M Y C O N E T ISSN 1403-1418 VOLUME 2 JUNE 22, 1999 Notes on ascomycete systematics Nos 2440-2755 Ove E. ERIKSSON (ed.)Phylogenetic Mycology Group (PMG), Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Abstract Eriksson O.E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. - Myconet 2: 1-41.The present paper presents 316 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels. IntroductionThe series ?Notes on ascomycete systematics? was published by Eriksson & Hawksworth in Systema Ascomycetum during 1986-1998 and included in total 2439 notes. An alphabetic list of these notes is available on the Internet (URL http://www.umu.se/myconet/all.html) and will be published in Myconet later this year.The series is now continued on the Internet with new accessions at irregular intervals (URL http://www.umu.se/myconet/notes.shtml). Hard copies will be published twice a year in Myconet, with notes arranged in alphabetic order.The author(s) of each entry is (are) indicated by acronym(s) within parentheses at the end of the entry. The date of electronic publication is also given there. For a list of acronyms, see URL http://www.umu.se/myconet/auth.html.A numeric list of the New Notes is provided at the end of this paper. Notes2738. Acanthostigmina Höhn. Crane et al. (1998: 606) reestablished this genus, which has been treated as a synonym of Tubeufia. The genus is based on A. minuta (Fuckel) Höhn. Five other species were transferred to the genus. It was not further discussed, but, in a key to saprobic genera of the Tubeufiaceae, the alternative ”Ascomata pallid or brightly pigmented, surface glabrous or with protruding cells, short hyphae or setae” lead to Letendraeopsis and Tubeufia, whereas ”Ascomata vinaceous brown to blackish (rarely pallid, and if so, setose), surface glabrous or with setae and (or) elongated hyphal appendages” lead to eight other genera, among them Acanthostigmina. - (E:1999-06-18). 2552. Acarospora A. Massal. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from A. schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal. The position of the genus Acarospora and the family Acarosporaceae was uncertain due to long-branch attraction in a preliminary analysis. Acarospora was tentatively placed near Clade III (”Lecanorales s.str.”) and Clade IV in their cladogram. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2553. Acarosporaceae A. Massal. See Notes 2551 (Lecanorales) and 2552 (Acarospora)! - (E:1999-03-09).2618. Aciesia Bat. Lücking et al. (1998: 129) stated that the type collection was in a bad condition and that Aciesia and Aciesia xylopiae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra (type species) are nomina dubia. - (E:1999-03-23). 2619. Acleistomyces Bat. Lücking et al. (1998: 129) could not find any fungus matching the description of the type species Acleistomyces zolleriae Bat. & J.A. Lima in the type collection, but in another collection, sent on loan from URM to UPS, the authors found broken conidiomata of Sporopodium cf. xantholeucum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. that do agree with the description. The authors consider the name Acleistomyces to be a synonym of Sporopodium. - (E:1999-03-23). 2620. Actinoteichus Cavalc. & Poroca Lücking et al. (1998: 131) stated that ”Actinoteichus corresponds to a distinctive pycnidial type assumed to belong to the genus Asterothyrium”. - (E:1999-03-23). 2621. Aderkomyces Bat. Lücking et al. (1998: 132) treated the type species of this genus Aderkomyces couepiae Bat. as Tricharia couepiae (Bat.) Lücking & Sérus. (Gomphillaceae), based on an epitype that contains both hyphophores and ascomata. - (E:1999-03-23). 2692. Agyriaceae Corda Lumbsch (1997: 57) accepted this family in a broad sense and included the Rimulariaceae, Saccomorphaceae, and Trapeliaceae. The ascomata are apothecioid (incl. hysterothecia), hemiangiocarpous, have a hamathecium of paraphyses replacing paraphysoids, unitunicate asci of the Anzina-, Rimularia-, or Trapelia-type. The ascospores are hyaline, 0- several-septate. Most of the members are lichenized. Twelve genera were accepted (op.cit.: 59, Table 3): Agyrium Fr., Amylora Rambold, Anzina Scheid., Lithographa Nyl., Orceolina Hertel, Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds., Placynthiella Elenkin, Ptychographa Nyl., Rimularia Nyl., Trapelia M. Choisy, Trapeliopsis Hertel & Gotth. Schneid. and Xylographa (Fr.) Fr. - (E:1999-05-06). 2693. Agyrium Fr. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2554. Allocetraria Kurok. & M.Y. Lai Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from A. madreporiformis (Ach.) Kärnefelt & Thell. It nested in ”Lecanorales s.str.”. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2622. Amazonomyces Bat. Lücking et al. (1998: 133) accepted this genus and provided a key to the foliicolous genera in the Arthoniaceae, viz. Amazonomyces, Arthonia Ach., Cryptothecia Stirt., and Eremothecella Syd. - (E:1999-03-23). 2461. Ambrosiozyma Van der Walt Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) referred Ambrosiozyma to Saccharomycopsidaceae with a ”?”. Smith (op.cit.: 129) accepted 5 species. - (E:1999-02-12).2623. Ameropeltomyces Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 135) referred the type species of this genus to Arthonia and proposed the new combination Arthonia lecythidicola (Bat. & H. Maia) Lücking & Sérus. - (E:1999-03-23). 2624. Amoebomyces Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 135) stated that the type species Amoebomyces pseudolmediae Bat. & H. Maia is a typical Strigula nemathora Mont. - (E:1999-03-23). 2535. Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter Kang et al. (1999: 28) emended the family Amphisphaeriaceae to accommodate the genera Amphisphaeria, Blogiascospora, Broomella, Discostroma, Ellurema, Griphosphaerioma, Lepteutypa, Neobroomella, Paracainiella and Pestalosphaeria. This was based on connections between teleomorphs and Pestalotia-lika anamorphs, and studies of 5.8S rDNA and the flanking ITS regions (treated further in a separate paper in Fungal Diversity; in press [see Note 2688, Amphisphaeriales]). (Cfr Notes 230-231). The following families were not included as synonyms: Amphisphaerellaceae Munk, Astrocystidaceae Hara, Cainiaceae J.C. Krug, Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter, and Thyridiaceae J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss. - (E:1999-03-01). 2688. Amphisphaeriales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. Hawksworth & Eriksson (1986: 177) described this order to accommodate a group of pyrenomycetes with amyloid ring in the ascus, and which differed in a number of features from the Xylariales (solitary perithecia, other type of amyloid ring, spore characters, etc.). However, in the following Outline of the ascomycetes (1987: 267) they treated Amphisphaeriales as a synonym of Xylariales, as there were taxa in the two orders (Astrocystis in Xylariales, Collodiscula in Amphisphaeriales) that most probably were closely related. Kang et al. (1998: 147) recently reinstated the order Amphisphaeriales. They based their conclusions on ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences, which was surprising, as these sequences are considered to be informative mainly at the infraspecific to generic levels (Bruns et al. 1991: 555). They submitted sequences from 17 taxa to GenBank, aligned the sequences using the CLUSTAL W software, but did not try to improve the alignments manually. They found that there was too much variation in the ITS1 region and excluded it from further analyses, but they used the 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 sequences in neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood analyses. These analyses will not be discussed here, but more generally the reliability of ITS and 5.8S rDNA data. I have retrieved all the sequences that Kang et al. submitted to GenBank and tried to align them manually using SeqApp. It might perhaps be possible to get a fairly correct alignment of the 5.8S rDNA sequences using some program for alignments, but it would have to be checked and compared with a secondary structure model of the molecule (e.g. of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as in Yeh & Lee 1991: 654, Fig. 4) and then corrected manually. However, there is no computer program that can align the ITS regions safely. These have to be aligned manually and compared with models for secondary structures. Both the ITS1 and ITS2 regions are important for the maturation of the SSU and LSU rRNA molecules and have somewhat conserved secondary and tertiary structures, but the models published are only examples of possible structures. A model for the secondary structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITS1 was published by Yeh et al. (1990: 5916, Fig. 6; see Fig. 8 for the large variation in structure between some taxa). A model for the secondary structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITS2 was published by Yeh & Lee (1990: 709, Fig. 5; see Fig. 6 for the very different structures in some other species). ITS sequences may differ so much even between closely related taxa that it is impossible to align them even when we have managed to produce models for their secondary structures because of extensive insertions and deletions that make it difficult to determine homologies in the sequences. This may be the case even within a genus. We have found that Saccharomyces is a good example of that. As Kang et al. (l.c.) state, the ITS1 region is very variable in the taxa they analyzed. I could not align it directly, but did not try to construct any secondary structures. In fact, the same was true also for the ITS2 region and it will be necessary to consider their secondary structures in order to see where the indels are in the sequences. It was possible to align the ITS2 from the Roussoëlla species and Cytoplea hysterioides K.D. Hyde (all are members of the Didymosphaeriaceae), but not with any other sequences. Also the ITS2 from the two members of the Xylariaceae could be aligned, but not with any other sequences. Of the remaining taxa, some genera had similar ITS2 sequences that partly could be aligned and they may have fairly similar secondary structures. That referred to Apioclypea livistonae K.D. Hyde, Lepteutypa cupressi (Nattrass, C. Booth & Sutton) Swart, Ellurema indica (Punith.) NagRaj & W.B. Kendr., Pestalosphaeria elaeidis (C. Booth & J.S. Robertson) Aa, Pestalotia palmarum Cooke, Capsulospora sp., Clypeosphaeria mamillana (Fr.) Lamb., whereas Amphisphaeria umbrina (Fr.) De Not., Atrotorquata lineata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., and Myelosperma tumidum Syd. & P. Syd. deviated from these taxa and from each other in their ITS2 sequences. However, to draw any conclusions about the relationships between the taxa from these facts would be wrong. The 5.8S rDNA sequences, on the other hand, were easy to align, but they did not provide many reliable informative characters. There was some variation among the positions in the endloop corresponding to nucleotides 61-71 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae sequence, but the information did not seem to support any morphological hypothesis. The only positions I found reliable were 154 (U in the two Roussoëlla species and the related anamorph Cytoplea hysterioides; C in all the other taxa) and 158 (G in Hypoxylon and Xylaria, U in all other taxa except for A in Clypeosphaeria). There were also some cladistically ”informative” characters in the positions 125-133, but again, they did not support any morphologically based classification. In conclusion, the ITS sequences are too unreliable and the 5.8S rDNA sequences contain to little information to allow any inferences about the limits between taxa at the ordinal level. Much more conserved genes are required. The order should not be recognized until such are available for analyses. An analysis then has to include sequences from representatives of all the orders in Sordariomycetes. - (E:1999-04-27). 2694. Amylora Rambold This genus was transferred from the Rimulariaceae to Agyriaceae by Lumbsch (1997) and is the only aspicilioid genus in the family. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2695. Anamylopsoraceae Lumbsch & Lunke Lumbsch (1997: 61) accepted this monotypic family in Lecanorales suborder Agyriineae (for differences against other families, see op.cit.: 55, Table 2). - (E:1999-05-06). 2625. Anconomyces Cavalc. & A.A. Silva Lücking et al. (1998: 135) transferred the type species of this genus to Lyromma and proposed the new combination Lyromma palmae (Cavalc. & A.A. Silva) Lücking & Sérus., based on a new epitype. The length of the apical setae are intermediate between the short ones in L. nectandrae Bat. & H. Maia and the very long ones in L. dolicobelum Cavalc. - (E:1999-03-23). 2588. Aniptodera Shearer & M. Miller. See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2696. Anzina Scheid. This genus was transferred from Trapeliaceae to Agyriaceae by Lumbsch (1997: 58). It has a reduced, annular exciple, a specific Anzina type of ascus, and transseptate ascospores. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2462. Aphidomyces Brain Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2739. Aphysiostroma Barrasa, A.T. Martínez & G. Moreno Barrasa et al. (1986: 2439) described Aphysiostroma stercorarium Barrasa, A.T. Martínez & G. Moreno (Hypocreaceae), a new genus and species on cow dung collected in Spain. The ascomata were non-ostiolate and immersed in pulvinate, non-stromatic structures. The asci were cylindrical, thin-walled, evanescent, and each contained eight, uniseriate, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores, but in mature asci the hemispores were free and at first cubical, then globose, smooth under the LM, slightly verrucose under the SEM. No hamathecium was seen. Cultures produced a Verticillium anamorph. Aphysiostroma was by mistake omitted in Outline of the ascomycetes (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998). - (E:1999-06-18). 2719. Apioclypea K.D. Hyde Hyde et al. (1998a: 31) transferred Apioclypea from Hyponectriaceae to Clypeosphaeriaceae, a family they considered very heterogenous and in need of extensive molecular work. The genus was characterized by perithecia immersed under a clypeus, amphisphaeriaceous paraphyses, inamyloid or amyloid ring in the asci, and hyaline apiospores. Four new species were added to the previously monotypic genus. Three of the species in the genus had amyloid ring, in two it was inamyloid. It should be noted, however, that immature specimens of Anthostomella may agree with this description of the genus. - (E:1999-05-19). 