparme Shear
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1028) found that this genus and a number of conidial fungi clustered with 100% BT value in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and was not closely related to any of the four families accepted by the authors in the Diaporthales. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3758. Schizosaccharomyces Lindner
See Note 3757 (Saccharomyces)! (2003-08-22).

3664. Setomelanomma M. Morelet
Rossman et al. (2002: 1209) found that morphology and ITS rDNA similarities indicated that this genus belongs in Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales) and analysis of SSU nrDNA sequences placed the genus in a clade with members of the Leptosphaeriaceae / Phaeosphaeriaceae. The genus could be distinguished from other members of the Phaeosphaeriaceae by "brown, three-septate ascospores, setose ascomata, and its occurrence on conifers". The authors stated that single species, S. holmii M. Morelet, seemed to lack an anamorphic state. (2003-05-18).

3747. Shanorella R.K. Benj.
Untereiner et al. (2002: 31) stated that the single species in Shanorella, S. spirotricha R.K. Benj., clustered with high level of support with the Arthrodermataceae in an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and they concurred with Currah (1997) that the genus can be transferred to that family. - See Note 3728 (Kuehniella)! (2003-08-20).

3863. Solenographa A. Massal
Staiger (2002: 420) stated that the position of this genus was doubtful and will be treated in detail in a future paper. (2003-10-15).

3695. Solorinella Anzi
Aptroot & Lücking (2003: 53) performed a phylogenetic analysis of the Asterothyriaceae, using morphological, anatomical and ontogenetic data. They found that Solorinella clustered within Gyalidea and they intended to propose adding Solorinella to the list of names against which Gyalidea is protected. Both names are retained until a proposal has been treated by the Committee for Fungi. (2003-07-11).

3887. Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Mostert et al. (2003: 646) published an NJ tree based on SSU rDNA sequences from mainly taxa in the class Sordariomycetes (in a study on Togninia). They received 100% BT support for the class and obtained five clusters within the clade, corresponding to Lulworthiales at the base (2 taxa, 100%), and a clade (100%) of four other groups corresponding to Hypocreomycetidae (Hypocreales, Microascales; 97%; no member of Halosphaeriales was included in the analysis), Xylariomycetidae (2 taxa; 97%), Sordariomycetidae s.str. (Meliolales, Phyllachorales, Sordariales; 82%) and a group of four other taxa (Calosphaeriales, Diaporthales, Magnaporthaceae, Ophiostomatales; 80%, the two first 95%). The Sordariomycetidae currently accommodates four orders (Boliniales, Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales, Sordariales), but should probably be broadened to include Calosphaeriales, Magnaporthaceae, Meliolales, and Phyllachorales. However, further studies of other types of sequences are needed. (2003-11-24).

3692. Spilonemella Henssen & Tønsberg
Henssen & Tønsberg (2001: 108) described the new genus and species Spilonemella americana Henssen & Tønsberg (Coccocarpiaceae). The new genus appeared to be closely related to Spilonema, from which it differed "by the presence of a well developed cupular exciple, opuntioid growth, and the photobionts [scytonemoid]". (2003-06-30).

3748. Spiromastix Kuehn & G.F. Orr
Untereiner et al. (2002: 33) proposed that Spiromastix,, typified by S. warcupi Kuehn & G.F. Orr,, "be restricted to species isolated from soil that possess oblate ascospores and peridial appendages that are wavy to curved or helical but with only 1-2 turns per helix". This excluded S. grisea Currah & Locq.-Lin. that was transferred to Ajellomyces. (2003-08-20).

3693. Squamella S. Hammer
Hammer (2001: 561) described the new genus and species Squamella spumosa S. Hammer (Cladoniaceae) from the Cape York Peninsula (Australia). It was keyed out from some Cladonia species by "thallus consisting of scattered squamules, older squamules erect, distinctly dorsiventral and branch-like with masses of minute lobules near apices, stictic acid present, podetia absent". (2003-06-30).

3884. Steinera Zahlbr.
See Note 3871 (Coccocarpiaceae)! (2003-10-22).

3864. Stenographa Mudd
Staiger (2002: 421) treated this name as a synonym of Thalloloma (Graphidaceae). (2003-10-15).

3684. Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde
Campbell et al. (2003: 45) included Submersisphaeria aquatica K.D. Hyde in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences and received strong support for the inclusion of Submersisphaeria in the Annulatascaceae. (2003-05-26).

