M Y C O N E T

ISSN 1403-1418

VOLUME 12

February 2006

Notes on ascomycete systematics
Nos 4299 - 4407

O.E. Eriksson (ed.)
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science,
Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

Abstract

Eriksson O.E. (ed.). 2006. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 4299-4407. – Myconet 12: 83 - 101.
The present paper presents 109 Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels.

Introduction

The series ”Notes on ascomycete systematics” has been published in Systema Ascomycetum (1986-1998) and in Myconet since 1999 as hard copies and on the Internet (URL: http://www.umu.se/myconet/new.html).

The date of electronic publication is given within parentheses at the end of each entry.

A numeric list of the new Notes is provided at the end of this paper.

Notes

4303. Actinoplaca Müll. Arg.
Lücking et al. (2005: 140) accepted the genus Actinoplaca in Gomphillaceae.- (2005-05-26).

4304. Aderkomyces Bat.
Lücking et al. (2005: 141) resurrected the genus Aderkomyces in Gomphillaceae.- (2005-05-26).

4379. Amylocarpus Curr.
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)!- (2006-02-06).

4380. Aplanocalenia Lücking, Sérus. & Vezda
Lücking et al. (2005: 163) described the new genus Aplanocalenia (Gomphillaceae) to accommodate the single species Aplanocalenia inconspicua (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vezda, with immersed applanate apothecia.- (2006-02-06).

4350. Arctomiaceae Th. Fr.
Lumbsch (in Lumbsch et al. 2005a: 296) published a phylogram based on an analysis of nLSU rDNA and mtSSU rDNA sequences from the Arctomiaceae and related Lecanoromycetes. The family (Arctomia, Gregorella and Wawea) had a strong statistical support and clustered within the subclass Ostropomycetidae. – (2005-09-01).

4340. Arthopyreniaceae W. Watson
Lumbsch et al. (2005b: 512) demonstrated that this family belongs in the class Dothideomycetes, based on phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU and SSU rDNA and mt LSU and SSU rDNA sequences. – (2005-07-25).

4305. Arthotheliopsis Vain.
Lücking et al. (2005: 141) accepted the genus Arthotheliopsis in Gomphillaceae.- (2005-05-26).

4324. Ascomycota
The subphylum Pezizomycotina comprises all ascomycetes (except Neolecta) that produce ascomata. Hypotheses for the origin of the group were discussed by Eriksson (2005).

1. Origin on early vascular plants. - Very unlikely. A new fossil ascomycete genus and species, Paleopyrenomycites devonicus, was recently reported from Early Devonian, in ca 410 million years old Rhynie chert (Taylor et al. 2004; plates misprinted, but names validated by Taylor et al. 2005). The fungus was found on Asteroxylon mackiei, a small plant resembling and related to extant Lycopodiaceae. This plant and some others, e.g. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, were among the first vascular land plants. These, and several other species, lived at hot springs in the Rhynie area and were sometimes embedded in silica gel pouring out from the springs. The gel eventually petrified into sinter, Rhynie chert, with tissues of plants and animals perfectly preserved (see Trewin et al. 2005). Paleopyrenomycites devonicus was similar to some modern pyrenomycetes and Eriksson (2005b: 22) stated that it seemed very improbable that such an advanced ascomycete could have evolved on vascular plants. Fossils of a few earlier, Late Silurian, very simple vascular plants have been reported (e.g. Cooksonia; see Kenrick & Crane 1997), but no ascomycetes have been found in association with them.

2. Origin on bryophytes. - Very unlikely. There are rather many extant ascomycete species on bryophytes, but they are similar to modern taxa. Ordovician microfossils and Carboniferous macrofossils of bryophytes are known (Kenrick & Crane 1997), but nothing indicates that ascomycetes first evolved on bryophytes.

3. Origin on macroalgae. - Very unlikely. There are very few extant ascomycetes on macroalgae and they are comparatively advanced.