2720. Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhlich, J.E. Taylor & M.E. Barr Hyde et al. (1998a: 23) described the new family Apiosporaceae, based on Apiospora Sacc. This genus had been referred to several families of bitunicate or unitunicate ascomycetes, but had not fitted in any of them. The perithecia are usually seated in linear rows. They contain unitunicate asci, separated by thin paraphyses. The ascospores are hyaline and apiosporous. Hyphomycetous anamorphs with basauxic conidiophores (Arthrinium, etc.) are commonly found in association with the teleomorph. The authors tentatively placed also the genus Appendicospora K.D. Hyde. in the family, but pointed out that no Arthrinium anamorph had as yet been observed to form in culture. - (E:1999-05-19). 2721. Apiotypa Petr. Hyde et al. (1998a: 40) stated that they had not been able to locate any type or other material of this genus and that the name cannot be used with certainty. Therefore, they introduced a new generic name, Brunneiapiospora. (Note 2723). - (E:1999-05-19). 2722. Appendicospora K.D. Hyde Hyde et al. (1998a: 29) tentatively included the genus in Apiosporaceae. See Note 2720 (Apiosporaceae)! - (E:1999-05-19). 2529. Arecomyces K.D. Hyde Hyde (1996: 227) introduced the new genus Arecomyces K.D. Hyde for seven new species found on rachides of palm trees. All species have hyaline unicellular spores and resemble members of the genera Physalospora and Phomatospora, but they differ from the former genus by immersed ascomata under a clypeus or pseudostroma, and asci with refractive apical ring and smaller spores, and from the latter genus by smooth or echinulate (not striate) spores with a thick gelatinous sheath, narrower paraphyses, different type of apical ring in the asci, which also has a different shape in the two genera. Hyde included the new genus in Hyponectriaceae, although the apical ring is nonamyloid. - (E:1999-02-22). 2666. Arthoniales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. Myllis et al. (1998: 70) performed phylogenetic analyses of Arthoniales, particularly of the Roccellaceae. The first half of SSU rDNA sequences was used and the results were compared with previously published analyses based on morphological data. They found considerable incongruence between the molcular and morphological data sets, and the following matters of conflict were discussed: 1. monophyly of Roccellaceae, 2. position of Schismatomma (more basal than Lecanactis in the morphological analysis), 3. Lecanactis (sister group to the rest of the taxa in Roccellaceae in the molecular analysis), and 4. Dendrographa (monophyly of Dendrographa-Roccella-Dirina clade except for in the morphological analysis). They recommended analyses based on a combination of molecular and morphological data, but stated that data from, for instance, a protein-coding gene, may be needed to resolve the incongruences between the molecular and morphological data sets. - (E:1999-04-09). 2626. Arthrobotryomyces Bat. & J.L. Bezerra Lücking et al. (1998: 136) examined original material of Arthrobotryomyces amazonensis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, but could not find any fungus agreeing with the original description and concluded that the name is a nomen dubium. - (E:1999-03-23). 2627. Asbolisiomyces Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 137) examined original material of Asbolisiomyces ingae Bat. & H. Maia, and found several species with pycnidia, but could not find any fungus agreeing with the description of the type species and stated that the name is a nomen dubium. - (E:1999-03-23). 2745. Ascocodinaea Samuels, Candoussau & Magni Réblová et al. (1998: 60) referred this genus to the new family Chaetosphaeriaceae (q.v.). - (E:1999-06-21). 2463. Ascoidea Bref. & Lindau This genus was included in the Endomycetaceae in Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998), but was referred to a separate family, Ascoideaceae J. Schröt., by Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112). - (E:1999-02-12). 2464. Ascoideaceae J. Schröt. Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted this family to accommodate the single genus Ascoidea Bref. & Lindau. - (E:1999-02-12). 2547. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde Ranghoo & Hyde (1998: 1055) described the new monotypic genus and type species Ascolacicola aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, from submerged wood in a freshwater reservoir in Hong Kong. The genus agrees with both Ascotaiwania and Savoryella and differs foremost in having an anamorph, Trichocladium uniseptatum Berk. & Broome. The authors presented a diagram showing the main morphological differences between the genera Ascoconidaea, Ascolacicola, Ascotaiwania, Botanamphora, Melanamphora, Melanochaeta and Savoryella (ascomatal characters, ascus apical ring, number of septa in the ascospores and anamorph). - (E:1999-03-05). 2445. Ascomycota Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) wrote ?Phylum 1. Ascomycota Berkeley 1857 stat. nov.? and gave a short description in English (?meiotic products or their daughters form endospores by subdividing the cytoplasm by membrane, not by budding?), and a still shorter one in Latin (?sporae intracellulares?). We will not discuss the nomenclature of the name Ascomycota, but accept that the ascomycetes are referred to a separate phylum. The distinction between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes was first made by Léveillé in 1846 (Ainsworth 1976: 261). Cavalier-Smith (1998: 244) divided the kingdom Fungi into two subkingdoms, Eomycota and Neomycota. the former with two phyla, Archemycota and Microsporidia, and the latter kingdom also with two phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. His classification contains a very large number of new higher taxa. However, he accepts also names of paraphyletic taxa (see Fig. 2) and not only monophyletic taxa as in a classification based on cladograms. Provisionally paraphyletic taxa can be used until sufficient information is available for a better classification. However, many of his supraordinal ascomycete taxa can not be accepted. It is necessary to consider molecular characters when such taxa are defined. The close relationship between the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is generally accepted, but the classification of the rest of the fungi differs in three respects from earlier systems. 1. The phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota are combined into one phylum, Archaemycota. 2. The ascomycete orders Laboulbeniales and Pyxidiophorales are included as superorder Pyxomycetalia in that phylum. 3. The Microsporidia are transferred from Protozoa to fungi as a separate phylum. Only the second of these novelties is of relevance in this context and is discussed in Note 2452 (Laboulbeniales). - (E:1999-02-10).Lipscomb et al. (1998: 303) performed parsimony jackknife analyses on 440 eukaryote SSU rDNA sequences and found that there was no support for a close relationship between the Microsporidia and the Fungi. Hirt et al. (1999: 580) came to the opposite result in a study of the largest subunite of RNA polymerase II and other protein sequences. - (E:1999-03-16). 2730. Ascozonus (Renny) E.C. Hansen Landvik et al. (1998: 49) published a partial SSU rDNA sequence from Ascozonus woolhopensis (Berk. & Broome) Boud. Analyses indicate that the genus should continue to be included in the Thelebolaceae. SEM graphs of the characteristic ascus were presented. See also Note 2734 (Thelebolaceae)! - (E:1999-06-03). 2628. Astrabomyces Bat. & Cavalc. Lücking et al. (1998: 137) examined original material of Astrabomyces amazonensis Bat. & Cavalc., but could not find any fungus agreeing with the description of the type species and stated that the name is a nomen dubium. - (E:1999-03-23). 2444. Atkinsonella Diehl Reddy et al. (1998: 108) found that the type species of this genus, A. hypoxylon (Peck) Diehl may be more appropriately classified as a member of the genus Balansia Speg., as inferred by analysis of ITS1 data. A similar result was obtained by Kuldau et al. (1997) using LSU rDNA sequences, but Reddy et al. (l.c.) stated that ”further studies will be necessary to evaluate whether genus Atkinsonella represents a natural and necessary genus”. - (E:1999-02-09). 2663. Austrocenangium Gamundí Gamundí (1997: 262) described this new genus to accommodate two species, A. australe (Speg.) Gamundí with sessile apothecia, and A. nanum (Cash) Gamundí with stipitate apothecia. The ascomata originated from subperidermal stromata on fallen, decayed branches. The asci contained ellipsoidal phaeospores. Both species had an Endomelanconium anamorph. The author stated that because of affinities with Cenangium, the genus ”can be included in the Helotiaceae, Encoelioideae but is also close to Dermea, a genus placed in the Dermateaceae”. - (E:1999-04-07). 2555. Baeomyces Pers. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from B. rufus (Huds.) Rebent. It nested in their Clade IV with Gyalecta (Gyalectales), Pertusaria (Pertusariales) and the Icmadophilaceae with low bootstrap support. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2531. Biscogniauxia Kuntze Ju et al. (1998: 27) monographed Biscogniauxia Kuntze (Xylariaceae) and accepted 49 taxa in the genus. - (E:1999-02-26). 2740. Boerlagiomyces Butzin Shearer & Crane (1995: 876) gave a historical review of Boerlagiomyces Butzin (Tubeufiaceae). Crane et al. (1998: 602) revised the genus and accepted six species. - (E:1999-06-18). 2606. Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. See Note 2608 (Dothideales)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2723. Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhlich & J.E. Taylor Hyde et al. (1998a: 40) described this new genus to accommodate some apiosporous pyrenomycetes on palm trees and which agreed with the description of the genus Apiotypa Petr., but of which no material could be found in herbaria. If such is refound the new generic name may become a synonym of Apiotypa. Six species were recognized in the genus. They had perithecia covered by a clypeus. Asci with an amyloid or inamyloid ring and two-celled ascospores with one large brown cell and one small hyaline or pale brown cell. The authors compared the new genus with Anthostomella, but stated that this genus differs in broadly cylindrical asci and ascospores usually provided with a germ slit. The genus should also be compared with Barrmaelia, which has inamyloid asci and one-celled spores without germ slit. See Note 2721 (Apiotypa)! - (E:1999-05-19). 2659. Bryonectria Döbbeler Döbbeler (1998: 334) examined herbarium collections of Radula flaccida (Jungermanniales) from tropical America and Africa and found eleven species of ascomycetes on this hepatic. Three new genera were described, Bryonectria, Bryothele and Ticonectria. Bryonectria (Hypocreaceae) was typified by B. hylocomii (Döbbeler) Döbbeler (syn. Nectria hylocomii Döbbeler, 1978), a parasite on Hylocomium splendens in Europe and Canada. Four other parasitic species were transferred to the genus, which was characterized by very small, whitish to hyaline, superficial acomata. The irregularly branched hyphae in the ascomal walls had extremely thick cell walls, reminiscent of the walls in the genus Epigloea. The asci were thin-walled, I- and with or without an apical ring. The ellipsoid 1-2-septate ascospores were hyaline. The surrounding mycelium was also superficial and thick-walled and was provided with lateral appressoria. These hyphae are so characteristic that they can be recognized as Bryonectria hyphae even if no ascomata are present. - (E:1999-04-01). 2660. Bryothele Döbbeler Döbbeler (1998: 337) described the new genus and species Bryothele mira Döbbeler found om stems of Radula flaccida in herbarium material from Cameroon and the Comoro Islands. The spherical - conical, perithecioid ascomata were black and naked, single or aggregated in small groups. They had a carbonized, brittle outer layer of strongly melanized cells. The asci were bitunicate and 2-3-spored and were separated by paraphysoids. The ascospores were 1-septate and brownish and were provided with an annular germ slit near each end. The hyphae had corkscrew-like haustoria. The position of this genus within Dothideales s. lat. is uncertain. - (E:1999-04-01). 2528. Buellia De Not. Kalb & Elix (1998: 478) revived Clements & Shear´s (1931) selection of Buellia parasema De Not. (which is an illegitimate name) as type of the genus Buellia De Not. They selected a specimen from Herb. De Notaris (R) as lectotype. Buellia De Not., lectotypified by Müller & von Arx (1962) with B. disciformis (Fr.) Mudd, is already conserved against Gassicurtia Feé (see Notes 609 and 1308) and the lectotypification is, therefore, sanctioned by the conservation. The aim of the conservation proposal in 1987 was to avoid numerous name changes for the species at that time accepted in the large genus Buellia. As the genus is currently in the process of being split-up in segregate genera, the name Gassicurtia becomes available for one of the segregates. If the name Buellia is to be retained for a group which does not include the lectotype, it should be conserved with another type. Kalb & Elix did not propose this. Moberg, Nordin & Scheidegger (1998) proposed a change of lectotype of Buellia De Not. to B. aethalea (Ach.) Th.Fr. When this would be accepted (and hanging the proposal), the name Buellia could be applied to what is probably the largest segregate of Buellia. The aim of the proposal is exactly the same as that of Aptroot's accepted 1987 proposal to conserve Buellia over Gassicurtia Fée, viz. to avoid the necessity of many new combinations. The only difference is, that the splitting of Buellia in several segregates necessitates a different typification. - (AA & OEE:1999-02-22). 2629. Byrsomyces Cavalc. Lücking et al. (1998: 137) found that the type species, B. olivaceus Cavalc., is conspecific with the type species of Microtheliopsis Müll. Arg., M. uleana Müll. Arg., and stated that the generic name Byrsomyces should be treated as a synonym of Microtheliopsis. - (E:1999-03-23). 2731. Caccobius Kimbr. Landvik et al. (1998: 49) published a partial SSU rDNA sequence from Caccobius minusculus Kimbr. Analyses indicate that the genus should continue to be included in the Thelebolaceae. See Note 2734 (Thelebolaceae)! - (E:1999-06-03). 