3685. Terfezia (Tul. & C. Tul.) Tul. & C. Tul.
Díez et al. (2002: 247) stated that this is a monophyletic genus, closely related to Tirmania, based on molecular studies (RFLP and ITS sequences). - See also Note 3673 (Mattirolomyces)! (2003-05-26).

3749. Testudomyces Solé, Cano & Guarro
Solé et al. (2002b: 148-150) described the new genus and species Testudomyces verrucosus Solé, Cano & Guarro (Onygenaceae) from garden soil in Spain. It has lenticular ascospores "with an equatorial rim that collapses when mature, becoming incomplete and bearing numerous conspicuous protuberances". (2003-08-20).

3865. Thalloloma Trevis.
This generic name has been treated as a synonym of Graphina. Staiger (2002: 421) accepted 14 species in Thalloloma (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Phaeographis and Platythecium. (2003-10-15).

3866. Thecaria Fée
This generic name has been treated as a synonym of Phaeographina. Staiger (2002: 444) accepted two species in Thecaria (Graphidaceae). The genus was compared with Leiorreuma and Platygramme. (2003-10-15).

3867. Thecographa A. Massal.
Staiger (2002: 444, 448) stated that the type species of this genus is Thecographa ceramia A. Massal. = Thecaria quassiicola Fée (Graphidaceae). (2003-10-15).

3686. Theissenia Maubl.
Ju et al. (2003: 109) emended the diagnosis of the genus Theissenia Maubl. "to include taxa that lack a definite central perithecial columella and taxa that feature ascospores with a germ slit". (2003-05-26).

3868. Thelographis Nyl.
Staiger (2002: 457) stated that this genus was validly described by Nylander. She could not find any material of the single species, Thelographis polymorpha (Fée) Nyl. (syn. Graphis polymorpha Fée), so the position of the genus was uncertain. (2003-10-15).

3869. Theloschisma Trevis.
This name is currently treated as a synonym of Phaeographis Müll. Arg. Staiger (2002: 457) reported that no material of the type species Theloschisma eschweileri (Mont.) Trevis. (bas. Verrucaria eschweileri Mont.) was available and that the position of the genus was uncertain. (2003-10-15).

3903. Thyridaria Sacc
Barr (2003: 271) transferred the genus Thyridaria Sacc. to the Didymosphaeriaceae on the bases of several morphological features, e.g. presence of wide, dark pachysepta and walls in ascospores. She wrote: "The septa to me are neither distosepta nor are they eusepta, but what appear to be of an intermediate type … Immature ascospores show a narrow median transverse euseptum. Brown-pigmented granules are deposited along the transverse septum and inner wall.". Such grains where observed in Navicella pileata (Tode: Fr.) Fabre by Eriksson (1981: 84, Fig. 99G). Navicella is currently accommodated in the Pyrenulaceae, but in this case, and also for Thyridaria, molecular studies are necessary. (2004-01-07).

3687. Tirmania Chatin
See Note 3685 (Terfezia)! (2003-05-26).

3888. Togninia Berl.
Mostert et al. (2003: 646) confirmed that Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is the teleomorph genus of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility, and DNA phylogeny. In the NJ tree the clade had a 100% BT support. Calosphaeriales was the sister group of Diaporthales (95%). (2003-11-24).

3659. Tuckermannella Essl.
Esslinger (2003: 135) proposed the new genus Tuckermannella Essl. to accommodate a group of cetrarioid lichens, most of which have been included in the "Cetraria fendleri group". The new genus appeared to be most closely related to Tuckermannopsis Gyeln., but they differed in several respects in thallus and apothecial morphology. No molecular data are as yet available. (2003-04-29).