4. Origin on microalgae and cyanobacteria. - Very probable. The Protolichenes hypothesis (Eriksson 2005). Eriksson (2005: 22) stated that morphological and recent molecular and paleontological studies indicate that the subphylum Pezizomycotina most probably evolved from a group of lichenized ascomycetes, the hypothetical group Protolichenes. Algae and cyanobacteria were available in abundance long before land plants evolved and the first ascomycetes probably lived in symbiosis with these. Many types of asci occur in lichenized ascomycetes, which indicates they evolved along several evolutionary lines over a long period of time. In several groups some taxa lost the symbiosis, and they became saprobes and parasites on various organisms (see Lutzoni et al. 2004). In cladograms based on phylogenetic analyses of molecular data from members of the subphylum Pezizomycotina, the classes Orbiliomycetes and Pezizomycetes branch off near the base of the clade. The non-lichenized Orbiliomycetes resemble many lichenized ascomycetes in some respects and may have evolved from the Protolichenes and lost the symbiosis with the photobiont. The Pezizomycetes are also non-lichenized, but they differ in many respects from other members of the subphylum, e.g. by the operculate asci and many have large and fleshy ascomata. There are three alternatives:
a. The Pezizomycetes evolved from the hypothetical Protolichenes group, lost symbiosis and became saprobes when dead plant material became available. The early lichenized member of this branch may have become extinct. This is the most probable alternative.
b. The Pezizomycetes evolved from saprobes on debris from early organisms and the Protolichenes then evolved from them.
c. The Pezizomycetes and the Protolichenes evolved independently from early yeast-like ascomycetes (as did Neolecta).
Future molecular, morphologic and paleotological research may solve this, but most probably the Protolichenes were the origin of the majority of the Pezizomycotina. - (2005-06-03).

4306. Aulaxina Fée
Lücking et al. (2005: 141) accepted the genus Aulaxina in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4365. Bryoglossum Redhead
See Note 4366 (Geoglossaceae)! - (2005-10-05).

4307. Bullatina Vezda & Poelt
Lücking et al. (2005: 142) treated the genus Bullatina as a synonym of Calenia in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4359. Buscalionia Sambo
Santesson (in litt. 16.xii.2000) examined type material of the generic type Buscalionia rubra Sambo in Florens in 1953 and found that it was the same as Laurera purpurina (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Thus, Buscalionia Sambo is a synonym of Laurera Reichenb. – (2005-09-26).

4357. Caespitotheca S. Takam. & U. Braun
Takamatsu & Braun (in Takamatsu et al. 2005: 907) described the new genus Caespitotheca S. Takam. & U. Braun (Erysiphaceae) with the single species C. forestalis (Mena) S. Takam. & U. Braun (bas. Uncinula forestalis Mena). - (2005-09-05).

4308. Calenia Müll. Arg.
Lücking et al. (2005: 142) accepted the genus Calenia in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4309. Caleniopsis Vezda & Poelt
Lücking et al. (2005: 142) accepted the genus Caleniopsis in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4325. Canomaculina Elix & Hale
Synonym of Parmotrema (Note 4328). – (2005-06-03).

4326. Concamarella W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Synonym of Parmotrema (Note 4328). - (2005-06-03).

4358. Ceratoporthe Petr.
This genus was described by Petrak (1925: 14), but was treated as a synonym of Hercospora Fr. by Müller & von Arx (1962: 724). Barr (1978: 196) pointed out differences between the two genera (perithecia not closely grouped in the stroma in Ceratoporthe, and "beaks often erumpent separately, broad asci and narrower ascospores"). She was doubtful about its position. The genus is currently accepted in the Melanconidaceae (Eriksson 2005a: 87), but recent molecular studies by Castlebury et al. (2002: 1017) indicate that the circumscription of this family has to be changed (Note 3636, Myconet 10: 112). Only few representatives of the family were included in that study and provisionally the family has been left intact, except for a transfer to "Diaporthales incertae sedis" of taxa that were found by the authors not to be closely related to Melanconis.
There are no molecular studies on Ceratoporthe, so the genus may be kept in Melanconidaceae until such have been performed. The type species, C. didymospora Petr., was described from Cytisus scoparius collected in Moravia (Czech Republic). C. digitifera (Mouton) Petrak (syn. Diaporthe digitifera Mouton), on the same host species, has been considered conspecific (Müller & von Arx 1962: 726) and would then provide an earlier epithet for the species. We have examined type material of C. didymospora (W 11041) and two collections of "Diaporthe" digitifera (W 2086 = Sydow, Mycotheca germanica 3516; W 8143 = Petrak, Mycotheca generalis 169). In W11041, the ascomata are scattered in hard wood and seated in a thin black stroma. Some ascomata have a beak, which is lateral, cylindrical and shiny black. The asci have an apical ring (c. 4 x 4 µm) staining with Congo Red. The 1-septate, fusiform, inequilateral, hyaline, smooth ascospores measure c. 29-33 x 7-8 µm, and lack gelatinous equipments. The same type of spores is seen in W2086 and W8143, but in these collections the ascomata are covered by the thin bark of the twigs, only the small knob-like ends of short beaks protrude through the bark. The ascomata are often arranged in groups, usually in a ring with a central or slightly lateral ostiolar beak from each ascoma. The collections probably represent one and the same variable species. Sequences are needed to verify that and for assessing the position of the genus Ceratoporthe.