2446. Calycomycetidae Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) used this name for a new subclass, which should contain ”mostly mazaedial lichens, e.g. Calicium, Coniocybe”. There is no generic name Calycomyces and no need for this subclass. Calicium has been demonstrated to be closely related to Lecanorales (Wedin & Tibell 1997). - (E:1999-02-10).2465. Carpozyma L. Engel Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2536. Ceramothyrium Bat. & H. Maia Winka et al. (1998: 822) sequenced the SSU rDNA gene from Ceramothyrium linnaeae (Dearn.) S.J. Hughes (Chaetothyriaceae), a species closely related to the type genus Chaetothyrium Speg. It clustered with 100% bootstrap support in both parsimony and neighbor-joining trees with the members of Herpotrichiellaceae. - (KW & OEE:1999-03-02). 2589. Ceriosporopsis Linder See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2630. Chaetomonodorus Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 138) demonstrated that the type species C. brosimi Bat. & H. Maia, was conspecific with Microtheliopsis uleana Müll. Arg., and that Chaetomonodorus is a synonym of Microtheliopsis. - (E:1999-03-23). 2746. Chaetosphaerella Tul. & C. Tul. Réblová (1999a: 394) described in detail the teleomorphs and anamorphs of the two accepted species in this genus, C. fusca (Fuckel) E. Müll. & C. Booth and C. phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Booth, in the Helminthosphaeriaceae. - (E:1999-06-21). 2747. Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul. Réblová (1997, 1998ab, 1999ab), Réblová & Gams (1999) and Réblová et al. (1999: 61) have treated the genus Chaetosphaeria s. lat. in a series of papers. Réblová (1997) revised type material of seven species and transferred them to other genera (Byssosphaeria, Calonectria, Eriosphaeria, Melanochaeta, and Pseudotrichia). She (1998a) described a new species with a Dictyochaeta anamorph and three Melanomma species described by Fuckel were transferred to Chaetosphaeria (1998b). Réblová & Gams (1999) treated the Cylindrotrichum and Cacumisporium anamorphs of Chaetosphaeria. Some other genera with versicoloured ascospores were treated in separate papers: Chaetosphaerella Tul. & C. Tul. and Tengiomyces Réblová (1999a), and Coniobrevicolla Réblová (1999b). - (E:1999-06-21). 2748. Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová, M.E. Barr & Samuels Réblová et al. (1999: 56) described the new family Chaetosphaeriaceae in Sordariales to accommodate the genus Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C Tul. and six other genera: Ascocodinaea Samuels, Candoussau & Magni, Melanochaeta E. Müll., Harr & Sulmont, Melanopsammella Höhn., Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels, Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll., and Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll. These genera could not be included in Lasiosphaeriaceae, Helminthosphaeriaceae or Trichosphaeriaceae. The authors stated that Chaetosphaeria resembles Trichosphaeria, but differs in phialidic anamorphs, and, therefore, the Chaetosphaeriaceae are probably more closely related to the Lasiosphaeriaceae. - (E:1999-06-21). 2741. Chaetosphaerulina I. Hino Crane et al. (1998: 608) accepted this genus in the Tubeufiaceae (as did Pande & Rao; see Note 2293, Syst. Ascomycetum 16: 47, 1998). - (E:1999-06-18). 2537. Chaetothyriales M.E. Barr Winka et al. (1998: 822) discussed the order Chaetothyriales M.E. Barr. They accepted two families Chaetothyriaceae and Herpotrichiellaceae in the order, primarily on the basis of SSU rDNA sequences, but stated that sequences from other families included by Barr may show that several may belong here. - (KW & OEE:1999-03-02). 2669. Choriactis Kupfer ex Eckblad See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2466. Cicadomyces Sulc Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2467. Citeromyces Santa María Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 146) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. The single species, C. matritensis (Santa Maria) Santa Maria, has thick-walled asci with 1(-2) ascospores with roughened wall. It is unusual in having coenzyme Q-8 and Kurtzman stated that the position of the genus was uncertain. - (E:1999-02-12). 2556. Cladia Nyl. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from C. aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. It nested in ”Lecanorales s.str.”. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2557. Cladonia Hill ex P. Browne Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from C. bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. and C. subcervicornis (Vain.) Kernst. They nested in ”Lecanorales s.str.”. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2558. Cladoniaceae Zenker See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2468. Clavispora Rodr. Mir. Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 148) included the genus in Metschnikowiaceae. - (E:1999-02-12). 2469. Coccidiascus Chatton Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 351) included Coccidiascus in the Eremotheciaceae with a ”?”. There is only one species, C. legeri Chatton, a parasite in intestinal cells of Drosophila. - (E:1999-02-12). 2538. Coccodinium A. Massal. Winka et al. (1998: 822) sequenced the SSU rDNA gene from Coccodinium bartschii A. Massal., a sooty mould that has been placed in a separate family, Coccodiniaceae O.E. Erikss. (1981). The position of this family has been uncertain. The ascomata are perithecioid and seated on a black subiculum. They are globose, but normally collapsed and almost cupulate in shape. They contain bitunicate asci with muriform spores. The asci are faintly amyloid, which is remarkable. The hamathecium consists of periphysoids, and there was, therefore, the possibility that this family belonged in Chaetothyriales. However, parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from C. bartschii, members of the Chaetothyriales and representatives of various other ascomycete groups demonstrated that the species was not closely related to that order, but clustered with or came very close to the Dothideaceae. Morphologically the Coccodiniaceae differ so much from the Dothideaceae that the family should continue to be recognized. - (KW & OEE:1999-03-02). 2470. Conidiascus Holterm. This genus, listed under Endomycetaceae with a ”?” by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998: 107) and Hawksworth et al. (1995: 104), was not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). - (E:1999-02-12). 2749. Coniobrevicolla Réblová Réblová (1999b: 422) introduced the new genus and species Coniobrevicolla larsenii Réblová (Trichosphaeriaceae) on the bases of morphological characters (glabrous perithecia that collapse laterally when dry, wide peridium comprising thick-walled cells, ascus apex with inconspicuous ring, filiform cylindric paraphyses, 3-septate, versicoloured ascospores, no associated anamorph). - (E:1999-06-21). 2542. Conotrema Tuck. Winka et al. (1998: 455) confirmed the current concept of this genus of lichenized ascomycetes as being closely related to Stictis (Stictidaceae, Ostropales). The bootstrap support in a parsimony analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from 41 taxa was 98% for this clade (see Note 2546, Ostropales). - (KW & OEE:1999-03-04). 2631. Coppinsia Lumbsch & Heibel Lumbsch & Heibel (1998: 96) proposed the new genus and species Coppinsia minutissima Lumbsch & Heibel in the Agyriaceae. It occurs on ”soil, bryophytes and detritus in metal-enriched habitats” and is hitherto known only from the British Isles. The thallus is crustose, thin and adnate and greenish grey, but can be unvisible. The small apothecia are sessile, orbicular, biatorine and pale orange to orange-brown. The asci are of the Trapelia-type and produce 8, hyaline, ovoid, non-septate ascospores. - (E:1999-03-23). 2548. Cordycepioides Stifler Suh et al. (1998: 611) sequenced SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA from the generic type Cordycepioideus bisporus Stifler, a parasite on termites in East Africa. This is a fungus with Cordyceps-like stromata and a Hirsutella anamorph, but in contrast to Cordyceps it has thick-walled, dark ascospores. The authors show that it clusters with clavicipitaceous fungi in two equally MPTs from an analysis including their new molecular data. They proposed that the genus should be transferred from Hypocreaceae to Clavicipitaceae. - (E:1999-03-05). 2590. Corollospora Werderm. See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2471. Crebrothecium Routien De Hoog et al. (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 201) treated this name as a synonym of Eremothecium. - (E:1999-02-12). 2534. Crocicreas Fr. Iturriaga et al. (1999: 28) decided to use this generic name for a new species on Epiphagus virginianus (Orobanchaceae), C. epifagicola Iturriaga & Korf. They discussed the different concepts of the genus that have been proposed. They accepted Carpenter´s (1981) broad concept (incl. Cyathicula De Not.), but stated that it remains to be seen whether eventually Crocicreas will be used in that broad sense or for one or a few species. - (E:1999-03-01). 2632. Crocicreomyces Bat. & Peres Lücking et al. (1998: 138) transferred the type species, C. guttiferae Bat. & H. Peres to Byssoloma, thus Crocicreomyces is a synonym of that name. - (E:1999-03-23). 2521. Crustospathula Aptroot Aptroot (1998b: 27) described the new genus and species Crustospathula cartilaginea Aptroot (Bacidiaceae) from Papua New Guinea. It has stalked, cartilaginous, labriform soralia. - (E:1999-02-17). 2543. Cyanodermella O.E. Erikss. Winka et al. (1998: 455) supported the classification of this genus among the Stictidaceae, a concept first proposed by Eriksson (1981: 155) on morphological grounds. It formed a clade with Conotrema and Stictis in a parsimony analysis of 41 taxa (see Note 2546, Ostropales). - (KW & OEE:1999-03-04). 2472. Cyniclomyces van der Walt & D.B. Scott Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 146) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2633. Cyrta Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 139) stated that ”Cyrta licaniae [type species] refers to campylidia of a typical Calopadia Vezda, viz. C. subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vezda”, and that the generic name is an earlier, validly published name available for Calopadia. The same was also true for Pyrenotrichum Mont. They remarked that a conservation of Calopadia is necessary, and if that is not accepted the correct name of the genus will be Pyrenotrichum. - (E:1999-03-23). 2473. Debaryomyces Lodder & Kreger ex Kreger Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2474. Dekkera Van der Walt Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2447. Dendromycetidae Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 248) used this name for, ”e.g. Arthonia, Lecanactis”. It was certainly not based on the generic name Dendromyces which is a synonym of Battaraea in Basidiomycota. The new subclass obviously corresponds to Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997). - (E:1999-02-10). 2522. Desmazierella Lib. Melendez-Howell et al. (1998: 53) examined Desmazierella acicola Lib. with TEM and demonstrated that the asci are of the Sarcoscypha type. Also the ascospores are similar to those in Sarcoscyphaceae, and the genus should be included in that family. - (E:1999-02-17). 2670. Desmazierella Lib. See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2559. Dibaeis Clem. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from D. baeomyces (L. fil.) Rambold & Hertel. It nested in their Clade IV with Gyalecta (Gyalectales), Pertusaria (Pertusariales) and Baeomyces (Baeomycetaceae) with low bootstrap support. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2634. Didymaster Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 140) assumed that the type species, D. myrtaciicola Bat., H. Maia & Castro, was conspecific with Strigula platypoda (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris. Thus, Didymaster is a synonym of the older name Strigula. - (E:1999-03-23). 2607. Didymella Sacc ex D. Sacc. See Note 2608 (Dothideales)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2635. Didymopycnomyces Cavalc. & A.A. Silva Lücking et al. (1998: 140) concurred with Sérusiaux (1992: 42) that Didymopycnomyces hyalinus Cavalc. & A.A. Silva is identical with Dimerella epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) Malme. Dimerella is the older of the two generic names. - (E:1999-03-23). 2686. Diluviocola K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones Hyde, Wong & Jones (1998: 134) described the new genus and species Diluviocola capensis K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones from wood submerged in a river in Brunei. It was compared with the genus Annulatascus K.D. Hyde, from which it differed in the unique, unfurling, thread-like, polar ascospore appendages. The perithecia were solitary, immersed or semi-immersed, obpyriform or ellipsoidal, beaked, coriaceous and black. The hamathecium consisted of wide paraphyses. The asci were unitunicate, thin-walled and cylindric and provided with an inamyloid apical ring. The ascospores were hyaline, fusiform with rounded ends, unicellular or septate, provided with polar caps that detached when spores were released in water, but they were anchored to the spore by a long and sticky thread. - (E:1999-04-27). 2544. Diploschistes Norman Winka et al. (1998: 455) reported the first SSU rDNA sequence from a Thelotremataceae (Diploschistes ocellatus var almeriensis) to GenBank. It clustered with 100% bootstrap support with Graphis scripta (Graphidaceae) in a parsimony analysis of sequences from 41 taxa. - (KW & OEE:1999-03-04). 2475. Dipodascaceae Engler & E. Gilg Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted two genera, Dipodascus and Galactomyces, in this family, and listed the following genera with a ”?”: Sporopachydermia, Stephanoascus, Wickerhamiella, Yarrowia, and Zygoascus. - (E:1999-02-12). 2448. Dipomycetidae Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) used this name for a subclass accommodating, e.g., Dipodascopsis, but it is a nomen nudum, and the classification of the budding yeasts proposed by Kurtzman (1998: 112), to a large extent based on molecular data, does not suggest that the Lipomycetaceae (to which family Dipodascopsis belongs) should be referred to a separate subclass. The name is not based on a generic name. - (E:1999-02-10). 