3750. Uncinocarpus Sigler, G.F. Orr. & J.W. Carmich.
Currah (1985: 182) accepted two species in the genus Uncinocarpus, the type species U. reesii Sigler & G.F. Orr and U. uncinatus (Eidam) Currah. Two species have been added later, U. orissi (B. Sur & G.R. Ghosh) Sigler & Flis and U. queenslandicus (Apinis & R.G. Rees) Sigler. The genus is currently accepted in Onygenaceae, but recent information indicates that it is polyphyletic. Solé et al. 2002b: 144) presented a tree based on analysis of ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences from Gymnoascus and related genera. Uncinocarpus uncinatus was transferred to that genus as it appeared in a clade with 99% BT support, containg the type species of Gymnoascus and a majority of the other species in the genus. Uncinocarpus reesii, however, fell outside that group. In an analysis of LSU rDNA sequences by Sugiyama et al. (2002: 15) U. reesii was the sister group of a clade consisting of seven species of Aphanoascus and U. orissi, the latter with three Aphanoascus spp. in a subgroup with 99% BT support. Cano et al. (2002a: 155) used ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences and came to the same result and transferred U. orissi to Aphanoascus. The fourth species, U. queenslandicus, appeared in a clade with 80% BT support with Amauroascus, Byssoonygena and Coccidioides spp., but not with support for a closer relationship to any of these genera. The position of that species is uncertain and analyses of other genes are necessary. (2003-08-20).

3870. Ustalia Fr.
Staiger (2002: 456) stated this name is a synonym of Arthonia (Arthoniales). (2003-10-15).

3665. Utriascus Réblová
Réblová (2003: 128) described the new genus and species Utriascus gabretae Réblová in Sordariales. It was characterized by "superficial, setose ascomata, unitunicate, saccate, and long-pedunculate asci that lack any discharge mechanism in the apex and one-celled, dark pigmented ascospores enclosed in a hyaline ornamented sheath". The fungus was found on soft decayed wood of Ulmus glabra in the Czech Republic. The position of the genus within the order is uncertain. (2003-05-18).

3654. Valsa Fr.
Probably correct name for Leucostoma and Valsella. - See Notes 3643 (Leucostoma) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3655. Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1029) accepted this family to accommodate the genera Leucostoma, Valsa and Valsella. It was supported by 100% BT values in their molecular analyses. - See Notes 3643 (Leucostoma) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3656. Valsella Fuckel
Possibly a synonym of Valsa. - See Notes 3643 (Leucostoma) and 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3763. Venturiaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr
See Note 3761 (Montagnulaceae)! (2003-09-01).

3793. Vertexicola K.D. Hyde, V.M. Ranghoo & S.W. Wong
Ranghoo et al. (2000: 1019) described the new genus Vertexicola K.D. Hyde, V.M. Ranghoo & S.W. Wong (Annulatascaceae, Sordariales) with the single species V. caudatus K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & V.M. Ranghoo from wood in freshwater in Hong Kong and the Philippines. The genus was characterized by asci with refractive apical rings, tail-like pedicels and distoseptate ascospores with relatively thick walls and no appendages or sheaths. (2003-10-06).

3657. Vialaea Sacc.
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1027) studied LSU rDNA sequences from three cultures of Vialaea insculpta, but none of them seemed to indicate that the material was of a member of the Sordariomycetidae. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3794. Whalleya J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & San Martín
See Note 3786 (Hypoxylon)! (2003-10-06).

3658. Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel
Castlebury et al. (2002: 1030) included material of Wuestneia and its anamorph Harknessia in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from Diaporthales. They grouped together in trees, but their position within the order was uncertain. - See Note 3636 (Diaporthales)! (2003-04-11).

3751. Xanthothecium Arx & Samson
Sugiyama et al. (2002: 11) included Xanthothecium peruvianum (Cain) Arx & Samson in a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from numerous members of Onygenales. It clustered as an ingroup with 99% BT support with three species of Arachnomyces. The SSU rDNA sequence from the species should be added to the matrix used by Gibas et al. (2002: 133) and a new analysis be performed to receive further information on its relationship with Arachnomyces and the Arachnomycetales. (2003-08-20).

3752. Xynophila Malloch & Cain
See Note 3704 (Aphanoascus)! (2003-08-20).

3660. Yuea O.E. Erikss.
Eriksson (2003: 314) described the new monotypic genus Yuea, based on Anthostoma chusqueicola Speg. (Xylariales), a bambusicolous fungus from Chile. The scattered perithecia were immersed in culms of Chusquea cummingii, lacked clypeus, had a wide and low amyloid apical ring in asci, and ascospores with a helical germ slit. The author compared the new genus with eleven other genera in Xylariales in which one or several species have a helical germ slit. (2003-04-29).

Literature Cited

• Abbott S.P., Lumley T.C & Sigler L. 2002. Use of holomorph characters to delimit Microascus nidicoola and M. soppii sp. nov., with notes on the genus Pithoascus. - Mycologia 94: 362-369.
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