Eriksson O.E. (ed.) 2000. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2940-3127. - Myconet 5: 1-35.
The present paper presents 188 Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels.

Introduction

The series ”Notes on ascomycete systematics” has been published in Systema Ascomycetum (Eriksson & Hawksworth1986-1998) and in Myconet (1999- 2000; also in an electronic version: http://www.umu.se/myconet/publ.html). An alphabetic list of all notes is available on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/myconet/all.html). Hard copies with new Notes will be published in Myconet twice a year (normally in January and August).

The following authors have contributed in Myconet Vol. 5:

• Eriksson O.E. (acronyms: E, OEE - most of the Notes),
• Hansen K. (acronym KH - Notes 3014, 3015),
• Landvik S. (acronym SL - Notes 2942, 2944, 2945, 2984, 2985),
• Winka K. (acronym KW - Notes 3031-3040, 3041-3062, 2967).

The author(s) of each entry is (are) indicated by acronym(s) within parentheses at the end of the entry. The date of electronic publication is also given there. A numeric list of the new Notes is provided at the end of this paper.

Notes

3022. Abrothallus De Not.
Hafellner (1995: 134) included this genus in Arthoniales. SSU rDNA data will show whether this is the correct place for the genus, as all members of the Arthoniales have some signature nucleotides in common. - (E: 2000-04-18).

2986. Acanthothecis Clem.
Staiger & Kalb (1999: 69) reported on the ”occurrence of spiny paraphysis-tips and/or periphysoids in lichenized ascomycetes”. The term periphysoids was used for ”short hyphae that develop laterally of the hymenium from the excipulum of an apothecium and resemble periphyses” (sensu Henssen & Jahns 1974; note the term has been also used for short hyphae from the epihymenial cupola in perithecioid ascomata; see Eriksson 1981: 15). Such had been known from three species of Acanthothecis and from one of Chroodiscus. The authors found the same type of hyphae in another 29 species, most of them members of the Graphidaceae. They occurred in 19 species of Acanthothecis, which were characterized by ”ascocarps with distinct margins or ±fissurine; ascospores oblong; new hymenia can develop below the old one”. The spiny hyphae were seen in two species of Fissurina, which differed in ”ascocarps fissurine; ascospores ovoid, with halo”. Seven species of Graphina / Graphis / Phaeographina (”carbonized group”) were characterized by ”[ascocarps] carbonized, closed excipulum; only periphysoids warty”. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3031. Acrospermaceae Fuckel
It has not been possible to classify the genus Acrospermum safely on the bases of morphological characters. It has appeared in eight different orders: Coryneliales, Dothideales, Clavicipitales, Hypocreales, Hysteriales, Ostropales, Sphaeriales (Sordariaceae), and Xylariales (see Eriksson 1967, Müller & von Arx 1973, Barr 1990). Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 7) included representatives of Acrospermum and all these orders in a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences and found that Acrospermum appeared as a sister group of Patellariales and Pleosporales in a clade corresponding to the class Dothideomycetes. The bootstrap support for this cluster was low, however, but the Acrospermaceae can tentatively be included among Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

2987. Alectoriaceae (Hue) Tomas.
Mattsson & Wedin (1999: 431) used SSU rDNA data in phylogenetic analyses of the Parmeliaceae and found that Alectoria nested within a clade of several members of that family. They suggested that the family name Alectoriaceae should be treated as a synonym of Parmeliaceae, as ”earlier investigations might have over-emphasized minor variations in ascus structure”. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3074. Amauroascaceae Van der Walt
Sugiyama et al. (1999: 251) found that Amauroascus J. Schröt. and related genera formed a monophyletic group in their NJ analyses of onygenalean SSU rDNA sequences, but the bootstrap support for treating them as a separate family from the Onygenaceae was low. According to these authors, Udagawa (1997) tentatively treated Amauroascaceae and Onygenaceae as separate families, but they stated that further molecular and morphological studies are required before that classification can be accepted. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3075. Aniptodera Shearer & M. Miller
Hyde, Ho & Tsui (1999: 165) discussed the classification of some halosphaerialean genera and stated that with the addition of new species the delineation between the genera had become confused. Aniptodera was conceived in the sense of the original authors, and the limits versus Halosarpheia, Nais and Phaeonectriella were discussed. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3076. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
Ho & Hyde (2000: 21) gave a review of results from several studies on this family, which was erected by Wong et al. in 1998 (see Note 2265 Annulatascaceae). - (E: 2000-07-25).

2971. Antennulariellaceae Woron.
Reynolds (1998: 2125) included this family in the Capnodiales. See Note 2973 (Capnodiaceae). - (E: 2000-03-03).

3108. Apiothyrium Petr.
Wang & Hyde (1999: 164) tentatively accepted Barr´s classification (1976, 1990) of this genus in the Hyponectriaceae (in 1976 as Physosporellaceae). The single species, Apiothyrium arcticum Petr., is a saprobe on Diapensia lapponica in the northern hemisphere and is very common in e.g. the Scandes (B. Eriksson 1974: 197). It has been treated in detail by Corlett (1979), who observed that the hamathecium consists of ”hyphae that may be apically attached”. Therefore, he assumed it was better accommodated in the Physosporellaceae (i.e. Hyponectriaceae) than in the Amphisphaeriaceae. He described the asci as thickened at the apex and with a non-amyloid refractive ring, projecting into the lumen. A restudy of material (UME) confirmed Corlett´s observation of the asci. However, molecular data are necessary to confirm the current classification of the genus. - (E: 2000-08-18).

2961. Appendispora K.D. Hyde
Hyde, Aptroot, Fröhlich & Taylor (1999: 450) considered this genus closely related to Roussoëlla Sacc. (currently classified in the Didymosphaeriaceae) and differs in thicker ascus wall and in ascospores being provided with apical appendages. - (E: 2000-02-17).

3077. Aquasphaeria K.D. Hyde
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3023. Aquaticola W.H. Ho, K.M. Tsui, Hodgkiss & K.D. Hyde
Ho, Tsui, Hodgkiss & Hyde (1999: 88) described this new genus in Annulatascaceae to accommodate two species found on submerged wood. They seem to be closest to the type genus Annulatascus (ascomata not clypeate, ascospores lacking polar appendages, without germ pores, hyaline). The asci of Aquaticola have a smaller apical ring than the asci of Annulatascus, and the shape of the asci is different. - (E: 2000-04-18).

3109. Arecomyces K.D. Hyde
Wang & Hyde (1999: 164) followed Hyde (1996) and accommodated the genus Arecomyces K.D. Hyde in the Hyponectriaceae. The asci were described as inamyloid. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3042. Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 4) proposed this new class for the single order Arthoniales. It was supported in recent studies by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

2946. Arthophacopsis Hafellner
Hafellner (1998: 159) described the new genus and species Arthophacopsis parmeliarum Hafellner (Arthoniales incertae sedis), which grows exclusively on species of Parmelia s.str. The single species in the genus is characterized by apothecioid ascomata, fissitunicate asci and non-septate ascospores. - (E: 2000-01-27).

2980. Ascagilis K.D. Hyde
Hyde & Wong (1999: 489) stated that this genus has been kept separate from Jahnula on the basis of differences in the ascospore wall (colour, ornamentation, gelatinous sheath), but they found intermediate species and, therefore, treated Ascagilis as a synonym of Jahnula. - (E: 2000-03-08).

2940. Ascochalara Réblová
Réblová (1999a: 212) established the new monotypic genus Ascochalara Réblová in the Chaetosphaeriaceae (type species A. gabretae Réblová). The lignicolous, superficial perithecia contain numerous paraphyses and asci with an I- apical ring. The asci produce eight long-fusiform to cylindrical spores with several transsepta. The cells separate into part-spores at maturity. The species has a Chalara-like anamorph. - (E: 2000-01-25).

2999. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
Ranghoo et al. (1999: 159) performed phylogenetic analyses of parts of the 5´ end of LSU rDNA from Ascolacicola aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde and representatives of various families and orders of unitunicate pyrenomycetes. The authors concluded that the genus was more closely related to the Sordariaceae than to any of the other families. However, the bootstrap support for the branch Sordaria/ Ascolacicola was only 53%, whereas 95-100% support is usually required for safer conclusions on relationships. The genus can provisionally be listed among Sordariales inc. sed. - (E: 2000-03-21).

3078. Ascominuta Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde (2000: 1) described the new genus and species Ascominuta lignicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, collected on submerged wood in Hong Kong. The small, ±superficial, globose, thin-walled ascomata contained 4-spored asci and a hamathecium of sparse physes of short chains of globose cells and periphyses in the ostiole. The fungus was described to have 1-septate ascospores with an elaborate mucilaginous sheath. From their illustrations it appears that this perispore covers the whole spore and is thickest at the septum. Obviously the investing membrane lining the perispore then bursts and the ”naked” parts of the perispore swell and become diffuse.This type of reaction is, in fact, seen in several genera and is not a useful character for distinguishing either genera or species. The relationships of Ascominuta are uncertain. The partial LSU rDNA sequence from this species (see Note 3000, outgroup in an analysis of Ascotaiwania and various other genera) should be compared with the corresponding DNA from other members of the Dothideomycetes. - (E: 2000-07-25).