2671. Donadinia Bellem. ex Meléndez-Howell See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2539. Dothideales Lindau Winka et al. (1998: 822) received a cluster of four families with 96% bootstrap support in an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from bitunicate ascomycetes, viz. the Leptosphaeriaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporaceae, and Sporormiaceae. They might be treated as a separate order, but a subdivision of Dothideales s.lat. has to wait. The support for that wider taxon of bitunicate ascomycetes was 95% in a neighbor-joining analysis. This taxon included, besides the families mentioned, also Patellariaceae as sister group to these families, and Dothideaceae and Botryosphaeriaceae. - (KW & OEE:1999-03-02). 2608. Dothideales Lindau Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin (1999: 153) studied the relationships of the ascostromatic genera Botryosphaeria, Guignardia, Leptosphaerulina, Didymella, Venturia, and Sporormiella, and included new SSU rDNA sequences from members of these genera in parsimony and distance analyses. They received 93% bootstrap support for a pleosporalean clade that included genera that are currently referred to the Pleosporaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Venturiaceae, and Sporormiaceae. The sister group of Pleosporales was Patellariaceae. The support for an order Dothideales containing both Dothideaceae (repr. by Dothidea) and Botryosphaeriaceae (repr. by Botryosphaeria and Guignardia) was low. All these results are in agreement with earlier studies (Berbee 1996, Winka et al. 1998), but some further taxa were now included. The bootstrap values within Pleosporales were low, except for the clade Pleosporaceae, represented by Lewia (Alternaria, con.st.), Pleospora, Pyrenophora, and Setosphaeria. - (E:1999-03-16). 2742. Dothideopsella Höhn. Ces. & De Not. Ahn & Shearer (1998: 259) accepted this genus, which has been treated as a synonym of Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not. The genus is characterized by ”ascomata that are closely connected side by side by horizontally extended stromatic layers ... and a wide ascomal wall of large, thin-walled pseudoparenchymatic cells in the outer layer”. The type species is D. agminalis (Sacc. & Morthier) Höhn. - (E:1999-06-18). 2636. Dothiomyces Bat. & J.L. Bezerra Lücking et al (1998: 141) stated that Dothideomyces xouepiae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra (type species), certainly refers to pycnidia of Byssolecania fumosonigricans (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. - (E:1999-03-23). 2637. Echinoplaca Feé Lücking et al. (1998: 141) examined material of Echinoplaca amapensis Bat. & Poroca and concluded that it was not an Echinoplaca, not even a member of the Gomphillaceae, and that it should certainly be referred to a new genus. It differed from other lichens in anatomy of the hymenium. Asci finally protrude above the surface of the hamathecium. This should thus be a parallel to the case in the Ascobolaceae (Pezizales). The authors prefer not to describe a new genus now, as the material was to scarce. - (E:1999-03-23). 2697. Elixia Lumbsch Lumbsch (1997: 62) described the new genus Elixia Lumbsch. The single species was Elixia flexella (Ach.) Lumbsch (syn. Limboria flexella Ach.). This species has been accommodated in several genera, most recently in Ptychographa, but it differs from that genus in several respects (ascus type, more amyloid hymenial gel, different goniocysts). All other genera are typified by species that are not congeneric with Elixia flexella, except for Leptographa (Th.Fr.) M. Choisy 1950, but that was found to be a younger homonym of Leptographa Jatta 1892. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2698. Elixiaceae Lumbsch Lumbsch (1997: 62) described this monotypic family and briefly circumscribed it as follows: ”Ascomata hysterothecial, lecideine, sessile; ascoma development hemiangiocarpous; exciple cupulate, blackish brown; hamathecium hemiamyloid; ascus of the Elixia- type; ascospores non-septate, broadly ellipsoidal; pycnidia unknown; thallus crustose, photobiont a green alga; chemistry: nil; lichenized”. - (E:1999-05-06). 2476. Endomyces Reess Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 113) stated that the identity of the type species E. decipiens Reess is unknown - whether the species ”is a member of the yeast clade or a euascomycete”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2477. Endomycetaceae J. Schröt. Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included the following genera (all with a ”?”) Endomyces, Helicogonium, Myriogonium, Phialoascus, and Trichomonascus in this family, whereas the following genera included in the family by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998) were accommodated in other families: Ambrosiozyma (to ?Saccharomycopsidaceae), Ascoidea (to Ascoideaceae), Kuraishia, Nakazawaea, and Ogataea (to Saccharomycetaceae, all three as synonyms of Pichia), Pachysolen and Pichia (to ?Saccharomycetaceae), Stephanoascus and Zygoascus (to ?Dipodascaceae), and Yamadazyma (to Saccharomycetaceae, as a synonym of Pichia). Ascocephalophora, Conidiascus and Podocapsa were not treated. - (E:1999-02-12). 2449. Endomycetes Arx ex Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) gave this class a short Latin diagnosis and included the two subclasses Dipomycetidae and Saccharomycetidae (q.v.v.). All names of higher taxa based on the generic name Endomyces have been abandoned, and replaced by names based on Saccharomyces. The identity of the name Endomyces is uncertain (Kurtzman in Kutzman & Fell 1998: 113; de Hoog, ibid.: 195). See also Eriksson et al. (1993: 145). Endomycetes sensu auctt. should be replaced by Saccharomycetes G. Winter (see Note 2743). - (E:1999-02-10). 2478. Endomycopsella Boedijn Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) and Kurtzman & Smith (op. cit.: 374) treated this name as a synonym of Saccharomycopsis (Saccharomycopsidaceae). - (E:1999-02-12). 2609. Endothia Fr. Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin (1999: 153) sequenced SSU rDNA from Endothia gyrosa (Schwein.: Fr.) Fr. It was included as outgroup, along with another member of the Sordariomycetes, Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk, in an analysis of ascostromatic ascomycetes. - (E:1999-03-16). 2479. Entelexis Van der Walt & Johannsen Meyer et al. (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 521) listed the name of the type species of Entelexis, E. magnoliae Van der Walt & Johannsen, as a synonym of Candida magnoliae (Lodder & Kreger) S.A. Meyer & Yarrow. - (E:1999-02-12). 2523. Epiphegia Nitschke ex G.H. Otth Aptroot (1998a: 133) reinstated the genus Epiphegia Nitschke ex G.H. Otth "to accommodate a species which combines the ascocarp organization of Phragmoporthe Petrak (ascocarps grouped in stromatic tissues) with the internal structures of Massarina (bitunicate asci, pseudoparaphyses, hyaline, septate ascospores)". - (E:1999-02-17). 2480. Eremotheciaceae Kurtzman Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted only the genus Eremothecium in this family, as did Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998), but he also included (with a ”?”) Coccidiascus (from Metschnikowiaceae). - (E:1999-02-12). 2667. Frutidella Kalb Kalb (1994: 582) proposed the new genus Frutidella Kalb to accommodate the single species Frutidella caesioatra (Schaer.) Kalb (bas. Lecidea caesioatra Schaer.), a mainly arctic-alpine lichen growing on mosses on bedrocks or directly on stone. It was stated to be close to Biatora, but differed in pigmented epihymenium and outer parts of the excipulum. The lichen produced sphaerophorin. The pigment reacted KOH +green and HNO3 +strongly wine read. Pycnidia produced filiform spermatia. - (E:1999-04-09). 2672. Galiella Nannf. & Korf See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2450. Geomycetes Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) described this new class (”hyphis juvenes sine septis; cyanobacteria intra hyphis incolentes”) in Ascomycota to accommodate Geosiphon (Geosiphonaceae, Geosiphonales), an odd organism with intracellular cyanobacterial endosymbionts (Nostoc sp.). Gehrig et al. (1996: 71) have sequenced 18S rDNA from the single species in the genus, Geosiphon pyriforme (Kütz.) F. Wettst., and found that it is closely related to Glomales, Zygomycota. - (E:1999-02-10). 2610. Glomerella Spauld. & H. Schrenk See Note 2609 (Endothia)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2604. Glonium Mühl. Kantvilas & Coppins (1997: 525) reported that Melaspilea circumserpens Nyl., based on material collected by Robert Brown in Tasmania in 1803, had been rediscovered on the island after almost 200 years. They found that it was better accommodated in the genus Glonium (Hysteriaceae), and is by that the first lichenized species known in that genus and family. - (E:1999-03-15). 2517. Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf. Marais & Wingfield (in Marais et al. 1998: 139) described this new genus to accommodate G. proteae (M.J. Wingf., P.S. Van Wyk & Marasas) Marais & M.J. Wingf. (type species) and G. capensis (M.J. Wingf. & P.S. Van Wyk) Marais & M.J. Wingf., two species occurring in the infructescences of Protea species (Proteaceae) in South Africa. They have Knoxdaviesia anamorphs and are sensitive to cycloheximide. On the basis of these criteria and molecular data (RFLP analyses) the authors concluded that Gondwanamyces is closer to Ceratocystis than to Ophiostoma and that the genus may be a member of Microascales. - (E:1999-02-16). 2545. Graphis Adans. Winka et al. (1998: 455) reported the two first SSU rDNA sequences from the Graphidaceae (both from Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.). It clustered with 100% bootstrap support with Diploschistes ocellatus var. almeriensis (Thelotremataceae) in a parsimony analysis of sequences from 41 taxa. - (E:1999-03-04). 2611. Guignardia Viala & Ravaz Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin (1999: 153) published the first SSU rDNA sequence from a Guignardia species, G. citricarpa Kiely. The genus clustered with Botryosphaeria, but the bootstrap value was low and the relationships with that genus are uncertain. - (E:1999-03-16). 2560. Gyalecta Ach. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from G. ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr. It nested in their Clade IV with Baeomyces (Baeomycetaceae), Pertusaria (Pertusariales) and the Icmadophilaceae with low bootstrap support. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2561. Gyalectales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. See Notes 2551 (Lecanorales) and 2560 (Gyalecta)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2562. Gymnoderma Nyl. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from G. lineare (A. Evans) Yoshim. & Sharp. It nested in ?Lecanorales s.str.? in their analysis, but fell outside the Cladoniaceae, and it differed from typical representatives of that family in having solid podetia. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2699. Hafellnera Houmeau & Cl. Roux Lumbsch (1997: 64) could not find any fundamental differences between the genera Hafellnera Houmeau & Cl. Roux and Schaereria Th. Fr. and treated the former as a synonym of the latter. - (E:1999-05-06). 2591. Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2592. Halosphaeria Linder See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2593. Halosphaeriales Kohlm. Spatafora et al. (1998: 1569) sequenced SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA from Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer, A. juncicola Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Ceriosporopsis halima Linder, Corollospora maritima Werderm., Halosarpheia fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., Halosphaeria appendiculata Linder, Halosphaeriopsis medio-setigera (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) T.W. Johnson, Lignicola laevis Höhnk, Lindra marinera Meyers, L. thalassiae Orpurt, Meyers, Boral & Simms, Lulworthia grandispora Meyers, Nimbospora effusa Jørgen Koch., Nohea umiumi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Ophiodeira monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., and Varicosporina ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm. In a MPT/SSU+LSU all these genera, with the exception for Lindra (Note 2596) and Lulworthia (Note 2597), formed a cluster with 87% support. For the clade Nimbospora/Nohea the support was 97%.). - (E:1999-03-11). 2594. Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2481. Hansenia Lindner Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2482. Hanseniaspora Zikes Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycodaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2603. Helminthocarpon Feé A. Aptroot (in litt., 1998-01-22) - The genus Helminthocarpon Feé is a well-known element in the pantropical corticolous lichen flora. Several dozen species have been recognized in the genus, but the genus has been restricted by Awasthi & Joshi (1979) to its type, H. leprevostii Feé, and possibly one or two additional, closely related species. Because of lirelline apothecia, the genus has usually been compared to members of the Graphidaceae, and it is still cited (with a question mark) as belonging to this family by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1993). During studies on the Graphidaceae from Papua New Guinea, an attempt was made to investigate the availability of the many generic names in the family in order to find names applying to the recognizeable monophyletic groups in the family. Even a superficial examination revealed that the genus is incorrectly placed in the family. Especially the interascal filaments and the whole ascoma organization are fundamentally different from that in the Graphidaceae. While searching for closer relatives, either in the non-lichenized or in the lichenized fungi, it was readily recognized that these are to be found in the Arthoniales, as actually already suggested by Awasthi & Joshi (1979). Helminthocarpon leprevostii is in all but a few characters indistinguishable from certain Cryptothecia Stirton species, like C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makhija & Patwardhan, C. subnidulans Stirton and C. stirtonii A.L. Smith. The differing characters are the degree of organization of the ascomata and the shape and iodine reactions of the asci. The intherthecial filaments (Awasthi & Joshi 1979, Figs 1 & 7) are completely undirected, richly anastomosing and nothing suggests that they are homologous with any stromatal tissue, as present in, e.g., Cryptothecia. They share other characters with this genus, e.g., the large, muriform ascospores (Fig. 1) with macrocephalic septation (although macrocephalic and microcephalic septation can be observed both the Graphidales and Arthoniales alike), the very thick-walled asci and secondary chemistry (thallus usually C+ red, reported to contain erythrin). A striking similarity is also the feature that under the dissecting microscope individual asci can easily be freed from the surrounding filaments, and appear as dark dots in the whitish ascomata. Removing this tissue is the usual way to find ascigerous spots in Cryptothecia species, where ascomata are often difficult to discern because they are not well delimited. The ascomata as here interpreted are loosely organized, homologous to Cryptothecia, but surrounded by a thalline margin and a thin carbonized layer. In fact, Helminthocarpon may represent the most developed Cryptothecia-like ascomata. There are no bark cells incorporated in the margin of the ascomata, as is almost always the case in corticolous Graphidaceae. The asci show a clear iodine staining (in Lugol after KOH pretreatment): the outer, relatively thick wall layer remains unstained, the inner wall stains pale blue, with a darker blue, conspicuous internal ring around a hyaline apical dome. This staining is common in Arthoniales and unknown in the Graphidales. The above observations suggest that the genus Helminthocarpon is a member of the Arthoniales and can be best classified in the Arthoniaceae, next to its close relative Cryptothecia. Although molecular techniques can be expected to play an important role in future classifications, no data are present yet. This communication is explicitly meant to attract attention to the relationship with the Arthoniales as deduced from the morphology, in order to get the genus included in the various molecular and/or cladistic analyses currently in progress in the Arthoniales. It may prove to be a key taxon in order to determine whether the family Arthoniaceae is polyphyletic, representing several lines of reduced Arthoniales or paraphyletic, representing the ancestral taxa to the remainder of the Arthoniales. The first opinion has repeatedly been suggested, for instance by Grube and co-workers, because of the existance of various, apparently not closely related, very reduced lichenicolous Arthonia species. The second opinion has been advocated by Tehler and co-workers on the basis of cladistic analyses based on morphology, but the choice of the outgroup, Arthothelium, may have resulted in the Arthoniaceae turning out to be paraphyletic. The study of Helminthocarpon, representing a well-developed Arthoniaceae, may well bring more understanding of the evolutionary trends within the Arthoniales. - (AA:1999-03-12). 2451. Hemiascomycotina Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) presented this taxon as ”Subphylum 1. Hemiascomycotina Brefeldt 1891 stat.nov. Ainsworth 1966” with a diagnosis in English (”ascocarp absent; usually yeast-like”) and in Latin (”sine ascocarpo; plerumque in forma fermenti”). This diagnosis fits just as well basidiomycetous yeasts. Three classes were included, in large corresponding to Taphrinomycotina + Saccharomycotina in Eriksson & Winka (1997, 1998), but also contained the new class Geomycetes (Note 2450). No type was indicated for the subphylum Hemiascomycotina and the name will not be used in our classification. - (E:1999-02-10). 2612. Herpotrichia Fuckel See Note 2608 (Dothideales)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2540. Herpotrichiellaceae Munk Winka et al. (1998: 822) demonstrated that this family is closely related to the Chaetothyriaceae and can safely be accommodated in the Chaetothyriales M.E. Barr. (Note 2537). - (KW & OEE:1999-03-02). 2602. Hymenoscyphus Gray The wild strain ATCC 20868, that has been used for development of the antifungal drug pneumocandin B0 and its derivates, was originally identified as Zalerion arboricola Buczacki. Bills et al. (1999: 179) reported that they and others had tried to repeat the results with other strains of Zalerion arboricola, but with negative results. They discovered that the strain ATCC 20868 was incorrectly identified. However, one of their isolates of a dematiaceous hyphomycete from the valley of the Lozoya River in Spain produced pneumocandin A0 and B0. They described it as a new genus and species, Glarea lozoyensis Bills & F. Peláez. A neighbor joining cluster analysis of ITS1 sequences revealed that the species was most closely related to Hymenoscyphus monotropae Kernan & Finocchio (Leotiaceae). Whether it really is an anamorph of that genus or another genus in the same family is uncertain. See also Lulworthia, Note 2597! - (E:1999-03-12). 2563. Icmadophilaceae Triebel See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2483. Issatchenkia Kudrjanzev Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2724. Javaria Boise Hyde & Fröhlich (1998: 81) treated this generic name as a synonym of Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd. because with the addition of ten new species to the latter genus the distinction in spore characters had been blurred (hyaline with gelatinous sheaths in Javaria / brown without sheaths in Astrosphaeriella). - (E:1999-05-19). 2664. Josefpoeltia Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt (1997: 22) described the new genus Josefpoeltia Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt (Teloschistaceae), that superficially resembled the Xanthoria fallax group, but the anatomy of the cortex was different - of unoriented conglutinated hyphae in a ”pseudoprosenplectochyma” in Josefpoeltia, versus a paraplectenchyma in Xanthoria. The thallus was attached by very abundant whitish rhizines of Candelaria-type in Josefpoeltia, different from the rhizines and hapters in Xanthoria. The spermatia were bacilliform to fusiform in Josefpoeltia, ellipsoid to bacilliform in Xanthoria. Two species were accepted in Josefpoeltia, J. boliviensis Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt (type species) and J. sorediosa Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt, both from South America. - (E:1999-04-07). 2484. Kazachstania Zubcova Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2638. Kilikiostroma Bat. & J.L. Bezerra Lücking et al. (1998: 144) could not find any pycnidia in the type material of the species K. peresii Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, but in another collection that they selected for epitype. The pycnidia belong to Strigula prasina Müll. Arg., and by this Kilikiostroma becomes a synonym of Strigula. - (E:1999-03-23). 2485. Komagataea Y. Yamada, M. Matsuda, K. Maeda, Sakakibara & K. Mikata Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 415) treated this name as a synonym of Williopsis. - (E:1999-02-12). 2673. Kompsoscypha Pfister Harrington et al. (1999: 45) received 99% bootstrap support in a consensus of ten MPTs from a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences for a placement of this genus in the Sarcoscyphaceae, as originally proposed by Pfister (1989). - (E:1999-04-15). 2524. Kretzschmaria Fr. Rogers & Ju (1998: 345) monographed the genus Kretzschmaria Fr. and accepted 16 species. Ustulina Tul. & C. Tul. was treated as a synonym of that name. The taxa show strong similarities in cultural features. - (E:1999-02-17). 2486. Kuraishia Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & K. Mikata Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 351) treated Kuraishia as a synonym of Pichia (?Saccharomycetaceae) on the basis of rDNA studies. - (E:1999-02-12). 2452. Laboulbeniales Engler Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) transferred this order from the phylum Ascomycota to the new phylum Archemycota, new subphylum Melanomycotina, new infraphylum Zygomycotina, new superclass Neozygomycotina, new class Zoomycetes, new subclass Pedomycetidae, new superorder Pyxomycetalia. In that taxon it was most closely related to ”Pyxidiophorales” (a nomen nudum), which is probably correct, but the decision to remove these fungi from Ascomycota is probably not correct. Partial SSU rDNA data indicate that they are ascomycetes, but the exact position is uncertain. - (E:1999-02-10). 2564. Lasallia Mérat Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from L. rossica Dombr. It clustered with Umbilicaria as a separate Clade II in their cladogram. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2732. Lasiobolus Sacc. Landvik et al. (1998: 49) published a partial SSU rDNA sequence from Lasiobolus papillatus (Pers.) Sacc. Analyses indicate that the genus is close to Ascodesmis and Otidea and may be included in the Otideaceae. See Notes 2376 (Pezizales) and 2734 (Thelebolaceae)! - (E:1999-06-03). 2735. Lauderlindsaya J.C. David & D. Hawksw. See Note 2737 (Normandina)! - (E:1999-06-08). 2440. Lautisporiopsis E.B.G Jones, M. Yusoff & S.T. Moss The generic name Lautisporiopsis E.B.G Jones, M. Yusoff & S.T. Moss was validated in Jones (1998: 1). - (E:1999-02-08). 2532. Lecanoraceae Körb. Lumbsch et al. (1999: 27) proposed that Motyka´s posthumous publication Porosty (Lichenes). Rodzina Lecanoraceae (1995-1996) be added to the list of opera utique oppressa as the work is otherwise ”likely to cause persistent confusion and will necessitate re-examination of all of Motyka´s type material so as to place the names into relevant synonymy”. Several new genera, over 200 new species and more than 300 new combinations were introduced in Motyka´s work and the authors show that accepting the book would lead to a very large number of unnecessary name changes. - (E:1999-02-26). 2551. Lecanorales Nannf. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1548) have published an important paper with a phylogenetic analysis of 31 new, almost full-length SSU rDNA sequences from lichenized taxa and 47 previously published sequences from lichenized and non-lichenized taxa. The intention with their paper was to clarify the relationships of cladoniiform lichens, a group they assumed was polyphyletic. This was shown to be the case, as seen in their cladogram, which is one of two MPTs. However, their paper contains many other interesting results that deserve comments. The lichenized taxa included in the study, formed four clades. The members of Arthoniales clustered as a separate clade (Clade I) that was only distantly related to the other lichens in the study. This is in agreement with previous studies. The other three clades formed a monophyletic cluster with the Eurotiales. The largest of these three lichen clades (Clade III) the authors referred to as Lecanorales s.str. It included the core of Lecanorales (Lecanoraceae, Lecideaceae, etc.), but also taxa that have been accommodated in separate orders, Teloschistales and Peltigerales. They concluded that Lecanorales s.str. is a monophyletic order, "including representatives of five suborders Cladoniineae, Lecanorineae, Teloschistineae, Agyriineae and Peltigerineae", but the Cladoniineae and family Cladoniaceae both appeared to be "polyphyletic assemblages". Clade II contained the members of the Umbilicariaceae and was the sister group to Eurotiales/Mycocalicium. Clade IV contained the members of the Baeomycetaceae, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales and Gyalectales. The position of Acarospora (Acarosporaceae) was unclear, but it nested close to clade III and IV. The bootstrap support for the Clades II-IV and many of the branches in Clade III and IV was low. This is in agreement with earlier analyses based on fewer sequences. Another branching order might have been obtained if, for instance, some members the Chaetothyriales had been included, as that order has been the closest relatives of the Eurotiales or Lecanorales in other analyses (e.g., Winka et al. 1998). Stenroos & DePriest refer to their cladogram as a ”preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis”. SSU rDNA will probably never give a fully resolved tree of lichenized taxa. We can provisionally include most of the taxa in a paraphyletic class Lecanoromycetes, for the present with the orders Lecanorales (incl. Teloschistales, Peltigerales), Pertusariales and Gyalectales. It is possible that an order Umbilicariales should be recognized in the future. - (E:1999-03-09). 691. Lecanorales Nannf. suborder Agyriineae Lumbsch (1997: 54) revised Lecanorales suborder Agyriineae, but stated that it differed from the other suborders in some respects and showed affinities with Leotiales s. lat., e.g. the asci opened by eversion rather than being rostrate. Moreover, the amyloid reaction was paler than in Lecanorales s. str. Lumbsch concluded that molecular data are necessary to infer the true position of the suborder. Four families were included: Agyriaceae Corda, Anamylopsoraceae Lumbsch & Lunke, Elixiaceae Lumbsch, and Schaereriaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner. Lumbsch provided detailed discussions on the taxa included in the suborder: thallus (pp. 6-11), ascomata (pp. 11-27), ontogeny (pp. 27-50), pycnidia (pp. 50-54), and chemistry (p. 54), and informed about his concepts of the taxa (pp. 54-65). - (E:1999-05-06). 2587. Lecidea Ach. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from L. fuscoatra Nyl. It nested in ”Lecanorales s.str.”. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2453. Lecomycetidae Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) introduced this new subclass with the Latin diagnosis ”asci sine operculis” and included ”most lichen fungi, e.g. Usnea, Lecanora, Peltigera, Xanthoria”. There is no generic name Lecomyces. The diagnosis fits many ascomycetes, e.g. the Leotiales, but non from that order was cited. The four genera mentioned are members of the class Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997). - (E:1999-02-10). 2442. Leotiaceae Corda Lizon et al. (1998: 73) restricted this family to accommodate only the genera Leotia, Neobulgaria, Pezoloma, and Geocoryne, but stated that also Calloriopsis and Gelatinopsis ”may belong here as strongly reduced members of the family”. The Leotiaceae was placed as single family in a separate order, Leotiales, distinct from Helotiales. Molecular data are not yet available for all the genera in Leotiaceae s. str. - (E:1999-02-08). 