Rhynchostoma julii Fabre (1878), originally on Genista scorpius from France, is not related to Rhynchostoma (Rhynchostomataceae), but belongs in Diaporthales. It differs from Ceratoporthe in long beaks (sometimes slightly widened below the apex), and the ascospores are ellipsoidal and c. (14.5-) 17-18 (-21.5 x 8-9 µm (in drawing by J.-Z. Yue, in schedae; not original material: Mycologia Tridentata, Rhynchostoma julii Fabre, in branches of Genista germanica, -.v.1890, leg. I. Bresadola, S). New material should be collected and sequenced before a transfer of the species to another genus. - (2005-09-05).

4353. Chaenothecopsis Vain.
Tibell & Vinuesa (2005: 427) found that Chaenothecopsis was paraphyletic in a study of ITS sequences from members of the Mycocaliciales. Their study indicated that ascus apex structure and stalk anatomy were homoplasious and that changes of generic concepts will be necessary after further studies of more genes. – (2005-09-02).

4403. Collolechia A. Massal.
Jørgensen (2005: 3) found that the lichen called Placynthium garovaglii (correct spelling “garovaglioi,” acc. to Jørgensen) in Scandinavia belongs to another genus with Psora-type ascus structure and with a thallus anatomy different from that in Placynthium. Jørgensen resurrected the genus Collolechia A. Massal and the correct name of the Scandinavian lichen is Collolechia caesia (Fr.) A. Massal. The position of Collolechia is uncertain. Eriksson (1981: 131, Fig. 176) reported that the asci of the generic type Placynthium nigrum (Ach.) S,F. Gray has “a characteristic, subovoidal, IKI+ blue, CR- ring” (cf. Jørgensen 2005: Fig2a; ascus of Collolechia caesia). – (2006-02-23).

4348. Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs
Hausner & Reid (2004: 752) concluded that nSSU rDNA sequences indicate that the genera Ceratocystis, Gondwanamyces, Cornuvesica and Sphaeronaemella are monophyletic taxa and share a common ancestry with members of the Microascales. Cornuvesica is currently classified in the Ophiostomataceae (Ophiostomatales), but should be placed near Ceratocystis in Microascales. Viljoen et al. (2000: 365) stated that morphologically Cornuvesica is more similar to Ceratocystis than to Ophiostoma. – (
2005-08-25).

4349. Cymadothea F.A. Wolf
Simon et al. (2005: 764) accepted the genus Cymadothea and described the vegetative life-cycle of the clover pathogen C. trifolii (Pers.: Fr.) F.A. Wolf. A new type of organelle, with unknown function, was described. – (2005-08-25).

4381. Dicephalospora Spooner
Zhuang (1999: 190) accepted the placement of this genus in the Sclerotiniaceae. – (2006-02-06).

4373. Didymella Sacc. ex D. Sacc.
Torres et al. (2005: 297) included Didymella species in a phylogenetic analysis of nSSU rDNA sequences. They concluded that the genus belongs in Phaeosphaeriaceae. There is little morphological support for that. More taxa have to be included in a broader analysis. Until more information is available, the genus should continue to be listed among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. – (2005-12-15).

4310. Diploschistella Vain.
Lücking et al. (2005: 143) resurrected the genus Diploschistella in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4311. Echinoplaca Fée
Lücking et al. (2005: 143) accepted the genus Echinoplaca in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4330. Eremiomyces Trappe & Kagan-Zur
Trappe & Kagan-Zur (in Ferdman et al. 2005: 244) described the new genus Eremiomyces Trappe & Kagan-Zur (Pezizaceae) with the single species E. echinulatus (Trappe & Marasas) Trappe & Kagan-Zur (bas. Choiromyces echinulatus Trappe & Marasas). – (2005-07-14).

4382. Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4312. Ferraroa Lücking, Sérus. & Vezda
Lücking et al. (2005: 164) described the new genus Ferraroa in Gomphillaceae. – (2005-05-26).

4383. Filicupula Y.J. Yao & Spooner
The position of this genus within Pezizales is uncertain (Yao & Spooner 1996, Kirk et al. 2001). - (2006-02-06).

4384. Fischerula Matt.
O´Donnell et al. (1997: 56) demonstrated that Fischerula is closely related to Leucangium, but their position in a strongly supported clade Discinaceae + Morchellaceae was uncertain. Provisionally, the genera can be included in Morchellaceae with a ”?” (cf. O´Donnell et al. p. 57). - (2006-02-06).

4385. Geoglossaceae Corda
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4366. Geoglossaceae Corda
Wang et al. (2005: 1570, Fig. 4) included several members of the Geoglossaceae in phylogenetic analyses of Mitrula and genera of relevance in assessing the relationships of that genus. Only three of the species clustered as a clade that can be named Geoglossaceae. Among previous members of the family, Microglossum olivaceum clustered with 100% BT value with Leotia lubrica (Leotiaceae. Helotiales), Spathularia flavida with 100% with Lophodermium pinastri (Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales), Heyderia abietis with 84% with Fabrella tsugae (Hemiphacidiaceae) in a group that also included some members of the Rutstroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae, and Bryoglossum gracile with 92% with Lachnum virgineum (Hyaloscyphaceae). - See Note 4370 (Orbiliomycetes)! - (2005-10-05).