2967. Ascomycota
Liu et al. (1999: 1799) studied the nuclear gene RPB2, encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, from 27 ascomycetes and one basidiomycete. Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses resulted in trees that agreed with the current classification of the Ascomycota in three major lineages: Taphrinomycotina, Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina (as ”Archiascomycetes”, ”Saccharomycetales”, ”Euascomycetes”, respectively). Taphrinomycotina was represented by Neolecta vitellina and Scizosaccharomyces pombe and had a 100% bootstrap support in the NJ analysis, but only 67% in the parsimony analysis. There was also a strong support for the currently recognized classes Chaetothyriomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes (100% support in NJ analysis, but only 38% in the parsimony analysis), and Sordariomycetes. No members of the Arthoniomycetes or the Lecanoromycetes were included in the study. The study shows that the RPB2 gene is an excellent alternative to SSU and LSU rDNA sequences in phylogenetic analyses of higher taxonomic levels of the Ascomycota. - (OEE & KW: 2000-02-28).

Sugiyama (1998: 49) gave an overview of some mainly molecular studies published in recent years and which have been important for our present concepts of fungal phylogeny. Several of these studies were performed in Dr Sugiyama´s laboratory. In a phylogram based on a neighbor joining analysis of 124 ascomycetes and 8 basidiomycetes, several of the usual large monophyletic groups of ascomycetes are present: the ”archiascomycetes” (76% bootstrap support), the ”hemiascomycetes” (99%), the ”plectomycetes” (99%), the unitunicate pyrenomycetes (99%), but some ”other euascomycete groups” (discomycetes and loculoascomycetes) were not monophyletic. This is in line with previous studies. Several classes can be safely recognized, some other ones can only be used temporarily until more information is available. The branching order is also uncertain. It should be noted that in the NJ phylogram the operculate discomycetes did not come out at the base of the euascomycete branch. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3025. Ascomycota
Tehler et al. (2000: 459) have published an important phylogenetic study of the Ascomycota that will serve as a model for future analyses of very large DNA data sets. A large number of sequences from other eukaryotes were also included in the analyses. The authors used two RNA data sets, one from the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) and the other from the rRNA WWW server (RNA-S), ”to estimate group support and to compare tree topologies resulting from independently aligned, large data sets of largely the same sequences”. They used parsimony jackknifing in combination with branch swapping and random addition sequences. The advantages of jackknifing compared to bootstrapping were described. The topologies of the trees were in large the same for the two data sets, and most of the concepts of the higher taxa recognized by Eriksson & Winka (1997, 1998) were supported., viz. subphyla Taphrinomycotina (paraphyletic = P), Saccharomycotina (monophyletic = M), Pezizomycotina (as Euascomycotina, M), classes Arthoniomycetes (M), Chaetothyriomycetes (M), Dothideomycetes (P), Eurotiomycetes (M), Lecanoromycetes (P), Leotiomycetes (P), Sordariomycetes (M), subclasses Hypocreomycetidae (M), Sordariomycetidae (P), and Xylariomycetideae (M). The family Orbiliaceae did not belong to Helotiales but was one of the groups in a trichotomy consisting also of the class Pezizomycetes and one group of the other classes in the subphylum. The authors also found that analyses based on only transversions were inferior to those based also on transitions. - (E: 2000-05-31).

3041. Ascomycota
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 1) proposed a new supraordinal classification for Ascomycota. As mentioned in Note 3025, that classification was in large supported in a very extensive phylogenetic study of rDNA sequences from ascomycetes performed by Tehler et al. (2000: 459). Very similar results were obtained by Winka & Eriksson (2000a). The classification was recently discussed by Winka (2000). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

2947. Ascosubramania Rajendran
Rajendran (1997: 336) described the new genus and species Ascosubramania melanographoides Rajendran (Ascomycota incertae sedis), with the synanamorphs Fonsecaea sp. and Sagrahamala sp., a pathogen causing chromoblastomycosis in humans. The new genus has been discussed in several papers: Guarro (1998), Guarro et al. (1999), Rajendran (1999), and Sigler et al. (1999). - (E: 2000-01-27).

3000. Ascotaiwania Sivan & H.S. Chang.
The relationships of Ascotaiwania have been uncertain, but the genus has provisionally been placed in the Amphisphaeriaceae s. lat. (see Note 1424). Ranghoo et al. (1999: 159) compared a section at the 5´ end of LSU rDNA from various unitunicate pyrenomycetes (Sordariomycetes). Their study did not include the type species of Ascotaiwania (A. lignicola Sivan & H.S. Chang), but two other species, A. mitriformis Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde and A. sawada H.S. Chang & Y.S. Hsieh, which formed a 100% bootstrap-supported clade with a putative Monotosporella state of A. sawada. This clade was the sister group to a cluster of representatives of Hypocreales, Microascales, Diaporthales and Sordariales (cluster with 95% bootstrap support). The two sistergroups formed a clade with 100% support with Xylaria (Xylariales) and ”Ascominuta” as outgroups. Ascotaiwania obviously belongs in the class Sordariomycetes, but probably neither to subclass Sordariomycetidae nor Hypocreomycetidae. It may, after all, be closest to the Amphisphaeriaceae in Xylariomycetidae, but no member of that family was included in the analysis. - (E: 2000-03-21).

Sivichai et al. (1998: 307) reported that single spore cultures of Ascotaiwania sawada H.S. Chang & S.Y. Hsieh all yielded an anamorph that they accommodated in Monotosporella. That genus has been treated as a synonym of Brachysporiella Bat., a concept that the authors did not accept. - (E: 2000-07-25).

2988. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.
Platt & Spatafora (1999: 409) gave further molecular support for recognizing Baeomycetaceae and Icmadophilaceae as separate families. See Note 2993 (Loxosporopsis). - (E: 2000-03-17).

3110. Barrmaelia Rappaz
Winka & Eriksson (2000b: 97) sequenced SSU rDNA from Barrmaelia oxyacanthae and received strong bootstrap support (94%) in a parsimony analysis that it was closely related to members of the Xylariaceae, although the asci in contrast to those of most other members are inamyloid. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3001. Belonium Sacc.
Nauta & Spooner (2000: 21) used the name Belonium Sacc. (1884) sensu Graddon (not = Pyrenopeziza Fuckel 1870) for a group of species in the Dermateaceae subfam. Dermatoideae. - (E: 2000-03-21).

3063. Bionectria Speg.
Schroers (2000: 63) presented a detailed study of Bionectria Speg., the type genus of the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales). Six infrageneric subgroups were recognized, based on holomorph characters and thorough analyses of ITS data. - (E: 2000-06-26).

2981. Biporispora J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Candoussau
Rogers et al. (1999: 421) described the new genus and species Biporispora europaea J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Candoussau, a stromatic pyrenomycete on wood of deciduous trees. It has inamyloid asci and unicellular ascospores with a germ pore at each end. The authors compared the new genus with Camarops (Boliniaceae) and the Clypeosphaeriaceae, but stated that the position is uncertain. We suggest it be included in Sordariomycetes inc. sed. - (E: 2000-03-08).

3071. Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
Denman et al. (2000: 129) gave a valuable overview of the taxonomic history of Botryosphaeria and its anamorphs and also presented ITS studies that indicate that anamorphs with hyaline conidia (Fusicoccum) are closely related to taxa with melanized conidia (Diplodia Fr., syn. Sphaeropsis Sacc., etc.). As hyaline conidia may turn brown they suggested that perhaps one generic name should be used for all Botryosphaeria anamorphs in the future. It is of interest that also hyaline aseptate ascospores may turn brown and become one- or two-septate. They also discussed other closely related teleomorph genera, and stated that much confusion has occurred regarding the allocation of species to the genus, but they placed ”special emphasis on characters of the anamorph” (p. 130), which they regarded as important in defining the genus. However, also the teleomorphs are easy to distinguish from other similar genera (Guignardia, Physalospora, etc.) in their characteristic ascomatal walls of large violet brown cells that turn blackish blue in KOH (Eriksson & Yue 1998: 58, 66). It should also be added that the asci have a laminated endotunica (Eriksson 1981). The asci, ascospores and ascomatal walls are different in Otthia, and that generic name is certainly not a possible synonym of Botryosphaeria, as suggested by Denman et al. (p. 133), on the bases of especially anamorph data. - (E: 2000-07-04).

2972. Brunneospora Guarro & Punsola
Sigler et al. (1998: 1624) treated Brunneospora Guarro & Punsola as a synonym of Uncinocarpus. See Note 2979 (Uncinocarpus). - (E: 2000-03-03).

3079. Bulbomicrosphaera A.Q. Wang
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated this generic name as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See Note 3085 (Erysiphe). - (E: 2000-07-25).

3002. Bulbomollisia Graddon
Nauta & Spooner (1999a: 6) cited this generic name as a synonym of Mollisia (Dermateaceae). - (E: 2000-03-21).

3080. Bulbouncinula R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated this generic name as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See 3085 (Erysiphe). - (E: 2000-07-25).