2565. Leprocaulon Nyl. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from L. sp. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.", but not with high bootstrap value with any other genus. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2605. Leproloma Nyl. ex Cromb. Tønsberg & Jørgensen (1997: 597) examined the original material of Leproloma membranaceum (Dicks.) Vain. and found that the apothecia in this collection most probably belong to a thallus of Parmelia omphalodes var. discordans (Nyl.) H. Magn. and not to the Leproloma thallus. This was evident from morphology as well as from a TLC analysis. The authors lectotypified Lichen membranaceus Dicks. on ”the sterile, leprose thallus of the Dickson specimen to secure continued use of the name Leproloma in its traditional sense”. - (E:1999-03-15). 2657. Leptocucurthis Aptroot Aptroot (1998: 485) described the new genus and species Leptocucurthis quadrata Aptroot. (Dacampiaceae). The ascomata were perithecioid and had an ostiolar area with stellate slits and a depressed ostiole. The hamathecium consisted of ”cellular pseudoparaphyses”. The asci were thick-walled and probably bitunicate and I-. Aptroot compared the new genus with Sinodidymella Yue & O.E. Erikss., but stated that Leptocucurthis has longer spores, and the type species of Sinodidymella has paraphysoids. - (E:1999-03-30). 2518. Leptosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr Dong et al. (1998a: 151) performed phylogenetic analyses of rRNA genes from members of the Leptosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae and got two monophyletic clusters, one (incl. Leptosphaeria s. str.) with coelomycetous anamorphs, one (incl. Pleospora s.str.) with hyphomycetous anamorphs. - (E:1999-02-16). 2613. Leptosphaerulina McAlpine Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin (1999: 153) included two Leptosphaerulina species, L. chartarum Roux and L. crassiasca (Sechet) C.R. Jacks. & D.K. Bell, in their study of ascostromatic fungi. Their analyses of SSU rDNA data gave a strong support for classifying the genus in Pleosporales rather than Dothideales, as has been done by some authors. - (E:1999-03-16). 2595. Lignincola Höhnk See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2596. Lindra I. Wilson Spatafora et al. (1998: 1569) sequenced parts of the SSU rRNA and LSU rRNA genes in Lindra marinera Meyers, and L. thalassiae Orpurt, Meyers, Boral & Simms. In a MPT/SSU+LSU the two species clustered with 100% support with Lulworthia, but were only distantly related to members of Halosphaeriales s.str. (see Note 2693, Halosphaeriales). In another analysis of SSU rDNA data from a wider specrum of ascomycetes, the two genera clustered with 100% bootstrap support in a clade with all unitunicate pyrenomycetes (i.e. Sordariomycetes) in the study. It is possible that a separate family should be recognized for the two genera. - (E:1999-03-11). 2487. Lipomycetaceae E.K. Novák & Zsolt Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted the genera Babjevia, Dipodascopsis, Lipomyces, and Zygozyma in this family, whereas Waltiozyma, included in the family by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998), was treated as a synonym of Williopsis (in the ?Saccharomycetaceae). Smithiozyma and Waltomyces were considered synonyms of Lipomyces, as they differed too little from that genus in their rRNA sequences. Kawasakia was not treated. - (E:1999-02-12). 2658. Lirellodisca Aptroot Aptroot (1998: 485) described the new genus and species Lirellodisca pyrenulospora Aptroot, which was found on twigs of Elaeocarpus in Papua New Guinea. The small and black apothecioid ascomata had an inward-curved margin. Asci were probably bitunicate, I- or I+ reddish. The ascospores were hyaline, ellipsoid with narrower ends, divided by several transsepta and had diamond- to heartshaped lumina or triangular lumina in the end cells. The genus was referred to the Patellariales with a question mark. - (E:1999-03-30). 2700. Lithographa Nyl. The genus was included in the Agyriaceae by Lumbsch (1997: 58) and was characterized by ”hysterothecial ascomata, asci of the Rimularia-type, and the presence of ß-orcinol depsidones in addition to orcinol depsides”. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2488. Lodderomyces Van der Walt Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2597. Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl. Spatafora et al. (1998: 1569) sequenced parts of SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA from Lulworthia grandispora Meyers In a MPT/SSU+LSU the species clustered with 100% support with Lindra, but was only distantly related to members of Halosphaeriales s.str. - (E:1999-03-11).Bills et al. (1999: 191) maintained that the generic name Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers should be used only for the type species, Z. maritimum (Lindner) Anastasiou, a hyphomycete which has been experimentally linked to Lulworthia uniseptata Nakagiri (see, however, ibid.: 179). The pneumocandin-producing fungus incorrectly identified as Z. arboricola Buczacki is not related to Z. maritimum and was described in Bills et al. (1999: 189) as a new species and genus, Glarea lozoyensis Bills & F. Peláez (see Note 2602, Hymenoscyphus). - (E:1999-03-12). 2639. Lyromma Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 145) selected an eptitype for Lyromma nectandrae Bat. & H. Maia, the type species of the genus. The holotype collection contained only sterile thalli. - (E:1999-03-23). 2640. Lyrommotheca Bat., Pavlich & J.L. Bezerra Lücking et al. (1998: 145) stated that the invalidly published Lyrommotheca has been treated as the name of the teleomorph of Lyromma, but the authors could not find any perithecial fungus in the type collection. - (E:1999-03-23). 2641. Manaustrum Cavalc. & A.A. Silva Lücking et al. (1998: 145) examined the type collection of the type species Manaustrum palmae Cavalc. & A.A. Silva and found a well-developed specimen of Strigula multipunctata (R. Sant.) R.C. Harris without perithecia, but with abundant pycnidia that fitted the description of M. palmae perfectly. The generic name can be placed in synonymy under Strigula. - (E:1999-03-23). 2525. Massarina Sacc. Aptroot (1998a: 89) published a very useful revision of the 160 species hitherto referred to Massarina Sacc. He accepted 43 species. Twenty-three names were treated as synonyms in the genus. Thus, 94 names were excluded from Massarina and transferred to 29 other genera (e.g. Acrocordia, Anisomeridium, Arthopyrenia, Pyrenula, Strigula, Trypethelium) or were of uncertain identity, as material had not been obtained for study. - (E:1999-02-17). 2566. Megalospora Meyen Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from M. sulphurata Meyen. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.". See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2567. Megaspora (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner & V. Wirth Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from M. verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth (Megasporaceae, Pertusariales). The position of the genus was uncertain due to long-branch attraction in a preliminary analysis, and it was tentatively placed in Clade IV in their cladogram, with Gyalecta (Gyalectales), Pertusaria (Pertusariales) and Baeomyces (Baeomycetaceae). Thus, a close relationship between the Megasporaceae and the Pertusariaceae may be questioned. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2568. Megasporaceae Lumbsch See Notes 2551 (Lecanorales) and 2567 (Megaspora)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2750. Melanochaeta E. Müll., Harr & Sulmont Réblová et al. (1998: 63) referred this genus to the new family Chaetosphaeriaceae (q.v.). - (E:1999-06-21). 2751. Melanopsammella Höhn. Réblová et al. (1998: 64) referred this genus to the new family Chaetosphaeriaceae (q.v.). - (E:1999-06-21). 2549. Melanospora Corda Goh & Hanlin (1998: 655) investigated the ascomal development in Melanospora zamiae Corda, using TEM. They found that the centrum of young ascomata was filled with large thin-walled pseudoparenchymatous cells and there was one large oval, multinucleate ascogonium, that later developed ascogenous hyphae. These produced asci without formation of any croizers. In that respect the species differs from many other ascomycetes and the authors mentioned Monascus purpureus Went as an example. - (E:1999-03-05). 2489. Metschnikowiaceae T. Kamienski Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted the genera Clavispora and Metschnikowia in this family, whereas the following genera included in the family by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998) were accommodated in other families: Coccidiascus (to Eremotheciaceae), Crebrothecium (to Eremotheciaceae as a synonym of Eremothecium), and Spermophthora (possibly a synonym of Eremothecium). - (E:1999-02-12). 2716. Microascus Zukal Abbott et al. (1998: 297) demonstrated that the type species of Scopulariopsis Bainier, S. brevicaulis (Sacc.) Bainier, is the anamorph of a Microascus species, that was described under the name of M. brevicaulis S.P. Abbott. - (E:1999-05-14). 2736. Microtheliopsis Müll. Arg. Aptroot (1998c: 501) discussed the integration of lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes and estimated the total number of lichenization events, including re- and de-lichenization, to at least over 100. He discussed some cases of ”Untenable Integrations”. One of them was the position of the genus Microtheliopsis Müll. Arg., that Eriksson (1981: 97) referred to the new family Microtheliopsidaceae O.E. Erikss., and which he assumed might be related to the Herpotrichiellaceae, on the bases of the small ascomata lacking hamathecium, small asci with endotunica broadened in the upper part of the ascus, and pale greyish brown ascospores. However, Aptroot, considered the genus a perfectly typical Verrucariales. SSU rDNA sequences should unambiguously solve this problem. - (E:1999-06-08). 2642. Microxyphiomyces Bat., Valle & Peres Lücking et al. (1998: 147) stated that there is no doubt that M. manaosensis Bat., Valle & Peres (type species) represents the campylidia of a Tricharia species and that Microxyphiomyces should be treated as a synonym of that name. - (E:1999-03-23). 2701. Miltidea Stirt. See Note 2702 (Miltideaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2702. Miltideaceae Hafellner Lumbsch (1997: 65) stated that this family differs in numerous characters from the bulk of the Agyriineae, eg. the ascoma development is gymnocarpous and no replacement of paraphysoids by true paraphyses is seen. The true exciple is annular and the ascus type is different. The position of the family is uncertain. - (E:1999-05-06). 2718. Mycodidymella C.Z. Wei, Y. Harada & K. Katumoto Wei et al. (1998: 336) described the new genus Mycodidymella to accommodate the new species M. aesculi C.Z. Wei, Y. Harada & K. Katumoto and its two synapomorphs Mycopappys aesculi and Blastostroma aesculi, described by the same authors. The teleomorph was compared with Didymella, but should differ foremost in the variably thickened pseudothecial wall. The true affinities of the new genus is difficult to assess from only morphological data and the best solution, for the time being, may be to include it among Dothideales incertae sedis. - (E:1999-05-14). 2490. Nadsonia Syd. Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycodaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2491. Nakazawaea Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & K. Mikata Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 351) included Nakazawaea in Pichia (?Saccharomycetaceae) on the basis of rDNA studies. - (E:1999-02-12). 2541. Nectriopsis Maire Rossman & Samuels (1998: 723) proposed the conservation of Nectriopsis Maire [1911] against Chrysogluten Briosi & Farneti [1904] and Dasyphthora Clem. [1909]. Samuels (1988) monographed the genus and accepted 43 species, and many new combinations would be necessary if the proposal would not be accepted. - (E:1999-03-02). 2492. Nematospora Peglion Kurtzman (1995: 527) proposed that this genus, Ashbya and Holleya, all with needle-shaped ascospores, should be transferred from the Metschnikowiaceae to Eremotheciaceae as synonyms of Eremothecium. This was accepted by de Hoog et al. (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 207). - (E:1999-02-12). 2598. Neocosmospora E.F. Sm. Spatafora et al. (1998: 1569) sequenced parts of LSU rDNA from Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Sm. and combined the DNA data with SSU rDNA data (published by Spatafora & Blackwell 1993: 912) in a parsimony analysis that placed the species with 98% bootstrap support with Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome in Hypocreales. - (E:1999-03-11). 2687. Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde Hyde, Taylor & Fröhlich (1998: 115) added some new species to this previously monotypic genus and compared it with Linocarpon. The differences between the genera are small, but the ”Neolinocarpon species always have deeply immersed ascomata with a long ostiole leading to the surface, whereas, the Linocarpon species are immersed under superficial domes or only slightly immersed” (op.cit.: 116). As the authors stated, molecular studies will be useful to explore the relationships between the two taxa. If such studies indicate that they are very closely related, it may be prudent to treat Neolinocarpon as a synonym of Linocarpon. - (E:1999-04-27). 2674. Neournula Paden & Tylutki See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2599. Nimbospora Jørgen Koch See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2600. Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2737. Normandina Nyl. Ascomata in the thallus Normandina have been described as a lichenicolous fungus in a separate genus, Lauderlindsaya J.C. David & D. Hawksw. This genus has been discussed in two recent papers. Aptroot (1998c: 509) was convinced that the ascomata belonged to the Normandina thallus. Rambold & Triebel (1999: 145)., in an excellent paper on ”generic concepts in lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes since 1950”, concluded that SSU rDNA analyses ”will hopefully supply an unambiguous answer”. Such sequences are not yet available. - (E:1999-06-08). 