4313. Gomphillaceae W. Watson ex Hafellner
Lücking et al. (2005: 123) discussed the phylogeny and systematics of the Gomphillaceae, based on cladistic analysis of phenotype data. - (2005-05-26).

4314. Gomphillus Nyl.
See Note 4313 (Gomphillaceae)!- (2005-05-26).

4351. Gregorella Lumbsch
Lumbsch (in Lumbsch et al. 2005a: 298) described the new genus Gregorella in the Arctomiaceae, based on G. humida (Kullhem) Lumbsch (bas. Biatora humida Kullhem). - See Note 4350 (Arctomiaceae)! – (2005-09-01).

4315. Gyalectidium Müll. Arg.
Lücking et al. (2005: 143) accepted the genus Gyalectidium in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4316. Gyalideopsis Vezda
Lücking et al. (2005: 144) accepted the genus Gyalideopsis in Gomphillaceae.- (2005-05-26).

4332. Haloguignardia A. Cribb & J. Cribb
Transferred from Halosphaeriaceae (Halosphaeriales) to Lulworthiales. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales), Harvey (2004) and Inderbitzin et al. (2004)! – (2005-07-21).

4299. Hemiphacidium Korf
Hemiphacidium = Sarcotrochila (Stone & Gernandt 2005: 115). – (2005-04-14).

4367. Heyderia (Fr.) Link
See Note 4366 (Geoglossaceae)! - (2005-10-05).

4317. Hippocrepidea Sérus.
Lücking et al. (2005: 145) accepted the genus Hippocrepidea Sérus. 1997 (non Hippocrepidium Sacc. 1874) in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4318. Jamesiella Lücking, Sérus. & Vezda
Lücking et al. (2005: 165) described the new genus Jamesiella in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4331. Kalahartuber Trappe & Kagan-Zur
Trappe & Kagan-Zur (in Ferdman et al. 2005: 242) described the new genus Kalaharituber Trappe & Kagan-Zur (Pezizaceae) with the single species K. pfeilii (Henn.) Trappe & Kagan-Zur (bas. Tuber echinulatus Henn.). – (2005-07-14).

4375. Katumotoa Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada
Tanaka & Harada (2005: 313) described the new genus and species Katumotoa bambusicola Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, which the authors referred to the Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales) based on morphological features. It has characteristic fusiform ascospores with a primary septum in the lower part of the spores. Further septa are laid down in old spores and the largest cell in the upper hemispore adjacent to the primary septum turns brown, but is not further divided as in Heptameria, The single species was found on the bamboo Sasa kurilensis in Japan. - (2006-01-16).

4397. Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw.
Eriksson & Hawksworth (2003: 432) discussed the position of the genus Kirschsteiniothelia. The genus has been accommodated in the family Pleosporaceae, but the authors found that material identified as the type species K. aethiops (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D. Hawksw. clustered with unitunicate ascomycetes in an analysis of nSSU rDNA sequences, and a BLAST search listed only members of the Sordariomycetes. The voucher material should be examined and misidentification excluded. Another species, K. elaterascens Shearer clustered with Helicascus kanaloanus Kohlm. (Dothideomycetes inc. sed.). A third species, K. maritima (Linder) D. Hawksw. did not seem to be related to any of these species. In total nine species have been accommodated in this genus. In view of the uncertainties, the genus is better listed among Ascomycota inc. sed. until material has been restudied and more sequence data are available. – (2006-02-13).

4333. Kohlmeyeriella E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss
Transferred from Halosphaeriaceae (Halosphaeriales) to Lulworthiales. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales) and Campbell et al. (2002)! – (2005-07-21).

4386. Lacunospora Cailleux
Lacunospora has been treated as a synonym of Apiosordaria, but was accepted by Kirk et al. (2001). Lundqvist (1972: 259) discussed the similarities in spore ornamentation between the type species of the genus, Lacunospora stercoraria Cailleux and Jugulospora rotula (Cooke) Lundq. He accepted both genera. - (2006-02-06).

4387. Leotiaceae Corda
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4388. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Papers in ”The missing lineages. Phylogeny of endophytic and other enigmatic root-associated fungi” (Studies of Mycology 83, 2005) dealt with conidial fungi, but some cladograms are based on DNA sequences isolated from many teleomorphs of Leotiomycetes and are of interest to assess the relationships between several taxa in this class.