3003. Cainiaceae Krug
Kang et al. (1999a: 1621) accepted the family Cainiaceae Krug and included six genera: Arecophila K.D. Hyde, Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm, Cainia Arx & E. Müll., Ceriophora Höhn., Ommatomyces Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm & O.E. Erikss., and Reticulosphaeria Sivan. & Bahekar. These genera are provisionally included in the Amphisphaeriaceae s. lat., but Kang et al. (1998: 53) restricted that family to accommodate genera associated with Pestalotia-like anamorphs. No such anamorphs are known in the Cainiaceae. The authors also referred to molecular data, but there are as yet not enough data for reliable conclusions. Cainiaceae will probably have to be accepted in the future and it should then also include Chitonospora E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc. (see Note 2880). - (E: 2000-03-21).

3032. Caliciopsis Peck
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 6) determined the SSU rDNA sequence for Caliciopsis pinea Peck. In phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from 68 and 71 ascomycetes, respectively, the genus clustered with 100% bootstrap support with Corynelia uberata Ach.: Fr. Caliciopsis has been accommodated in the Coryneliaceae (Coryneliales) on the basis morphological characters, and there is now also strong molecular evidence for that classification being correct. - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

3064. Calonectria De Not.
Schoch et al. (2000: 45) studied the phylogeny of Calonectria and some other genera of the Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) with cylindrical macroconidia. Parsimony analyses were performed on a matrix of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 sequences from 26 taxa. The six Cylindrocladium strains, representing anamorphs of three Calonectria species, formed a monophyletic cluster. See also Notes 3065 (Glionectria), 3067 (Leuconectria), 3068 (Nectricladiella), 3069 (Neonectria), and 3070 (Xenocalonectria). - (E: 2000-06-26).

3024. Camanchaca Follm. & Peine
Follmann & Peine (1999: 261) described the new genus Camanchaca (Roccellaceae) with two fruticose lichen species from the Atacama desert in Chile. - (E: 2000-04-18).

2948. Camaropella Lar.N. Vassilj.
Vassiljeva (1997: 6) transferred Sphaeria pugillus (Schw.: Fr. (syn. Camarops pugillus (Schw.: Fr.) Shear) to the new genus Camaropella Lar.N. Vassilj. - (E: 2000-01-27).

2953. Cannonia J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde
Taylor & Hyde (1999: 1398) introduced the new genus Cannonia for the single species C. australis (Speg.) J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde. The ascomata were perithecioid, immersed in tissues of palm trees, and seated under a clypeus. The ascospores were unicellular, brown and provided with a germ slit. Although the asci were non-amyloid, the genus was referred to the Xylariaceae rather than to the Coniochaetaceae, because of the stromatic tissue surrounding the acomata. - (E: 2000-02-04).

2973. Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss. & Sydow
Reynolds (1998: 2125) studied SSU rDNA sequences from sooty moulds in the Antennulariellaceae (Antennariella californica), Capnodiaceae (Capnodium dematum, Scorias spongiosa), Metacapnodiaceae (Capnobotryella renispora, Chaetasbolisia falcata), and 14 other ascomycetes. These families have a dark, superficial mycelium on leaves, twigs, etc., and perithecioid ascomata with bitunicate asci and a hamathecium of periphysoids or without a hamathecium. The five taxa clustered as a monophyletic group in Reynolds´s phylogram, but with no significant bootstrap support. Reynolds used the ordinal name Capnodiales for this group. - (E: 2000-03-03).

3033. Capnodiales Woron.
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 9) performed phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from 68 and 71 ascomycetes, respectively, of which about one third were members of the classes Dothideomycetes and Chaetothyriomycetes, i.e. bitunicate ascomycetes. Five taxa of sooty moulds were included in the study, among them Coccodinium bartschii A. Massal., basal type of the family Coccodiniaceae. These taxa appeared as a monophyletic clade in the cladogram. The bootstrap support was low, however, but the fact that they all cluster together and have a similar morphology indicates that this may be a monophyletic group and that tentatively the order Capnodiales may be accepted. It was used in this broad sense by Reynolds (1998), although Coccodinium was not included in his analyses. Barr (1987) included only three families in the order (Antennulariellaceae, Capnodiaceae, and Euantennariaceae), whereas sooty mould taxa characterized by periphysoids (Coccodiniaceae, Metacapnodiaceae) were referred to Chaetothyriales. See Note 2973 (Capnodiales)! - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

3016. Caproventuria U. Braun
Braun (1998: 396) described the new genus Caproventuria U. Braun. in the Venturiaceae. Two species were accepted, C. hanliniana (U. Braun & Feiler) U. Braun and C. hystrioides (Dugan, R.G. Roberts & Hanlin) U. Braun. - (E: 2000-04-07).

3081. Capsulospora K.D. Hyde
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae). - (E: 2000-07-25).

3014. Carnia Bat.
Batista (in Batista & Peres 1960) described the monotypic genus Carnia, based on C. tabebuiae Batista & Peres, as a member of the family Pezizaceae (Pezizales). However, with the current circumscription of the Pezizaceae (e.g. Rifai 1968, Kimbrough 1970, Trappe 1979) this placement cannot be accepted.

The apothecia are extremely small, 200-220 µm in diam., first globose, then urceolate, soft or gelatinous, produced superficially on a subiculum on leaves of Tabebuia. The asci do not possess an operculum, or any other type of apical apparatus, and are evanescent, ellipsoid to clavate, only 11-17 x 10-14 µm, and an iodine reaction is not mentioned. The spores are non-septate, but small and olivaceous, 4-8.5 x 3.5-6 µm, and paraphyses are absent.

None of these characters suggest a relationship to the Pezizaceae, nor to any other members of the Pezizales and, therefore, I propose that Carnia is removed from the order and placed among Ascomycota incertae sedis. - (Karen Hansen: 2000-04-04).

3111. Ceriospora Niessl
Barr (1990: 145, but not in the key) and Wang & Hyde (1999: 165) included Ceriospora in the family Hyponectriaceae. The asci have a large I+, apical ring and the ascospores are 1-septate and provided with large apical pointed gelatinous appendages. It has been kept in the Amphisphaeriaceae in the Outlines (e.g. Eriksson 1999) with a ??? until there is molecular evidence from relevant genes on its relationships. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3043. Chaetothyriomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 5) proposed this new class for the single order Chaetothyriales. It was supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). - (OEE&KW: 2000-06-14).

2942. Chalazion Dissing & Sivertsen
Landvik et al. (1998) found that SSU rDNA data indicated that this genus is more closely related to the Pyronemataceae sensu Korf (1973) than to the Thelebolaceae, to which family it has been provisionally assigned with a ”?” in some recent classifications (Hawksworth et al. 1983; Eriksson 1984, 1999). Van Brummelen & Kristiansen (1999: 268) accepted the classification proposed by Landvik et al. Available molecular data do not give a strong support for a reliable classification of the genera now included in Otideaceae and Pyronemataceae, and the best solution is to recognize a broad Pyronemataceae until more information is available. See also Note 2376 (Pezizales)! - (SL & OEE: 2000-01-26).

3112. Charonectria Sacc.
Rossman et al. (1999: 180) transferred this genus from Hypocreales to the Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales. Wang & Hyde (1999: 165) accepted this. Three species with thin-walled, immersed ascomata, I-, thin-walled asci, apically free paraphyses, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores were included. - (E: 2000-08-18).

2968. Chromendothia Lar. N. Vassiljeva
Vassiljeva (1993: 5) described the new genus Chromendothia Lar. N. Vasilyeva, that she referred to the Hypocreaceae. Rossman et al. (1999: 183) concluded that the description and illustrations of the type species C. appendiculata Lar. N. Vassiljeva indicate that the genus is a synonym of Camarops or Apiocamarops in the Boliniaceae. - (E: 2000-02-28).

3082. Clypeophysalospora H.J. Swart
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae). - (E: 2000-07-25).

3083. Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter.
Kang et al. (1999b: 151) presented a new classification of the Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter, but stated that it was uncertain whether the family was monophyletic. They accepted 16 genera, five more than in the latest classification in Myconet (Eriksson 1999: 67). Additional genera were Clypeophysalospora H.J. Swart, Oxydothis Penzig & Sacc., Urosporella G.F. Atk., Capsulospora K.D. Hyde, Frondispora K.D. Hyde., Leiosphaerella Höhn., and Stereosphaeria Kirschst., whereas Aquasphaeria K.D. Hyde and Palmomyces K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhlich & J.E. Taylor were not discussed. The relationships between the genera in the Clypeosphaeriaceae, Amphisphaeriaceae and Cainiaceae are uncertain, and, as pointed out earlier (Notes 2688, 2878, 3003), phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA and other genes informative at the generic and familial levels are needed for a more reliable classification of the group. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3034. Coccodinium A. Massal.
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 9) found that the genus Coccodinium (Coccodiniaceae) clustered with other sooty moulds in two phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from 68 and 71 ascomycetes, respectively. - See Note 3033 (Capnodiales)! - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

3035. Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 6) found that this order was the sister group of Rhynchostomataceae + Chaetothyriomycetes in phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences from 68 ascomycete taxa, but the bootstrap support for that branch was low. In a 50% majority rule consensus tree, including 71 taxa, the order clustered with Eurotiomycetes with 90% bootstrap support. - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

3004. Crustomollisia Svrcek
Nauta & Spooner (1999b: 67) accepted this genus in Dermateaceae subfam. Naevioideae. - (E: 2000-03-21).