2493. Octomyces Mello & L.G. Fern Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2494. Ogataea Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & K. Mikata Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 351) included Ogataea in Pichia (?Saccharomycetaceae) on the basis of rDNA studies. - (E:1999-02-12). 2601. Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. See Note 2693 (Halosphaeriales)! - (E:1999-03-11). 2526. Oraniella Speg. Aptroot (1998a: 141) accepted this genus, which in recent literature has been included in Massarina Sacc. The single species Oraniella coffeicola Speg. differed from Massarina in having hamathecium of anastomosing trabeculae. - (E:1999-02-17). 2717. Orbilia Fr. Kohlmeyer et al. (1998: 297) described a new Orbilia species, O. junci Kohlm., Baral & Volkm.-Kohlm., from brittle tips of old standing leaves of Juncus roemerianus. The species has an ingoldian hyphomycete as anamorph, the first member of the genus Dwayaangam demonstrated to be connected with a teleomorph. The new Orbilia species was classified in the subgenus Hemiorbilia Baral. The ascospores had a membrane-bound refractive body, that is present in most members of the Orbiliaceae, according to Baral. He interpreted it to have its origin in an invagination of the plasmalemma at the tip of the spore. - (E:1999-05-14). 2703. Orceolina Hertel The genus is well characterized within the Agyriaceae, according to Lumbsch (1997: 58) ”by its thallus morphology and anatomy (thick cortex), the lack of secondary metabolites, and the urceolate apothecia” and ”the asci are not thickened apically, and the true exciple is composed of prosoplectenchymatous cells”. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2495. Oscarbrefeldia Holterm. This generic name was not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). - (E:1999-02-12). 2454. Ostiomycetidae Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 248) gave the diagnosis ”non lichenes” and included as examples ”Neurospora, Sordaria, Claviceps, Nectria, Xylaria, Daldinia, and some fungi imperfecti”. This taxon corresponds to the class Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997) and should be included under that name as a synonym. - (E:1999-02-10). 2546. Ostropales Nannf. Winka et al. (1998: 455) reported new SSU rDNA sequences from members of the Stictidaceae (Conotrema populorum, Cyanodermella viridula), Graphidaceae (Graphis scripta) and Thelotremataceae (Diploschistes ocellatus var. almeriensis). A phylogenetic analysis of this gene from 41 taxa resulted in one MPT in which the aforementioned taxa formed a cluster with Stictis radiata (Stictidaceae, Ostropales) with 82% bootstrap support. The authors concluded that the ordinal name Ostropales can continue to be used to include Graphidales. - (KW & OEE:1999-03-04). 2496. Pachysolen Boidin & Adzet Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included Pachysolen in Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. The single species, P. tannophilus Boidin & Adzet is of considerable economic interest, as it is one of three yeasts known to be capable of converting pentoses from biomass to fuel alcohol (Kurtzman op.cit.: 272). - (E:1999-02-12). 2725. Palmomyces K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhlich & J.E. Taylor Hyde et al. (1998a: 59) described the new genus and species Palmomyces montaneus K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhlich & J.E. Taylor, a pyrenomycete associated with leaf spots on palm trees (Oraniopsis appendiculata) in Australia. It was included in Clypeosphaeriaceae, along with Pseudomassaria, but in contrast to that genus, Palmomyces has an eccentric ostiole and a peridium of pale brown cells. - (E:1999-05-19). 2533. Parepichloë F.J. White Jr & Reddy White & Reddy (1998: 231) introduced this new genus that differed most notably from Epichloë ”in the possession of an epibiotic habit and stromata that have brown to black surfaces when mature”. - (E:1999-02-26). 2643. Parmelia Ach. Crespo & Cubero (1998: 369) studied the ITS regions in Parmelia and 14 related genera in the Parmeliaceae. Neighbor-joining and parsimony analyses gave almost the same results. The following clusters in the data set received over 95% bootstrap support: (1) Parmelia, 3 sp., (2) Melanelia, 2 sp. (but only 71% support in parsimony analysis), (3) Xanthoparmelia, 2 sp. + Neofuscelia, 3 sp./Xanthoparmelia, 2 sp.(thus the genus is paraphyletic if Neofuscelia is accepted), (4) Parmelina, 3 sp., (5) Punctelia, 2 sp., (6) Parmotrema, 2 of 5 sp. The study supports the inclusion of Hypogymnia in Parmeliaceae. - (E:1999-03-23). 2644. Parmeliaceae Zenker Mattsson & Wedin (1998: 463) sequenced the ITS and 5.8S rDNA regions in eleven taxa in the Parmeliaceae, members of the genera Bryoria, Cetraria, Evernia, Hypogymnia, Parmelia, Platismatia, Pleurosticta, Usnea, Vulpicida (2 sp.), and Xanthoparmelia. In a parsimony analysis, with two Nephroma species as outgroups, the genera of the Parmeliaceae clustered as expected with 100% jackknife support. There was the same support for the clade Vulpicida + Cetraria, but this is not in agreement with results from a cladistic analysis of morphological data by Kärnefelt et al. (1992). All other branches had low support. - (E:1999-03-23). 2614. Patellariaceae Corda See Note 2608 (Dothideales)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2569. Pertusaria DC. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from P. trachythallina Erichsen (Pertusariaceae, Pertusariales). It nested in Clade IV in their cladogram, with Gyalecta (Gyalectales), Megaspora (Megasporaceae, Pertusariales), Icmadophilaceae and Baeomyces (Baeomycetaceae), but with low bootstrap support. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2570. Pertusariales M. Choisy ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. See Notes 2551 (Lecanorales), 2567 (Megaspora) and 2569 (Pertusaria)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2675. Pezizales Velen. The order has often been divided into two suborders. Harrington et al. (1999: 45) reported that SSU rRNA data indicate that both suborders, Sarcoscyphineae and Pezizineae, are paraphyletic, supporting results obtained by Landvik (1996) and Landvik et al. (1997). - (E:1999-04-15). 2455. Pezomycetidae Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) proposed this subclass and gave the description ”asci operculati”. As representative taxa were listed Peziza, Tuber, Morchella, and Rhytisma. The three first are members of the order Pezizales in the class Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997). The fourth genus belongs in Rhytismatales in Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997). Several types of asci have been found in that order, also an operculate type, but this was explicitly stated to be a case of parallel evolution (Minter & Cannon 1984). - (E:1999-02-10). 2645. Phallomyces Bat. & Valle Lücking et al. (1998: 149) concluded that Phallomyces palmae Bat. & Valle represents the campylidia of an Echinoplaca species in the Gomphillaceae. - (E:1999-03-23). 2646. Phragmopeltheca L. Xavier Lücking et al. (1998: 150) managed to identify the type species of this genus on the basis of the original description and illustrations as a member of Porina. No type material was available. - (E:1999-03-23). 2497. Phyllidomyces Buchner Not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). See Note 2460 (Saccharomycotina)! - (E:1999-02-12). 2571. Physcia (Schreb.) Michaux Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3). sequenced SSU rDNA from P. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.". See Note 2551 (Lecanorales) and 2577! - (E:1999-03-09). 2498. Pichia E.C. Hansen Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112, 273-352) included Pichia in Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. He accepted 91 species in the emended genus and provided a thorough discussion on its circumscription. - (E:1999-02-12). 2572. Pilophorus Th. Fr. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from P. acicularis (Ach.) Th. Fr. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.". The authors suggested that the genus be transferred from the Stereocaulaceae to Cladoniaceae. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2668. Pindara Velen. Landvik et al. (1999: 278) found that the single species in the genus Pindara Velen., P. terrestris Velen., nested within a Helvella clade in a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from 43 ascomycetes. The bootstrap value for the branch was 99% and 100% for a branch also including Barssia and Balsamia. The two latter genera were the sister group to Helvella/Pindara with a 98% bootstrap support. The 5.8S rDNA sequences varied unusually much within the Helvellaceae clade (incl. the Balsamiaceae). An analysis of this gene and the adjacent ITS regions grouped Pindara terrestris with Helvella cupularis, H. macropus, and H. rivularis. Also morphological characters (”uniguttulated ascospores, and rows of ectal excipulum cells, perpendicular to the fruit-body”) indicated a close relationship between Pindara and Helvella, and the new combination Helvella terrestris (Velen.) Landvik was proposed. - (E:1999-04-09). 2676. Pindara Velen. Harrington et al. (1999: 45) received 97 % bootstrap support for a clade consisting of Balsamia, Helvella, Pindara, Tuber and Wynnella in a parsimony analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. They concluded that Pindara should be referred to the Helvellaceae and stated that a close relationship with Helvella had been proposed already by Velenovsky (1934), Svrcek (1947), and Cabello (1988). - (E:1999-04-15). 2704. Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds. Lumbsch (1997: 59) accepted this genus in the Agyriaceae primarily on the bases of ascoma anatomy (both a well developed thalline and true exciple), but it was otherwise similar to Trapelia. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2705. Placynthiella Elenkin See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae), 2692 (Agyriaceae) and 2709 (Saccomorphaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2677. Plectania Fuckel See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2615. Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr See Note 2608 (Dothideales)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2499. Pneumocystis Delanoë & Delanoë Ellis et al. (1996) demonstrated that Pneumocystis carinii has Q-10 as the major ubiquinone homolog. - (E:1999-02-12). 2500. Podocapsa Tiegh. This generic name was not treated in Kurtzman & Fell (1998). - (E:1999-02-12). 2441. Podosordaria Ellis & Holw. Rogers et al. (1998: 61) concluded that only taxa ”with anamorphs that are Xylaria-like, more or less assignable to Geniculosporium”, should be retained in this genus, whereas taxa with ”disarticulating anamorphic elements, assignable to Lindquistia”, should be assigned to Poronia. - (E:1999-02-08). 2647. Podoxyphiomyces Bat. & Peres Lücking et al. (1998: 153) considered this generic name a nomen dubium as no material in URM fitted the original description of the type species Podoxyphiomyces manaosensis Bat., Valle & Peres. - (E:1999-03-23). 2752. Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels Réblová et al. (1998: 66) referred this genus to the new family Chaetosphaeriaceae (q.v.). - (E:1999-06-21). 2753. Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll. Réblová et al. (1998: 66) referred this genus to the new family Chaetosphaeriaceae (q.v.). - (E:1999-06-21). 2727. Proboscispora S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde Wong & Hyde (1999: 81) described Proboscispora aquatica S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde gen. et sp. nov., found on wood submerged in streams in Australia and the Philippines. The ascomata were immersed, ellipsoidal and papillate. The hamathecium consisted of tapering, septate paraphyses. The unitunicate asci were cylindrical and provided with an apical refractive ring, and produced 3-septate, hyaline ascospores with ”coiled or proboscis-like bipolar filamentous appendages”. The species was compared with Annulatascus and Rivulicola. The genus was placed in the Lasiosphaeriaceae, but after the manuscript was submitted to Mycological Research Wong et al. revised the classification of a number of aquatic lasiosphaeriaceous pyrenomycetes and transferred them to the new family Annulatascaceae (Systema Ascom. 16: 18, 1998; Note 2265, in Systema Ascom. 18: 42). Proboscispora, at that time ”in press”, was one of the genera included in the new family. It differed from the other genera in their specific kind of ascospore appendages. - (E:1999-02-25). 2648. Psathyromyces Bat. & Peres Lücking et al. (1998: 153) found that the type species, Psathyromyces rosacearum Bat. & Peres, is the hyphophores of Tricharia heterella (Stirt.) Lücking. - (E:1999-03-23). 2573. Pseudevernia Zopf Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from P. cladonia (Tuck.) Hale & W.L. Culb. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.". See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2678. Pseudoplectania Fuckel See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2706. Ptychographa Nyl. See Note 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae) and 2692 (Agyriaceae)! - (E:1999-05-06). 2689. Pubigera Baral, Gminder & Svrcek Baral et al. (1995: 49) transferred Ombrophila subvillosa Rehm to their new genus Pubigera (Hyaloscyphaceae). Pubigera subvillosa (Rehm) Baral, Gminder & Svrcek is known from the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland. It grows on fallen needles of Picea abies, but has also been found on needles of Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris. The authors stated that the hairs on the ascomata were very similar to those seen in Trichopeziza Fuckel, Lasiobelonium Ellis & Everh., and Arachnopeziza aurelia Fuckel, but they mentioned several differences against these genera, e.g. prosenchymatic ectal excipulum versus parenchymatic ectal excipulum in the other genera, ornamented spores in Pubigera (very fine striation seen in KOH or Melzer´s reagent) versus smooth spores, thin versus thick amyloid ring, long-stalked versus sessile apothecia, filiform paraphyses that tend to be branched at the apex and that are embedded in gel versus filiform or lanceolate, unbranched paraphyses without gel, hyphae in medulla with dark brown incrustation versus hyaline, smooth hyphae. There were some similar differences against other members of the Hyaloscyphaceae with hairs similar to those in Pubigera. The authors included the new genus in Hyaloscyphaceae subfam. Arachnopezizeae. - (E:1999-04-27). 