Hambleton & Sigler (2005: 8) discussed the relationships of Rhizoscyphus ericae (Hymenoscyphus ericae) and its anamorph in the new anamorph genus Meliniomyces. A cladogram based on LSU rDNA sequences from a large number of members of the Leotiomycetes needs some comments. Pseudophacidium ledi (Ascodichaenaceae, Rhytismatales) was not closely related to Rhytisma salicinum (Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales) and Cudonia confusa and Spathularia flavida (Spathulariaceae, Rhytismatales). This requires further studies of a broader representation of taxa in Rhytismatales, which should also include sequences from Ascodichaena (Ascodichaenaceae), Cryptomyces (Cryptomycetaceae) and more taxa in the Rhytismataceae. The Geoglossaceae was not monophyletic. Geoglossum nigritum was the sister group of the rest of the Leotiomycetes, whereas Microglossum clustered with Leotia lubrica and L. viscosa (Leotiaceae) within that large sister group with 96% BT support. The cleistothecial Amylocarpus encephaloides was the closest relative of Neobulgaria premnopila (Leotiaceae), with high statistical support and far away in the tree from the two Leotia species (we found that a BLAST analysis did not support that result). The family Myxotrichaceae (Pseudogymnoascus roseus and Geomyces pannorum) formed a clade with two members of the Thelebolaceae (Ascozonus woolhopensis and Thelebolus stercoreus) with high statistical support. Another part of the Myxotrichaceae (Byssoascus striatosporus and Myxotrichum deflexum) formed a supported clade with the Erysiphales (5 species in 5 different genera) + the Neobulgaria/Amylocarpus clade mentioned above. Thus, Helotiales were paraphyletic if Erysiphales were excluded.

Hambleton et al. (2005: 35) presented a tree that confirmed almost all current concepts of higher taxa in Ascomycota, e.g. Chaetothyriomycetes closest to Eurotiomycetes, these two groups closest to Mycocaliciales and Lecanoromycetes and all these were the sister group to Dothideomycetes. Leotiomycetes were closest to Sordariomycetes and the subclasses of the latter received strong support. Orbiliomycetes clustered with and was included in Pezizomycetes, which was a sister group to all the other classes mentioned above. It is too early to merge the two classes. A broader study of sequences from more taxa is needed. - (2006-02-06).

4401. Leptosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
Synonym of Phaeosphaeriaceae. See Note 4402 (Phaeosphaeriaceae)! – (2006-02-16).

4389. Leucangium Quél.
See Note 4384 (Fischerula)! - (2006-02-06).

4334. Lindra I. Wilson
Heterogeneous. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales)! – (2005-07-21).

4319. Lithogyalideopsis Lücking, Sérus. & Vezda
Lücking et al. (2005: 165) described the new genus Lithogyalideopsis in Gomphillaceae. - (2005-05-26).

4335. Lulwoana Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräf.
New genus with the single species Lulwoana uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräf. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales)! – (2005-07-21).

4336. Lulwoidea Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräf.
New genus with the single species Lulwoidea lignoarenaria (Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräf. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales)! – (2005-07-21).

4337. Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl.
Heterogeneous. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales)! – (2005-07-21).

4338. Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Campbell et al. (2005) published a re-evaluation of this order with a key to all species in the seven genera:
Haloguignardia, Kohlmeyeriella, Lindra, Lulwoana, Lulwoidea, Lulworthia and Spathulospora. The classification was based on phylogenetic analyses of nSSU and LSU rDNA sequences. – (2005-07-21).

4404. Massaria De Not.
Liew et al. (2000) published a sequence of nSSU rDNA from Massaria platani. Analyses indicate that Massaria is not closely related to Pyrenulales, but rather to Dothideomycetes. A BLAST search listed almost only members of the order Pleosporales among 100 hits. Tentatively the genus can be accommodated in that order, The family Massariaceae should continue to be recognized. It differs in several respects from other families in the order (combination of thallus features, hamathecium, asci with inamyloid ring, thick-walled ascospores with lenticular lumina, etc.; see Eriksson 1981: 84-85, Figs 100-101). – (2006-02-23).

4405. Massariaceae Nitschke
See Note 4404 (Massaria)! - (2006-02-23).

4390. Microglossum Gillet
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4368. Microglossum Gillet
See Note 4366 (Geoglossaceae)! - (2005-10-05).