3017. Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.
Hughes & Pirozynski (in Mibey & Hawksworth 1997: 14) described the new genus Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz. in the Meliolaceae (Meliolales) to accommodate two species, C. moiana Mibey and C. orbicularis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes & Piroz. - (E: 2000-04-07).

3084. Cystotheca Berk. & Curtis
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 25) included this genus in Erysiphaceae tribe Cystotheceae. - See Note 3086 (Erysiphaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3005. Dictyocyclus Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & C.Y. Chen
Sivanesan et al. (1998: 324) introduced this new generic name in the Parmulariaceae. The single species, D. hydrangeae Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & C.Y. Chen, was found on leaves of Hydrangea integrifolia in Taiwan. Dictyocyclus could be distinguished from Aldonata Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha, the only other genus in the family with dictyoseptate ascospores, ”by the superficial, discoid, multilocular ascostromata with a sterile central column and opening by irregular fissures, and by the obovoid ascospores”. - (E: 2000-03-21).

2969. Dictyodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Rehm (1899: 4) described Curreya berberidis Rehm from branches of Berberis buxifolia collected by Dusén at Rio Azopardo in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. The species was transferred to the new genus Dictyodothis by Theissen & Sydow (1915: 346) and placed in the Dothideaceae. Müller & Ahmad (1962: 156) identified a fungus on Rhus cotinus from Pakistan as D. berberidis, and came to the conclusion that the species was rather a member of Pleospora or Cucurbitaria. Barr (1981: 603) examined original material (FH) and found that paraphysoid-like structures (observed by Müller & Ahmed in their material) seemed to be nothing else than ”walls and thin strands of cytoplasmic remnants of discharged asci”. Asci and ascospores strongly resembled those of Dothidea sambuci Fr., so she concluded that Dictyodothis should be retained in the Dothideaceae. There is material in Herb. Sydow (S!) that most probably is a part of the original collection (”Curreya berberidis Rehm, Berberis buxifolia, Patagonia, leg. Dusén, scri. Rehm”). A short, spiny part of a branch carried several small stromata, each with several locules containg asci with brown dictyospores. The asci are separated by hyaline structures that swell somewhat in KOH and turned out to be empty rostrate asci. This is obviously a member of the Dothideaceae, but more detailed studies of fresh material are needed to demonstrate whether the genus should be retained or placed in synonymy. - (E: 2000-03-01).

3006. Diplocarpa Massee
Nauta & Spooner (2000: 24) placed this genus in Dermateaceae subfam. Dermatoideae. The outer excipulum is a textura prismatica with ”multiseptate, thin-walled pale brown hairs up to 150 µm long”, and the genus has earlier been placed in the Hyaloscyphaceae. - (E: 2000-03-21).

3007. Diplocarpon Wolf
Nauta & Spooner (1999a: 6) accepted this genus in Dermateaceae subfam. Dermateoideae. - (E: 2000-03-21).

2955. Discosphaerina Höhn.
Holm et al. (1999: 59) discovered that the type species of Discosphaerina Höhn., D. discophora Höhn., had unitunicate asci with a small apical amyloid ring. They considered the genus closely related to Arwidssonia B. Erikss. and Hyponectria Sacc. in the Hyponectriaceae. The authors accepted five species in Discosphaerina. The genus has been regarded as closely related to Guignardia Viala & Ravaz, and even as congeneric (e.g. by von Arx & Müller 1954). It has also been placed close to Botryosphaeria. Holm et al. (l.c.) suggested that the latter genus be accommodated in the Botryosphaeriaceae, Guignardia in the Dothideaceae (incl. Mycosphaerellaceae). - (E: 2000-02-08).

2989. Distorimula San Martín, Lavín & Esqueda
San Martín et al. (1999: 263) described the new genus and species Distorimula mexicana San Martín, Lavín & Esqueda, a unitunicate pyrenomycete with partly immersed subglobose to hemispherical perithecia with paraphyses and thin-walled asci without amyloid ring. The light-brown to brown ascospores had one median septum. Both hemispores had a short subapical germ slit, turned to opposite sides. The fungus occurred on decorticated wood. It can provisionally be placed in the Amphisphaeriaceae s. lat. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3044. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 5) proposed this new class for the single order Dothideales. Eriksson (1999: 15) accepted three orders (Dothideales, Patellariales, and Pleosporales), but this is a very preliminary classification. The class did not receive any support in recent studies by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a), but it is used for practicle reasons for ”bitunicate” ascomycetes that do not cluster with the Chaetothyriomycetes, until more molecular data are available. Most of the families have not yet been included in any molecular studies. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3036. Elsinoaceae Höhn. ex Sacc. & Trotter
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 7) received high bootstrap support for a close relationship between the Elsinoaceae and Myriangiaceae in a phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rDNA sequences. The two families have been referred to a separate order, Myriangiales (e.g. Barr 1987), but there has not been any molecular studies before to support this classification. - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

2982. Encephalographa A. Massal.
Tretiach & Modenesi (1999: 527) examined a large number of collections of the type species Encephalographa elisiae A. Massal. in order to clarify whether it was lichenized or a lichenicolous fungus. They found that it lived in association with a Trenthepohlia-like photobiont. They proposed that Encephalographa may be most closely related to Melaspilea Nyl. - (E: 2000-03-08).

2962. Entoleuca Syd.
Granmo et al. (1999a) found that Entoleuca clustered among Hypoxylon spp. in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences. This is not in line with the morphology of these genera and, as the authors stated, it will require more studies before the generic status of the type species Entoleuca mammata (Wahlenb.) J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju. is changed. Granmo et al. (1999: 31) gave a detailed description of that species. - (E: 2000-02-17).

3085. Erysiphe DC.
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 1) emended Erysiphe DC. to include Bulbomicrosphaera A.Q. Wang, Bulbouncinula R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen, Medusosphaera Golovin & Gamalizk., Microsphaera Lév., Setoerysiphe Y. Nomura, Uncinula Lév., and Uncinuliella R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen. This was based on analyses of ITS sequences, but also on the morphology of anamorphs. These always belong to Oidium subgen. Pseudoideum Jacz. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3086. Erysiphaceae Tul. & C. Tul.
Braun (1999) and Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 32) proposed several new infrafamilial taxa in Erysiphaceae on the bases of anamorph morphology and recently published molecular analyses of ITS sequences. - (E: 2000-07-25).

2974. Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan
Two independent studies on the phylogeny of Erysiphales inferred from ITS sequences have been published recently. Takamatsu et al. (1998: 441) used data from ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2 and a short section of the 5´ end of LSU rDNA. They made an effort to predict the secondary structure of the highly variable ITS2 sequences. Four domains with hairpin structures were identified in ITS2. Domain 4 was very variable and difficult to align. The authors included 19 species in ten genera in their study. In a neighbor-joining tree the taxa formed four groups, distinguished by their morphology and/or host ranges.

• Group 1. Erysiphe, Microsphaera and Uncinula. Erysiphe section Erysiphe could not be distinguished from Microsphaera.
• Group 2. Phyllactinia and Leveillula; supported by 98% in a bootstrap analysis. These genera have an at least partly endophytic mycelium. They were placed in a separate subfamily (Phyllactinioideae) by Braun (1987).
• Group 3. Cystotheca, Podosphaera, Sawadaea, and Sphaerotheca. These genera have ascomata with a single ascus, except for Sawadaea, but that genus has an anamorph with fibrosin bodies as the other genera in the group, and, therefore, is not closely related to Uncinula, in spite of the ascomata have similar uncinate-circinate appendages.
• Group 4. Blumeria. The single species is a parasite on grasses, whereas all other members of the order occur on dicots.

Saenz & Taylor (1999: 150) studied the ITS region in 45 powdery mildews and two outgroup species. They found six evolutionary lineages within Erysiphales, actually with almost the same set of genera as studied by Takamatsu et al., but their Group 1 was divided into three clades with different types of Oidium state. One clade contained Erysiphe, Microsphaera, and Uncinula species, the two other clades only Erysiphe species.

The two studies indicated that characters of the anamorphic states are very important for the classification of the Erysiphales. No changes in the classification of the genera seem to be necessary now. Studies of other parts of the genomes should be performed before any genus is remodelled. - (E: 2000-03-03).

3045. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 6) proposed this new class for the single order Eurotiales (incl. Onygenales). Onygenales was accepted as a separate order by Eriksson & Winka (1998) and Eriksson (1999). The class was supported in recent studies by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). The latter authors found that also Coryneliales may be closely related, but it is too early to include that order in the class. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3113. Exarmidium P. Karst.
Barr (1990) included this genus in the Hyponectriaceae, but Wang & Hyde (1999: 167) did not accept that classification. The amyloid reaction in the hymenium was stated to be atypical of the family. They did not propose any alternative family. - (E: 2000-08-18).