2530. Pulmosphaeria J.E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones Taylor et al. (1996: 256) described the new genus Pulmosphaeria J.E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones. The single species, P. archontophoenicis J.E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, is restricted to rachides of the palm Archontophoenix alexandrae in northern Queensland, Australia. The new genus was referred to the Lasiosphaeriaceae and is characterized by ”pairs of immersed ascomata with a common central ostiole, long cylindrical asci and filiform ascospores, obtuse at the apex and acute at the base and with an eccentric basal septum” (op. cit. p. 255). - (E:1999-02-22). 2649. Pycnociliospora Bat. & J.A. Lima Lücking et al. (1998: 153) reported that the type species Pycnociliospora belluciae Bat. & J.A. Lima is typical Strigula antillarum (Feé.) Müll. Arg. - (E:1999-03-23). 2574. Pycnothelia (Ach.) Duf. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from P. papillaria Dufour. It clustered in "Lecanorales s.str." with 83% bootstrap support with the two Cladonia species included in the study. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2650. Pyriomyces Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 154) stated that the original material of the type species Pyriomyces protii Bat. & H. Maia did not contain any pycnidia fitting the description of the species. The description indicated that it might have been a Fellhanera, and as that name is younger than Pyriomyces, they typified the species by an epitype to avoid nomenclatorial problems. - (E:1999-03-23). 2651. Pyripomyces Cavalc. Lücking et al. (1998: 155) could not find any fungus in the type collection fitting the description of the type species Pyripnomyces maranhensis Cavalc., and they believed the name may refer to a non-lichenized conidial fungus. - (E:1999-03-23). 2456. Pyxidiophorales Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) stated that this order is related to Laboulbeniales in the phylum Archemycota (q.v., Note 2452). It is a nomen nudum. - (E:1999-02-10). 2575. Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from R. geographicum (L.) DC. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.". See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2576. Rimularia Nyl. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from R. fuscosora Muhr & Tønsberg. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str." with 70% bootstrap support in a clade with Cladia, Cladonia, Pycnothelia, and Pilophorus. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2707. Rimularia Nyl. See Notes 2691 (Lecanorales, Agyriineae), 2692 (Agyriaceae) and 2708! - (E:1999-05-06). 2708. Rimulariaceae Hafellner Lumbsch (1997: 57) included this family in the Agyriaceae, referring to Hertel & Rambold (1990), who found that the ascus type of Rimularia is similar to that in Agyrium. - (E:1999-05-06). 2501. Saccharomycetaceae G. Winter Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted the genera Arxiozyma, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Zygosaccharomyces in this family, and included with a ”?” the following genera: Citeromyces, Cyniclomyces, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Issatchenkia, Lodderomyces, Pachysolen, Pichia, Saturnispora, and Williopsis. - (E:1999-02-12). 2743. Saccharomycetes G. Winter Dr J. David (pers. comm. 1998) has pointed out that the class Saccharomycetes was published already in 1881 by Winter in Rabenhorst´s Kryptogamenflora and that an earlier publication in Nova Hedwigia 1879 does not meet the requirements for valid publication of the name as no rank was given. - (E:1999-06-18). 2457. Saccharomycetidae (de Bary) Cavalier-Smith Cavalier-Smith (1998: 247) used this name of a subclass for, e.g. Saccharomyces, Candida, and Endomyces. It is a homonym of Saccharomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997). - (E:1999-02-10). 2502. Saccharomycodaceae Kudryavtsev Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) accepted only the genus Saccharomycodes in this family, but included also Hanseniaspora, Nadsonia and Wickerhamia with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2503. Saccharomycopsidaceae Arx & van der Walt Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included two genera in this family, Saccharomycopsis and Ambrosiozyma, the latter with a ”?”. Of the three other genera listed in the family by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998), Endomycopsella was treated as a synonym of Saccharomycopsis, Williopsis was transferred to the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”, and Komagataea was listed as a synonym of the latter genus. - (E:1999-02-12). 2460. Saccharomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka The fourth edition of ”The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study” was published by Kurtzman & Fell in 1998. It treats all groups of yeasts, but a major part of the book is confined to Saccharomycetales (single order in the Saccharomycotina sensu Eriksson & Winka 1997). It contains a wealth of new information. A comparison with the most recent version of Outline of the ascomycetes (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998) shows that the position of many of the yeast genera is now considered unclear. Some genera of uncertain identity were not treated (e.g. Aphidomyces Brain, Carpozyma L. Engel, Cicadomyces Sulc, Hansenia Lindner, Kazachstania Zubcova, Octomyces Mello & L.G. Fern, Phyllidomyces Buchner, and Thelis Clem.).Yamada et al. (1987: 299) and Yamada (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 101; cfr also the ”Summary of species characteristics”, pp. 915-947) have discussed the importance of coenzyme Q data as phylogenetic markers. From their data it is clear that a majority of the Basidiomycota have Q-10 ubiquinones (in a few Q-8 or Q-9). The same refers to the Taphrinomycotina (Pneumocystis - q.v., Protomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Taphrina) and the few species studied in Pezizomycotina (Exophiala = Capronia; Aureobasidium ?= Discosphaerina). However, the Saccharomycotina have shorter ubiquinone molecules with 5-9 isoprene units, e.g. Q-6 in Saccharomyces, and Q-9 in Debaryomyces (exception Lipomyces lipofer Q-10). We can propose at least three hypotheses to explain this difference between the Saccharomycotina and a group comprising the rest of Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. Q-10 is a plesiomorphic character. The Saccharomycotina branched off within the Ascomycota (or Basidiomycota?) and evolved Co-Qs with a reduced number of isopren units, different numbers in different parts of the subphylum. This raises the question why such a reduction of units did not occur just as often in the rest of Ascomycota or in the Basidiomycota, and why did almost none of the members of the Saccharomycotina keep the Q-10 system. Q-10 is a synapomorphy and Taphrinomycotina, Pezizomycotina and Basidiomycota constitute a monophyletic group that branched off within the Saccharomycotina, which in that case is paraphyletic. Q-10 evolved independently within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which originated from different subgroups of the Saccharomycotina. This is unlikely as the two groups have too many features in common, not seen in Saccharomycotina, for that being a coincidence. - (E:1999-02-12). 2709. Saccomorphaceae Elenkin Lumbsch (1997: 57) included Placynthiella Elenkin (syn. Saccomorpha Elenkin) in the Agyriaceae, and treated Saccomorphaceae as a synonym of that family name. - (E:1999-05-06). 2577. Santessonia Hale & Vobis Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from S. namibensis Hale & Vobis. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str." and with 84% bootstrap support with Physcia aipolia. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2728. Sarcopyreniaceae Nav.-Ros. & Roux Navarro-Rosines et al. (1998: 125) described this new family and referred it to Verrucariales. However, as mentioned in Note 1399 (Systema Ascom. 11: 73, 1992), Aguirre-Hudson has suggested that Sarcopyrenia Nyl. should be excluded from Verrucariales because of the thin-walled and evanescent asci. Paraphyses excluded it also from the Hypocreales. Navarro-Rosinés et al. described and illustrated the different kinds of hamathecium in Sarcopyrenia acutispora Nav.-Ros. & Roux: the periphyses and branched periphysoids (”pseudoparafizoj”, in Esperanto) in the upper part of the ascomata are seen in two of their illustrations (Figs. 1 and 3), paraphyses between the asci in another one (Fig. 4). The latter seemed to be interpreted as the distinguishing character against Verrucariaceae. The family Adelococcaceae Triebel was briefly mentioned in the discussion (which was in Esperanto), a family characterized by persistent paraphysoids and periphyses, (see Note 1614, Systema Ascom. 13: 130, 1994). The complex is in need of a thorough morphological and molecular study. - (E:1999-05-22). 2679. Sarcosoma Casp. See Note 2680 (Sarcosomataceae)! - (E:1999-04-15). 2680. Sarcosomataceae Fuckel Harrington et al. (1999: 45) sequenced the gene encoding SSU rRNA from most of the genera that have been referred to the Sarcosomataceae. They found that six of the genera in the family (Donadinia, Galiella, Plectania, Pseudoplectania, Sarcosoma and Urnula) clustered in a consensus phylogram of ten MPTs based on SSU rDNA sequences. Four other genera (Desmazierella, Neournula, Strobiloscypha, and Wolfina) were not close to the other six genera, but were the sister group to the Sarcoscyphaceae. - (E:1999-04-15). 2504. Saturnispora Z.W. Liu & Kurtzman Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) included this genus in the Saccharomycetaceae with a ”?”. - (E:1999-02-12). 2710. Schaereriaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner Lumbsch (1997: 55, Tab. 2) gave the differences between this family and the other families in Lecanorales suborder Agyriineae. See also Note 2236! - (E:1999-05-06). 2505. Schizosaccharomycetales O.E. Erikss., Svedskog & Landvik Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) cited the authors of this order as ”Prillinger, Dörfler, Laaser, Eckerlei & Lehle ex Kurtzman”. However, as has already been pointed out (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1995: 67) the order was validly described three months earlier by Eriksson et al. (1993). - (E:1999-02-12). 2519. Scoleconectria Seaver This genus was accepted in the latest Outline (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998), but the name should be treated as a synonym of Nectria (see Rossman 1983). - (E:1999-02-16). 2652. Scutomyces J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. Lücking et al. (1998: 156) found that the type species Scutomyces concentricus J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. is an aberrant Microtheliopsis uleana Müll. Arg. Scutomyces is then a synonym of Microtheliopsis. - (E:1999-03-23). 2653. Septoriomyces Cavalc. & A.A. Silva Lücking et al. (1998: 156) transferred the type species to Phyllobathelium as P. leguminosae (Cavalc. & A.A. Silva) Lücking & Sérus. They stated that this conidial fungus may be identical with Opercularia firma Stirt., the generic name of which would provide an earlier name for Phyllobathelium. A conservation of the latter name may be necessary if this turns out to be correct. - (E:1999-03-23). 2578. Siphula Fr. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from S. ceratites (Wahlenb.) Fr. It nested in Clade IV in their cladogram, with 97% bootstrap support with Dibaeis (Icmadophilaceae). See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2506. Smithiozyma Van der Walt, J.L.F. Koch & Y. Yamada Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 415) and Smith (op.cit.: 253) treated this name as a synonym of Lipomyces on the basis of rDNA sequence data. - (E:1999-02-12). 2507. Spermophthora S.F. Ashby & W. Nowell De Hoog et al. (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 201) treated this name as a synonym of Eremothecium. There is no extant material, but it was assumed that the type species may have been based on contaminated material of Eremothecium ashbyi (Guill. ex Routien) Batra. - (E:1999-02-12). 2690. Spirodecospora B.S Lu, K.D. Hyde & W.H. Ho Lu et al. (1998: 170) described the new genus and species Spirodecospora bambusicola B.S Lu, K.D. Hyde & W.H. Ho from dead culms of a Bambusa sp. from Hong Kong. The new genus seems to differ from Anthostomella mainly in the spirally arranged ornamentation on the ascospores and lack of germ slits. It seems also to lack a distinct clypeus, in contrast to most Anthostomella species. - (E:1999-04-27). 2654. Sporocybomyces H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 157) found that the type collection of the type species Sporocybomyces pulcher H. Maia contained a fungus that perfectly fitted Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Vain.) R. Sant. Sporocybomyces may, therefore, be treated as a synonym of Echinoplaca. - (E:1999-03-23). 2616. Sporormiella Ellis & Everh. See Note 2608 (Dothideales)! - (E:1999-03-16). 2579. Squamarina Poelt Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from S. lentigera (Weber) Poelt. It nested in "Lecanorales s.str.". See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2508. Stephanoascus M.T. Sm., Van der Walt & Johannsen Kurtzman (in Kurtzman & Fell 1998: 112) referred Stephanoascus to Dipodascaceae with a ”?”. Smith & de Hoog (op.cit.: 400) accepted three species. All three have hyphae with globose asci crowned with a sterile top cell. - (E:1999-02-12). 2655. Stephosia Bat. & H. Maia Lücking et al. (1998: 158) were convinced that this generic name is a synonym of Phyllophiale R. Sant. as had already been stated by Farkas (in Farkas & Sipman 1993: 144). - (E:1999-03-23). 2580. Stereocaulon Hoffm. Stenroos & DePriest (1998: 1554, Fig. 3) sequenced SSU rDNA from S. taeniarum (H. Magn.) Kivistö, S. ramulosum (Sw.) Rausch., and S. vesuvianum Pers. They nested in "Lecanorales s.str." with the Cladoniaceae, but with low bootstrap value. See Note 2551 (Lecanorales)! - (E:1999-03-09). 2726. Stereosphaeria Kirschst. Hyde et al. (1998a: 55) accepted this genus as separate from Clypeosphaeria. - (E:1999-05-19). 2443. Stirtonia A.L. Smith