4369. Mitrula Fr.
Wang et al. (2005: 1565) performed morphological and molecular studies of the genus Mitrula, using two data sets: for HLA (higher level analyses) nSSU, nLSU, and 5.8S rDNA sequences and for LLA (lower-level analyses) nLSU and ITS rDNA sequences. In the infrageneric studies, four previously described and one new species were accepted. They found that Mitrula elegans has an anamorph producing brown, bicellular conidia. In the HLA studies they found that Mitrula is not related to neither the Sclerotiniaceae nor the Geoglossaceae, as previously assumed, but is closest to members of the Helotiaceae. However, the exact position could not be determined. In the same clade were members of some other genera with aero-aquatic species: Cudoniella, Hydrocina, Ombrophila, and Hymenoscyphus. Also Vibrissea (Vibrisseaceae) seemed to be related to this group, but the position of that genus was more uncertain. – See Note 4370 (Orbiliomycetes). – (2005-10-05).

4376. Morakotiella Sakayaroj
Sakayaroj (in Sakayaroj et al. 2005: 806) described this new genus in Halosphaeriaceae, with the single species M. salina (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones) Sakayaroj (bas. Haligena s.). Phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA data indicated that Morakotiella was not closely related to Haligena in the family. - (2006-01-16).

4354. Mycocaliciaceae A.F.W. Schmidt
See Note 4356 (Sphinctrinaceae)! – (2005-09-02).

4355. Mycocaliciales Tibell & Wedin
A relationship between Mycocaliciales and Eurotiomycetes has been indicated in several studies, but the statistical support has been low (Wedin et al. 1998, Wedin et al. 2005, Tibell & Vinuesa 2005). The order can be listed among Eurotiomycetes inc. sed., but more taxa and genes have to be included in a broader analysis for assessing the true affinities of the order. – (2005-09-02; updated 2005-09-14).

4391. Myxotrichaceae Currah
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4377. Nematococcomyces C.-L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw.
Hou et al. (2004: 1381) described the new genus and species Nematococcomyces rhododendri C.-L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw. (Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales) found on Rhododendron lutescens in Yunnan, China. The position was supported by both morphological and molecular data. It has ellipsoidal ascospores with apical filiform appendages. - (2006-01-16).

4392. Neobulgaria Petr.
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4398. Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson
Frisvad & Samson (2000: 204) described the new genus Neopetromyces (Trichocomaceae), with the type species Neopetromyces muricatus (Udagawa, Uchiyama & Kamiya) Frisvad & Samson (bas. Petromyces muricatus Udagawa, Uchiyama & Kamiya). It has flesh-coloured ascomata and an anamorph in Aspergillus subg. Circumdati sect. Circumdati (Petromyces species have Aspergillus subg. Circumdati sect. Flavi). – (2006-02-13).

4399. Nothomitra Maas Gest.
Zhuang (1997: 308) described the new species Nothomitra sinensis W.-Y. Zhuang from China. The genus is accommodated in the Geoglossaceae, but Zhuang stated that "the shape of ascospores and of asci recall those in Cudonia lutea (Peck.) Sacc. and Spathularia flavida Pers.: Fr. ..., entirely different fungi". Cudonia and Spathularia are currently placed in Cudoniaceae in Rhytismatales, based on molecular analyses, supported by morphological features, i.a. the shape of the asci. Molecular studies may show that Nothomitra belongs in the same family. – (2006-02-13).

4393. Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4370. Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral
Wang et al. (2005: 1570, Fig. 4) published cladograms that strongly indicated that Orbiliomycetes was the most basal class in Pezizomycotina, and that the sister group was Pezizomycetes + the rest of the Pezizomycotina. The most basal group in that rest group was the family Geoglossaceae, represented by two Geoglossum species and Trichoglossum hirsutum. The BT support for these branches was strong and also the sister group of Geoglossaceae had a fairly strong support. All this indicates that the Geoglossaceae should be excluded from Leotiomycetes and be recognized as a new class when more data are available. - (2005-10-05).

4352. Ornatopyrenis Aptroot
Sipman & Aptroot (2005: 307) treated Ornatopyrenis as a synonym of Mycomicrothelia (Arthopyreniaceae). – (2005-09-01).

4320. Paratricharia Lücking
Lücking et al. (2005: 145) accepted the genus Paratricharia in Gomphillaceae. – (2005-05-26).

4327. Parmelaria D.D. Awasthi
Synonym of Parmotrema (Note 4328). - (2005-06-03).

4328. Parmotrema A. Massal.
Blanco et al. (2005: 150) treated the genera Canomaculina, Concamarella, Parmelaria and Rimelia as synonyms of Parmotrema, based on a Bayesian analysis of ITS, nLSU rDNA and mtSSU rDNA sequences. - (2005-06-03).