2990. Fissurina Feé
Staiger & Kalb (1999: 69) resurrected the genus Fissurina Feé, which they lectotypified by F. dumastii Feé. See Note 2986 (Acanthothecis)! - (E: 2000-03-17).

2965. Fluminicola S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
Wong et al. (1999: 190) described Fluminicola bipolaris S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones gen. et sp. nov., an aquatic pyrenomycete from submerged wood in the Philippines. It differed from other genera in the Annulatascaceae in having ascospores with bipolar bifurcate or cup-like appendages. The unrelated Lanspora coronata K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones has also bipolar crown-like appendages, but was shown to differ at the ultrastructural level. - (E: 2000-02-22).

3008. Frigidispora K.D. Hyde & Goh
Hyde & Goh (1999: 1564) described Frigidispora colnensis K.D. Hyde & Goh, a new genus and species that is best accommodated among Ascomycota inc. sed. The perithecioid, immersed to semi-immersed, papillate ascomata contained no hamathecium. The unitunicate, early deliquescing asci produced Caryospora-like echinulate ascospores. - (E: 2000-03-21).

3087. Frondispora K.D. Hyde.
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

Wang & Hyde (1999: 165) included this genus in the Hyponectriaceae, rather than the Clypeosphaeriaceae (see Note 3083), as it had many characters in common with Hyponectria buxi. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3018. Gelatinipulvinella Hosoya & Y. Otani
Korf (1999: 493) indicated that Gelatinipulvinella Hosoya & Y. Otani may belong in Leotiaceae s. str., thus remain there rather than be transferred to the Helotiaceae with most of the other genera in the family. - (E: 2000-04-07).

3065. Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch
This new genus was described by Crous & Schoch (in Schoch et al. 2000: 58) to accommodate the single holomorph species G. tenuis Crous & C.L. Schoch (anam. Gliocadiopsis tenuis Crous & C.L. Schoch) and two Gliocladiopsis species for which no teleomorphs are known. These three taxa clustered with low bootstrap value in a cladistic analysis of DNA sequences (see Note 3064, Calonectria). - (E: 2000-06-26).

3114. Glomerella Spauld. & H. Schrenk
Wang & Hyde (1999: 170) assumed that this genus might belong in Hyponectriaceae. Winka & Eriksson (2000b: 97), however, found that the type species Glomerella cingulata clustered with very high bootstrap values (100 and 99%) with members of the subclass Hypocreomycetidae in two phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences (998 and 1728 bp datasets). This is in accordance with results obtained by Spatafora & Blackwell (1994). The genus was not very close to any of the members of the Hypocreales, Microascales or Halosphaeriales in the analyses, and it can provisionally be listed under Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3088. Golovinomyces Gelyuta
Braun (1999) accepted this genus in Erysiphaceae tribe Erysipheae subtribe Golovinomycetineae U.Braun, which Braun & Takamatsu (2000) raised to tribal rank, on the basis of molecular analyses. - (E: 2000-07-25).

2970. Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf.
Phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences by Wingfield et al. (1999: 1616) supported earlier studies that indicated a close relationship between Gondwanamyces and Ceratocystis in Microascales. - (E: 2000-03-01).

3089. Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.
Kong et al. (2000: 35), in an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences, found that this genus was polyphyletic. See also Note 3075 (Aniptodera)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

2984. Helicogonium W.L. White
The hitherto single species in this genus, H. jacksonii W.L. White, and the single species in Myriogonium Cain, M. odontiae Cain, lack ascomata and have only been found in the hymenium of resupinate basidiomycetes on wood. Cain (1948, 1972) believed that these genera, and possibly also the Taphrinales, had evolved from inoperculate discomycetes. However, in recent classifications both genera have been accommodated in Saccharomycetes (”Hemiascomycetes”), e.g. in the standard work ”The Yeasts, a taxonomic study” (Kurtzman & Fell 1998; see ”Endomyces-like genera of mycoparasitic fungi” by Malloch & de Hoog, pp. 197-198). Baral (1999: 1) recently published a monograph of Helicogonium (syn. Myriogonium) and accepted 18 species. Two of them occurred on basidiomycetes (see above), 16 in apothecia of inoperculate discomycetes. No less than 15 on the latter substrate were new to science.

All members of Helicogonium lack ascomata; they are parasites in the hymenium of other fungi. They produce asci from ascogenous hyphae, but they lack a hamathecium. Baral (l.c.) assumed that the closest relatives of Helicogonium was Gelatinopsis Rambold & Triebel (1990; syn. Micropyxis Seeler, non Duby), with two species, G. geoglossi (Ellis & Everh.) Rambold & Triebel on Geoglossum (Geoglossaceae) and G. ericetorum (Körb.) Rambold & Triebel on Dibaeis (Icmadophilaceae). However, in contrast to Helicogonium, the asci of Gelatinopsis are separated by paraphyses.
Absence / presence of a hamathecium is almost always a very important criterion, and Helicogonium may, after all, not be most closely related to Gelatinopsis or even to the order Helotiales (Leotiales). There are other alternatives that should be tested with molecular methods. One genus to consider is Neolecta (Neolectales, Taphrinomycotina). The three species known in that genus have club-shaped ascomata, similar to those in the Geoglossaceae in Helotiales, but deviating from these in several respects. Helicogonium is more similar to Neolecta than to the Helotiales in some respects. (1). Absence of hamathecium. In Neolecta the asci are not separated by any sterile hamathecial physes; in Helicogonium the asci are laterally supported by the hymenial elements of the host, and it may have lost its own hamathecium during the evolution. (2). Croziers are missing in Neolecta and in several species of Helicogonium, and the ascogenous hyphae are very similar in some cases, ending with a bundle of asci separated from the hyphae by a simple septum (cf Baral 1999; Figs 15b, 20a). (3). The ascospores germinate already in the ascus to produce yeast-like conidia. (4). The hyphae are amyloid in Helicogonium, weakly so in Neolecta in some areas after pretreatment in hot KOH solution (Redhead 1977: 303).

On the other hand, there are differences between Neolecta and Helicogonium. (1). As mentioned above, Neolecta produces true ascomata, Helicogonium does not. (2). The asci are thin-walled and open by a split in Neolecta, but by a pore in Helicogonium (but see Baral 1999: Fig 5b). (3). The ascus wall is amyloid in Neolecta, inamyloid in Helicogonium. (4). Some Helicogonium species appear to produce phialidic anamorphs similar to those in some inoperculate discomycetes. No hyphal anamorph of that kind is known in Neolecta, but the ascospores produce ”a single apical collarette from which phialoconida are formed” (Redhead 1977: 303). (5). Neolecta is connected to roots of conifers, Helicogonium spp. are mycoparasites. However, we do not know for sure if Neolecta feeds only on the conifers or to some extent also on the mycorrhiza. All these differences may be unimportant, and Helicogonium may just as well be related to the Neolectales as to the Helotiales. However, it may constitute a separate group, unrelated to any currently recognized order. We need molecular data to solve this problem. There are no sequences from Helicogonium / Myriogonium in GenBank. The best solution, until sequences are available, is to provisionally include Helicogonium among Ascomycota inc. sed. - (OEE & SL: 2000-03-10).

2941. Helminthosphaeria Fuckel
Réblová (1999b: 223) described three new lignicolous species of Helminthosphaeria. They differed from fungicolous species in longer ascus stipe. Moreover, the Diplococcium conidia of the fungicolous species have a germ pore, but in two of the lignicolous species (H. mammillata and H. pilifera) no distinct pore was seen. The other genera in the family and their anamorphs were discussed. - (E: 2000-01-25).

3020. Hyalocrotes (Korf & Kohn) Raitv.
Raitviir (in Azbukina 1991: 337) raised Urceolella subg. Hyalocrotes Korf & Kohn (1980: 510) to generic rank. The type species is Hyalocrotes hamulata (Rehm) Raitv. (bas. Mollisia hamulata Rehm). - (E: 2000-02-24).

3066. Hypocreales Lindau
Several papers on the classification of Hypocreales were published in Studies in Mycology 45 (2000), e.g. ”Towards monophyletic genera in the holomorphic Hypocreales” (Rossman), ”An evaluation of the use of ITS sequences in the taxonomy of the Hypocreales” (Lieckfeldt & Seifert), ”Generic delimitation of the fungicolous Hypocreaceae” (Põldmaa), and ”An overview of problems in the classification of plant-parasitic Clavicipitaceae” (White et al.). See also Notes 3063 (Bionectria) and 3064 (Calonectria). - (E: 2000-06-26).