4360. Pezizaceae Dumort.
See Note 4361 (Pezizales)! – (2005-09-26).

4361. Pezizales C. Bessey
De Hoog et al. (2005: 33) studied the ”Evolution taxonomy and ecology of the genus Thelebolus in Antarctica”. In an analysis of the SSU rDNA sequences from a large number of discomycetes, Thelebolales was most closely related to Leotiales, as in several recent studies. Peziza has often had a very uncertain position in phylogenetic trees. This has been interpreted as sequencing errors, etc. De Hoog et al. included sequences from seven members of the Pezizaceae. These species clustered with 100% BT support in a clade that was not close to other Pezizales. This indicates that earlier studies were correct and that the family Pezizaceae is not closely related to other families in Pezizales. However, this inference was based on one gene only, and a broader study is needed to verify whether this is correct. If so, it may be necessary to restrict Pezizales to Pezizaceae and another ordinal name has to be applied on the other families. There seems to be only one name now, Tuberales, but it would be very unwise to use that name for Pezizales excl. Pezizaceae. There are no priority rules for orders and a new name can be proposed. A search in Google reveals there are two names that have been in use, but as far as I can see, none of them has been provided with a Latin description, namely Helvellales and Morchellales. Further molecular studies will show if a new order should be erected. – (2005-09-26).

4371. Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
See Note 4370 (Orbiliomycetes)!- (2005-10-05).

4402. Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
Eriksson & Hawksworth (1987: 301) accepted the family Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E, Barr (1979: 948) and included 12 genera. Barr (1987: 503) segregated the new family Leptosphaeriaceae from the Phaeosphaeriaceae. This was accepted in ”Outline of the ascomycetes – 1989” by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1990: 155). Two genera were transferred to the family, Leptosphaeria and Ophiobolus. Recent molecular studies have placed representatives of the two families in one clade (Khashnobish & Shearer 1996; Nyberg Kruys 2005) with high BT support, and the two families are merged in the 2006 Outline. – (2006-02-16).

4343. Protothelenellaceae Vezda, M. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Schmitt et al. (2005: 362) accepted the family Protothelenellaceae in Lecanoromycetes, based on phylogenetic analyses of nLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences. The position within the class could not be inferred. – (2005-07-25).

4394. Pseudophacidium P. Karst.
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2006-02-06).

4341. Pyrenothrix Riddle
Herrera-Campos et al. (2005: 356) described the new foliicolous species Pyrenothrix mexicana Herrera-Campos, Huhndorf & Lücking,, closely related to the original species P. nigra Riddle that is corticolous, but that has been found also in abundance on telephone wires. The authors confirm that the perithecia belong to the lichen, as stated by Eriksson (1981) on the basis of LM and SEM studies. – (2005-07-25).

4342. Pyrenotrichaceae Zahlbr.
Herrera-Campos et al. (2005: 356) accepted this family, which has been spellt in three different ways in the literature. This case is similar to Chrysothrix / Chrysotrichaceae. According to Prof. Jonas Palm (linguist, Uppsala) the "t" in the generic name Chrysothrix is aspirated, but this aspiration disappears when a second one is entered in the family name Chrysotrichaceae (see Systema Ascomycetum 3: 56, 1984). The correct spelling of the family name based on Pyrenothrix is Pyrenotrichaceae. - The family has been listed among the families of bitunicate ascomycetes from which no molecular data are available for a safe classification in either Dothideomycetes or Chaetothyriomycetes. Herrera-Campos et al. (l.c.) considered that the morphology indicated that the family belongs in Chaetothyriomycetes, most probably in the Chaetothyriales. It is very probable that the family should be transferred to Eurotiomycetes subcl. Chaetothyriomycetidae, but without molecular data it is better to place the family among the families with uncertain position in the subclass. Another reason to do that is that most probably several other families will have to be transferred to the subclass when molecular data become available and additional orders may have to be established. – (
2005-07-25).

4406. Racoblenna A. Massal.
Jørgensen (2005: 5) proposed Racoblenna tremniacum A. Massal. for lectotype of Racoblenna A. Massal. The correct name of this species is Placynthium tremniacum (A. Massal.) Jatta. Thus, Racoblenna is a synonym of Placynthium. – (2006-02-23).

4378. Redheadia Y. Suto & Suyama
Suto & Suyama (2005: 228) described the new genus and species Redheadia quercus Y. Suto & Suyama (Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales) found on Quercus acutissima in Japan. It resembles Ciborinia. It is the teleomorph of Mycopappus quercus Y. Suto & M. Kawai, causing ”frosty mildew”. – (2006-01-16).

4300. Rhabdocline Syd.
Reassessment (Stone & Gernandt 2005: 115). – (2005-04-14).

4329. Rimelia Hale & A. Fletcher
Synonym of Parmotrema (Note 4328). – (2005-06-03).

4344. Rosellinia De Not.
Petrini & Petrini (2005: 569) recognized six morphological groups within Rosellinia, based on ascospore morphology, shape of ascus apical structure and anamorph. – (2005-07-25).

4362. Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Gryzenhout & Wingfield (in Gryzenhout et al. 2005: 1039) described the new genus and species Rostraureum tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., closely related to Chrysoporthe, Cryphonectria and Endothia (Diaporthales), based on molecular data. – (2005-09-26).

4321. Rubrotricha Lücking, Sérus. & Vezda
Lücking et al. (2005: 165) described the new genus Rubrotricha in Gomphillaceae.- (2005-05-26).

4363. Ruspoliella Sambo
Santesson (in litt. 16.xii.2000) examined type material of the generic type Ruscopoliella ogadensis Sambo in Florens in 1953 and stated that it was the same as Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. Thus, Ruspoliella Sambo is a synonym of Psora Hoffm. – (2005-09-26).

4322. Sagiolechia A. Massal.
Lücking et al. (2005: 123) did not include the genus Sagiolechia in their studies of the Gomphillaceae. – (2005-05-26).

4301. Sarcotrochila Fuckel
Reassessment (Stone & Gernandt 2005: 115). – (2005-04-14).

4372. Spathularia Pers.
See Note 4366 (Geoglossaceae)! – (2005-10-05).

4339. Spathulosporales Kohlm.
Included in Lulworthiales. - See Note 4338 (Lulworthiales)! – (2005-07-21).

4356. Sphinctrinaceae M. Choisy
Tibell & Vinuesa (2005: 427) stated that phylogenetic analyses of nLSU rDNA sequences from members of the Mycocaliciales placed the Sphinctrinaceae as an ingroup in Mycocaliciaceae, but according to the authors "it cannot in this analysis, however, be excluded that Sphinctrinaceae are sister to Mycocaliciaceae". – (2005-09-02).

4400. Splanchnospora Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Vassiljeva (1998: 238) described the new genus Splanchnospora, with the type species Splanchnospora ampullacea (Pers.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva (bas. Sphaeria ampullacea Pers.). The position of the genus is uncertain. It has been treated as Pteridiospora curreyi (Tul. & C. Tul.) E. Müll. (in Müller & von Arx 1962: 281) and Splanchnonema ampullaceum (Pers.) Shoemaker & LeClair (1975: 1570). – (2006-02-13).

4407. Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels
Põldmaa & Samuels (in Põldmaa et al. 1999: 1765) described the new genus Sporophagomyces, based on molecular (n28S rDNA) and morphological evidence, to accommodate three mycophagous species in the Hypocreaceae. - (2005-04-14). Type species S. chrysostomus (Berk. & Broome) K. Põldmaa & Samuels (bas. Hypomyces chrysostomus Berk. & Broome). – (2006-02-23).

4302. Sporormiella Ellis & Everh.
Treated as a synonym of Preussia (Note 4046, Myconet 10: 148, 2005), which probably is the correct classification, but molecular studies are currently performed on Preussia and Sporormiella, and both genera should be accepted until these studies are published. - (2005-04-14).

4345. Strigulaceae Zahlbr.
Schmitt et al. (2005: 369) placed this family in the Chaetothyriomycetes. BLAST searches for nLSU (AY607738) and mtSSU (AY607748) rDNA from Strigula stigmatella indicate that it belongs in that class, but the scores are low and the exact position within Chaetothyriomycetes is not yet known. – (2005-07-25).

4374. Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley
Ramaley (2005: 140) described the new genus and species Sulcatistroma nolinae A.W. Ramaley (Calosphaeriales) found on Nolina micrantha in New Mexico, U.S.A. – (2005-12-15).

4395. Stirtoniella D.J. Galloway, Hafellner & Elix
Galloway et al. (2005: 261) described the new genus Stirtoniella based on S. kelica (Stirt.) D.J. Galloway, Hafellner & Elix (bas. Lecidea kelica Stirt.) in the Ramalinaceae. - (2006-02-06).

4396. Thelebolaceae (Brumm.) Eckbl.
See Note 4388 (Leotiomycetes)! – (2006-02-06).

4364. Thelebolales P.F. Cannon
See Note 4361 (Pezizales)! – (2005-09-26).

4346. Thelenellaceae M. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Schmitt et al. (2005: 362) found that this family was the sister group of Ostropales s.lat. (Lecanoromycetes) in phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU and mt SSU rDNA sequences. It was not closely related to Pertusariales, as assumed in some earlier papers. – (2005-07-25).

4347. Thrombiaceae Poelt & Vezda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
Schmitt et al. (2005: 362) demonstrated that this family is closely related to the Protothelenellaceae and treated it as a synonym of that family, based on phylogenetic analyses of nLSU and mt SSU rDNA sequences. – (2005-07-25).

4323. Tricharia Fée
Lücking et al. (2005: 145) accepted the genus Tricharia in Gomphillaceae. – (2005-05-26).

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