3046. Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 6) proposed this new subclass to accommodate the orders Halosphaeriales, Hypocreales, and Microascales. It was supported in recent studies by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3115. Hyponectria Sacc.
Rossman et al. (1999: 195) pointed out that the correct name of the type species is Hyponectria buxi (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Sacc. Wang & Hyde (1999: 159) examined original material of the type species. Their concept of the species agrees with that of Barr (1990). In several of the species accepted by Barr (1977) in the genus, the asci have an amyloid apical ring. She described it as inamyloid in H. buxi, as did Wang & Hyde. We have received the same result. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3116. Hyponectriaceae Petr.
Wang & Hyde (1999: 159) examined original material of the generic type Hyponectria buxi (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc. and discussed current concepts of the family Hyponectriaceae. They accepted the following genera in the family: Apiothyrium Petr., Arecomyces K.D. Hyde, Arwidssonia B. Erikss., Ceriospora Niessl, Chamaeascus L. Holm, K. Holm & M.E. Barr, Charonectria Sacc., Frondispora K.D. Hyde, Hyponectria Sacc., Physalospora Niessl, Pseudomassaria Jacz., and Rhachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl. They excluded the following genera: Apioclypea K.D. Hyde, Exarmidium P. Karst., Lasiobertia Sivan., Leiosphaerella Höhn., Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd., Mangrovispora K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri, Monographella Petr., Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde, Oxydothis Penzig & Sacc., Palmomyces K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl. & J.E. Taylor, Pemphidium Mont., Physosporella Höhn. Some of these genera are discussed in separate Notes. They also proposed that Glomerella Spauld. & Schrenk might be a candidate for inclusion in the Hyponectriaceae. See, however, Note 3114 (Glomerella). Clohiesia K.D. Hyde, Papilionovela Aptroot and Xenothecium Höhn. were not discussed.

The position of the family has been uncertain. It has been assumed to be related to the Xylariales (Barr 1990) or the Phyllachorales (Barr 1994, Wang & Hyde 1999). Winka & Eriksson (2000b: 97) sequenced the gene encoding SSU rDNA from Hyponectria buxi and found that it clustered with strong bootstrap support (96%) with the Xylariales in an analysis of almost the whole gene. Within the order, it appeared closest to Diatrype disciformis (Diatrypaceae) in an analysis of a shorter dataset. The genera differ morphologically much from each other and the Hyponectriaceae and Diatrypaceae should be recognized as separate families within Xylariales. However, more molecular studies from more taxa are required to determine the branching pattern within the order. - (E: 2000-08-18).

2991. Icmadophilaceae Triebel
See Notes 2988 (Baeomycetaceae) and 2993 (Loxosporopsis)! - (E: 2000-03-17).

2983. Jahnula Kirschst.
Hyde & Wong (1999: 489) described several new species in this genus (syn. Ascagilis K.D. Hyde). They assumed that it may belong in the Pleosporaceae, but most genera in that family have hyphomycetous anamorphs. Some signatures in the SSU rDNA sequences provide very strong statistical support for the limits of the family. Until such are available, Jahnula should be retained in the list of Dothideomycetes inc. sed. - (E: 2000-03-08).

3090. Kraurogymnocarpa Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (1999: 277) described the new genus and species Kraurogymnocarpa lenticulospora Udagawa & Uchiyama (Gymnoascaceae) to accommodate a fungus with yellowish-green cleistothecia with a peridium similar to that in Gymnoascus, but that disarticulates more easily. The ascospores were lenticular. - (E: 2000-07-25).

2992. Lasallia Mérat
Ivanova et al. (1999: 477) performed phylogenetic analyses of ITS1 and ITS2 sequence data from three Lasallia and 17 Umbilicaria species in the Umbilicariaceae. They found that Lasallia was monophyletic, but nested within Umbilicaria, and they stated that ”further taxon sampling is required to resolve the monophyly of Umbilicaria”. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3117. Lasiobertia Sivan.
Wang & Hyde (1999: 167) stated that this genus is close to Oxydothis and that it should be placed in the Clypeosphaeriaceae. It is currently accommodated in Lasiosphaeriaceae with a ”?”. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3047. Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 7) proposed this new class for the single order Lecanorales. Eriksson (1999) accepted also Gyalectales and Pertusariales as separate orders, whereas Lichinales, Peltigerales and Teloschistales were included in Lecanorales. The class was not supported in recent phylograms published by Tehler et al. (2000), neither in analyses by Winka & Eriksson (2000a; here with Ostropales included and as a sister group to Gyalectales), but the class is provisionally used for practicle reasons for lichenized ascomycetes with apothecia (but Arthoniales excluded, see Note 3042, Arthoniomycetes). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3091. Leiosphaerella Höhn.
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

Wang & Hyde (1999: 168) stated that this genus is close to Oxydothis and should be placed in the Clypeosphaeriaceae until more information is available. It is currently accommodated in Amphisphaeriaceae with a ”?”. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3048. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 7) proposed this new superclass to accommodate all classes in subphylum Pezizomycotina except Pezizomycetes. The latter group, the operculate discomycetes, have appeared as the most basal group in the subphylum in many analyses, but some recent studies have contradicted that. Therefore, the subclass was withdrawn by Eriksson (1999). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3049. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 7) proposed this new class for the orders Cyttariales, Erysiphales, Leotiales, and Rhytismatales. The class was not supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a), but it is used for the group of mainly non-lichenized, inoperculate discomycetes accommodated in Helotiales (syn. Leotiales) and some taxa that almost always cluster with that order, although with low statistical support. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3067. Leuconectria Rossman, Samuels & Lowen
Schoch et al. (2000: 56) accepted this genus in the Nectriaceae. It differs from Calonectria in the white covering on the perithecial wall and the Gloiocephalotrichum anamorph (Note 1700, Systema Ascomycetum 13: 143, 1994) and now DNA data (see Note 3064, Calonectria) supported the separation of the two genera, although the bootstrap value for that was low. - (E: 2000-06-26).

2943. Lichenopeltella Höhn.
Jones et al. (1999: 729) described the new species Micropeltopsis quinquecladiopsis E.B.G. Jones, Sivichai & Hywel-Jones from submerged twigs in a stream in Thailand. The generic name is currently treated as a synonym of Lichenopeltella Höhn. in the Microthyriaceae (Eriksson 1999). This genus belongs to a group of genera in the family with both an upper and lower distinct ascomatal wall of radiating cells, a group that has earlier been referred to a separate family, Trichothyriaceae Theiss., but that was merged with the Microthyriaceae by Eriksson (1984: 69). The families were once even placed in different orders, but the similarities between the genera indicated that they were closely related. One very characteristic feature is the presence of bundles of very thin hyaline appendages on the ascospores. Jones et al. (l.c.) have now studied the ultrastructure of these appendages with SEM and TEM. They found that the appendages originate from the episporium and arise from a raised, transverse structure that gives rise to five arms. They stated that this type of appendages is not known from any members of the Halosphaeriales. - (E: 2000-01-26).

3118. Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd.
Wang & Hyde (1999: 168) excluded the genus from the Hyponectriaceae, because the apical ring in the asci is different from that in Hyponectria, as shown by Poonyth et al. (1999). - (E: 2000-08-18).

2993. Loxosporopsis Henssen
The genus is currently placed in Pertusariales with a ”?”. Platt & Spatafora (1999: 409) sequenced SSU rDNA from L corallifera Brodo, Henssen & Imshaug. In their parsimony analysis an Icmadophila clade (Dibaeis, Icmadophila, Siphula) was the sister group of Evernia, and a Baeomyces clade (3 Baeomyces spp.) was the sister group of Loxosporopsis. No other members of the class Lecanoromycetes was included, so the position of Loxosporopsis is still uncertain. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3026. Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Kohlmeyer et al. (2000: 456) described the new order Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm. to accommodate the single family Lulworthiaceae Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm. with the genera Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl. and Lindra Wilson. As reported earlier (see Notes 2596, 2597) these genera were found to be only distantly related to the Halosphaeriaceae, in which family they had been included earlier. The authors referred the new order to class Sordariomycetes. - (E: 2000-05-31).

3119. Mangrovispora K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri
Wang & Hyde (1999: 168) stated that centrum and ascus structure was different from that in Hyponectria buxi, and that the genus should be excluded from the Hyponectriaceae, to which it was originally referred by Hyde (see Note 1186). - (E: 2000-08-18).

3092. Mauritiana Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally
Poonyth et al. (2000: 102) described the new genus and species Mauritiana rhizophorae Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally from a mangrove in Mauritius. It has perithecioid ascomata, ”immersed beneath thin, brown, non-coriaceous fungal tissue”, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci, fusiform, hyaline ascospores with 9-13 transsepta with dark pigmentation. The genus was referred to the Requienellaceae. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3093. Medusosphaera Golovin & Gamalizk.
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated this generic name as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See Note 3085 (Erysiphe)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3037. Melanommatales M.E. Barr
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 7) did not receive any bootstrap support for a separate order for taxa clustering with Melanomma in their phylogenetic analyses of ascomycete SSU rDNA sequences. There was 88% support for a clade that encompassed members of Melanomma, Pleospora, Leptosphaeria, Lophiostoma and 5 other genera of bitunicate ascomycetes, and Melanommatales is temporarily best treated as a synonym of Pleosporales. More taxa should be included in such an analysis in the future, especially representatives of the order Pyrenulales, which have been considered closely related to Melanommatales. - (KW & OEE: 2000-06-14).

2975. Metacapnodiaceae Hughes & Corlett
Reynolds (1998: 2125) included this family in the Capnodiales. See Note 2973 (Capnodiaceae). - (E: 2000-03-03).

3094. Microsphaera Lév.
Takamatsu et al. (1999: 259) inferred from analyses of ITS sequences that taxa within Microsphaera have evolved at several separate occasions from Erysiphe. Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated Microsphaera as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See Note 3085 (Erysiphe)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3009. Mollisiopsis Rehm
Nauta & Spooner (1999a: 6) cited this generic name as a synonym of Mollisia (Dermateaceae). - (E: 2000-03-21).

3120. Monographella Petr.
Wang & Hyde (1999: 168) stated that the genus can not be accommodated in the Hyponectriaceae, as the asci, ascospores and anamorph are atypical and suggested inclusion in Amphisphaeriaceae or Clypeosphaeriaceae. Winka & Eriksson (2000b: 97) sequenced SSU rDNA from Monographella nivalis and receiced strong bootstrap support in cladistic analyses for a close relationship with taxa belonging in subclass Xylariomycetidae. The same was the case with Hyponectria buxi, but in an analysis of partial sequences that species was closer to Diatrype disciformis than to M. nivalis, although the bootstrap values were low. More species have to be included in analyses of this gene, also of the Amphisphaeriaceae and Clypeosphaeriaceae to infer the relationships of Monographella. - (E: 2000-08-18).

2963. Montagnula Berl.
Aptroot (1995: 338) suggested that this genus might be best accommodated in the Phaeosphaeriaceae, a classification accepted by Hyde et al. (1999: 456). The family is based on Phaeosphaeria Miyake. Typical members of that genus have ascomata with comparatively thin, usually reddish brown walls and rather thin-walled, bitunicate asci and (hyaline to) yellowish brown, fusiform or ellipsoidal ascospores with several transsepta, seldom also with one or a few longisepta. Montagnula species differ in several respects from Phaeosphaeria (spore shape, septation, colour, ascomatal wall structure and colour) and for the time being the genus is better kept among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. The ascospores are strictly uniseriate in the new species Montagnula stromatosa Aptroot, J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde. This arrangement has never been seen in Phaeosphaeria. - (E: 2000-02-17).

3015. Muciturbo Talbot
Karen Hansen (in litt.): I consider Muciturbo a synonym of Ruhlandiella P. Henn. (Pezizaceae) as suggested by Galán & Moreno (1998), based on the original description of Muciturbo (in Warcup & Talbot, 1989) and publications on the genus Ruhlandiella (Dissing & Korf 1980, Galán & Moreno 1998).

Both Muciturbo and Ruhlandiella produce specialized, relatively small, hypogeous or semi-hypogeous ascomata in which the hymenium covers the outer surface and is permanently exposed; paraphyses have gelatinous walls/sheaths and extend above the asci to form an epithecium; the excipulum is composed of globose or angular cells, with no distinction between the medullary and outer excipulum; spores are coloured, globose and reticulate; both genera are found in association with Eucalyptus.

Warcup & Talbot (1989) distinguished the two genera on the size and appearance of the ascomata, iodine reaction of the asci, spore size, colour change, and dispersal method, although they also noted that, ?... in mature ascocarps many of these differences, except ascospore size, are not readily apparent?.

In my opinion the differences in size, shape and colour of the ascomata are marginal and can not be used to distinguish the two genera. In Muciturbo only immature asci were observed to stain blue in iodine; whereas in Ruhlandiella both mature and immature asci stained weakly blue in their whole length. However, Galán & Moreno (1998) stressed that it was difficult to see the positive iodine reaction in Ruhlandiella with untreated material, but easy to detect with KOH pre-treatment (a treatment not used by Talbot for Muciturbo). Spores in Muciturbo were described as hyaline, becoming vinaceous-lilac, and finally dark brown to blackish, while in Ruhlandiella they are hyaline, then dark-yellowish, or brownish. Differences in spore size, 26-36 µm (Muciturbo) versus 20.5-28 µm, should not be used as a character at the generic level. Asci are without any specialized apical apparatus and are evanescent. Spores are probably dispersed when the hymenium and upper part of the ascomata breaks down to form a mucilaginous mass.

In conclusion the features as described are insufficient for recognizing the genera as distinct and, therefore, I propose Muciturbo be placed as a synonym of Ruhlandiella with a ”?” in Myconet. - (K.H.: 2000-04-04).

3027. Mycocaliciales Tibell & Wedin
Tibell & Wedin (2000: 579) described the new order Mycocaliciales to accommodate two families of nonlichenized calicioid fungi, Mycocaliciaceae and Sphinctrinaceae. There are several morphological differences between this order and the lichenized caliciod taxa in Caliciaceae, which belong in Lecanorales. The true relationships of Mycocaliciales are uncertain, but Tibell & Wedin assumed that they might be closest to Eurotiales / Onygenales, i.e. the Eurotiomycetes. However, recent studies by Winka & Eriksson (2000a) indicate that Chaetothyriales and Coryneliales may be more closely related to this class. - (E: 2000-05-31).

2956. Mycosphaerangium Verkley
Verkley (1999: 156) introduced this new generic name for Sphaerangium Seaver, that Seaver had proposed for Phaeangium Sacc. p.p. with Dermatea tetraspora Ellis as type species. However, this probably made Sphaerangium a synonym of Pezicula as the type species of Phaeangium, according to Verkley, is ”Phaeangium rubi Bäumler (?= Pezicula rubi)”. Therefore, a new name was needed to accommodate Dermatea tetraspora. Three species were accepted in the new genus: Mycosphaerangium tetrasporum (Ellis) Verkley on Quercus coccinea, M. magnisporum (E.K. Cash) Verkley on Betula nigra, and M. tiliae (Seaver) Verkley on Tilia, all three only known from USA. ”The thin-walled asci are broadly rounded to almost truncate, devoid of an apical apparatus, and the ascospores with highly differentiated walls are peculiar of Pezicula and the Dermateaceae, or any other Helotiales” (Verkley (1999: 156). The genus can provisionally be listed among Helotiales inc. sed. with a ”?”. - (E: 2000-02-08).

3072. Mycosphaerella Johanson
Crous et al. (2000: 107) discussed the genus Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs and performed a cladistic analysis of ITS sequences from 58 strains of in all 43 species. As no other taxa were included than the outgroup Botryosphaeria dothidea and two Ramulispora anamorphs of Tapesia it was not possible to determine whether Mycosphaerella is a monophyletic taxon or not. Many more closely related genera and some more distantly related Dothideomycetes will have to be included, e.g. Cymadothea F.A. Wolf, Dothidea Fr., Dothidotthia Höhn., Guignardia Viala & Ravaz, Monascostroma ad. int. (non Höhnel), etc. - (E: 2000-07-04).

3038. Myriangiales Starbäck
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 7) performed a phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rDNA sequences from various ascomycetes, and found that Elsinoë (Elsinoaceae) and Myriangium (Myriangiaceae) cluster with high bootstrap value together and appear at the base of the Dothideomycetes branch, but without any statistical support. They can, however, provisionally be included in the Dothideomycetes in a separate order, Myriangiales. - (KW&OEE: 2000-06-14).

3011. Myridium Clem.
Nauta & Spooner (1999a: 6) cited this generic name as a synonym of Laetinaevia (Dermateaceae). - (E: 2000-03-21).

2985. Myriogonium Cain
This genus is currently included in Endomycetaceae (Sacharomycetales) with a ”?”. Baral (1999: 46) treated the generic name as a synonym of Helicogonium W.L. White (Note 2984) in Leotiales. - (OEE & SL: 2000-03-10).

3095. Myxotrichaceae Currah
Sugiyama et al. (1999: 251) concluded that the Myxotrichaceae are more closely related to the Erysiphales and Leotiales than to Onygenales on the bases of NJ analyses of SSU rDNA sequences. Two lineages supported by high bootstrap values were recognized, one with Geomyces and Pseudogymnoascus, the other with Byssoascus, Myxotrichum and Oidiodendron. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3096. Nais Kohlm.
See Note 3075 (Aniptodera)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3068. Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch
This new genus was proposed by Crous & Schoch (in Schoch et al. 2000: 54) to accommodate Calonectria-like members of the Nectriaceae with Cylindrocladiella anamorphs. There was 100% bootstrap support for a clade comprising six strains (3 species) in a cladogram from a parsimony analysis of DNA from the ITS region. See Note 3064 (Calonectria). This genus, and Xenonectriella and Glionectria, ”would be difficult if not impossible to distinguish [from Calonectria] without knowledge of their respective anamorphs” (op. cit.: 47). Parsimony analysis of ß-tubulin sequences from eight Cylindrocladiella species gave a more resolved tree than the analysis of the ITS region. - (E: 2000-06-26).

2964. Nemania Gray
Granmo et al. (1999a) have published a detailed study of the genus Nemania Gray in the Nordic countries. In an ITS study of six Nemania species, three Hypoxylon spp., and one species of Biscogniauxia, Entoleuca, and Xylaria, the Nemania spp. formed a cluster with 96% bootstrap support. A branch with the Entoleuca and Hypoxylon spp. received 89% support. See Note 2962 (Entoleuca). For a discussion on the carbonaceous tissue connected with the perithecia in these genera, see Granmo (1999: 23). - (E: 2000-02-17).

3097. Neoerysiphe U. Braun
Braun (1999: 50) recognized Erysiphe sect. Galeopsidis U. Braun as a separate genus, Neoerysiphe U. Braun, with the type species N. galeopsidis (DC.) U. Braun. The anamorph belongs in Oidium subgen. Striatoidium R.T.A. Cook, Inman & Billings, with outer conidial wall striate under the SEM. - (E: 2000-07-25).

2957. Neofabraea H.S. Jacks.
Verkley (1999: 125) accepted the genus Neofabraea H.S. Jacks. as separate from Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul. - (E: 2000-02-08).

3050. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 8) proposed this new class in Taphrinomycotina (q.v.) for the single order Neolectales. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3121. Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde
Wang & Hyde (1999: 1689) stated that the genus is related to Linocarpon and inclusion in Hyponectriaceae doubtful. (See Note 3118, Linocarpon). - (E: 2000-08-18).

3069. Neonectria Wollenw.
Schoch et al. (2000: 48) received rather strong bootstrap support for a Neonectria branch (anam. Cylindrocarpon) in an analysis of DNA from the ITS region (see Note 3064, Calonectria). - (E: 2000-06-26).

2966. Neophyllis F. Wilson
Döring et al. (1999: 783) studied the ontogeny of the ascomata in Neophyllis melacarpa (F. Wilson) F. Wilson, and concluded that the genus is closely related to Austropeltum Henssen, Döring & Kantvilas. Cf. Note 2926 (Neophyllis)! - (E: 2000-02-22).

3010. Nimbomollisia Nannf.
Nauta & Spooner (1999a: 6) cited this generic name as a synonym of Niptera (Dermateaceae). - (E: 2000-03-21).

3122. Ommatomyces Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.
Wang et al. (2000: 125) added two graminicolous species to this previously monotypic genus. The type species, Ommatomyces coronatus Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. was described from Juncus roemerianus (Juncaceae; Note 2095). The two species on grasses are very similar to that species. The authors accommodated the genus in the Cainiaceae rather than the Amphisphaeriaceae, to which it was originally referred. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3098. Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & Kimbr.
Sugiyama et al. (1999: 251) performed NJ analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from 19 taxa of Onygenales. They supported the classification proposed by Currah (1985) with a few exceptions. The Myxotrichaceae were found to be more closely related to the Erysiphales and Leotiales. The analyses also suggested that the Onygenaceae were polyphyletic and composed of three subgroups. - (E: 2000-07-25).

3028. Orbiliaceae Nannf.
Tehler et al. (2000: 479) stated that the Orbiliaceae ”formed an unresolved node [in a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences] together with all pezizalean taxa between the Saccharomycotina and the rest of the euascomycetes”. This is the conclusion reached also by Winka & Eriksson (2000a: Fig. 1). - (E: 2000-05-31).

2954. Ornatispora K.D. Hyde, Goh, J.E. Taylor & J. Fröhl.
Hyde, Goh, Taylor, Fröhlich (1999: 1432) described the new genus Ornatispora to accommodate a group of Chaetosphaeria-like, superficial, black, papillate, setose or non-setose pyrenomycetes with echinulate 1-septate, hyaline ascospores in asci that lacked an apical apparatus and that deliquesced at maturity. Four species on palm trees were accepted. The genus was placed among Ascomycota incertae sedis, but can certainly be referred to the class Sordariomycetes. Didymostilbe aurantiospora Seifert & G. Okada was considered to be the anamorph of O. gamsii K.D. Hyde, Goh, J.E. Taylor & J. Fröhl. Two other Didymostilbe species have been connected with Peethambara in the Bionectriaceae (Rossman et al. 1999: 55), but Ornatispora does not seem to be a close relative to these taxa. - (E: 2000-02-04).

2976. Orphnodactylis Malloch & Mallik
Malloch & Mallik (1998: 1267) described the new genus and species Orphnodactylis kalmiae Malloch & Mallik (Phyllachoraceae), a parasite causing hypertrophy or ”witches brooms” with black stromata on Kalmia angustifolia (Ericaceae) in North America. A second species, O. wittrockii (Erikss.) Malloch & Mallik, on Linnaea borealis (Caprifoliaceae), produces similar stromata in apical parts of shoots. The fungus on Kalmia has been known for more than 100 years. The original material of Dothidea kalmiae Peck contained two fungi, one of them was found to be a hyperparasite in the empty ascomata of the stromata of the other fungus. The former element was selected as lectotype and the new combination Didymosphaeria kalmiae (Peck) Malloch & Mallik was proposed. - (E: 2000-03-03).

2944. Otideaceae Eckblad
The family should be included in the Pyronemataceae. See Note 2942 (Chalazion)! - (SL & OEE: 2000-01-26).

3073. Otthia Nitschke ex Fuckel
See Note 3071 (Botryosphaeria)! - (E: 2000-07-04).

3012. Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc.
Wong & Hyde (1999: 181) studied asci and ascospores of Oxydothis alexandrarum K.D. Hyde with TEM. They compared with asci from a large number of other unitunicate pyrenomycete and found that the fine structure of the asci was most similar to that in the Diatrypaceae. The genus is now accommodated in the Amphisphaeriaceae s. lat. with a ”?”. The authors did not discuss the ultrastructure of the asci in any true member of that family, so until TEM graphs or strong molecular information are available the present classification can be kept. - (E: 2000-03-21).

See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

Wang & Hyde (1999: 169) excluded Oxydothis from Hyponectriaceae and referred to a TEM study of Oxydothis asci by Wong & Hyde (1999). The genus is currently included in Amphisphaeriaceae with a ”?”. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3099. Palmomyces K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhlich & J.E. Taylor
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

Wang & Hyde (1999: 169) excluded Palmomyces from the Hyponectriaceae ”because of the subapical tube-like ring in the ascus”. No other family was proposed. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3123. Papulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss.
Winka & Eriksson (2000b: 102) described the new family Papulosaceae to accommodate the genus Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. Parsimony analyses of SSU rDNA sequences placed the genus among members of the subclass Sordariomycetidae, in one analysis (of almost the complete gene) closest to the Ophiostomataceae (91% bootstrap support), in another (partial SSU rDNA sequences) close to Magnaporthe salvinii (Magnaporthaceae) and three members of Diaporthales. Some putative members of the Magnaporthaceae have asci with an amyloid apical ring. Papulosaceae is the only other taxon in the subclass with amyloid asci, but the two families differ so much morphologically that they should be kept separate. In the other two subclasses, amyloid asci are unknown in Hypocreomycetidae, but present in most members of the Xylariomycetidae. The Papulosaceae is almost certainly not a member of the latter subclass, as the members of that subclass formed a cluster in the first mentioned analysis with 96% bootstrap support. Sequences from more members of the Magnaporthaceae and the Diaporthales may possibly give a more informative picture of the relationships with Papulosa. - (E: 2000-08-18).

2994. Parmeliaceae Zenker
Crespo et al. (1999: 451) used morphological and chemical characters in 64 genera of the Parmeliaceae in both neighbor-joining and parsimony analyses. A neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequences was much more informative and resulted in some clusters with high bootstrap support.

Thell (1999: 441) used sequences of Group 1 introns and the ITS regions from various members of the Parmeliaceae in phylogenetic analyses. Cetrariod lichens formed a non-homogeneous group within the family. Thell stated that ascus characters could not be used to distinguish genera within cetrarioid lichens. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3124. Pemphidium Mont.
Wang & Hyde (1999: 169) excluded Pemphidium from the Hyponectriaceae, as it had few similarities with Hyponectria, and suggested instead a transfer to the recently described Myelospermaceae (see Note 2893). - (E: 2000-08-18).

2958. Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul.
Verkley (1999) monographed the genus Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul. (Dermateaceae). He accepted 26 species, based on detailed morphological studies and on RFLP patterns of DNA from 90 strains belonging to 21 taxa in Pezicula and closely related genera. Twenty of the Pezicula species had a Cryptosporiopsis anamorph. - (E: 2000-02-08).

3051. Pezizomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 8) proposed this new superclass, but it was withdrawn by Eriksson (1999). See Note 3048 (Leotiomyceta). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3052. Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 8) proposed this new class for the single order Pezizales. It was not supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000), but it is temporarily used for operculate discomycetes. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3053. Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka (syn. Euascomycetes)
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 9) proposed this new subphylum for all ascomycetes producing ascomata, except the order Neolectales. It was supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000), and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3100. Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones.
See Note 3075 (Aniptodera)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

2949. Phaffomyces Y. Yamada
Yamada (in Yamada et al. 1997: 30) described this new genus in the Saccharomycetaceae. The type species is P. opuntiae (Starmer, Phaff, M. Miranda & M.W. Mill., J.S.F. Barker) Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata, a yeast found on Opuntia. The genus was later on transferred to the new family Phaffomycetaceae by Yamada et al. (1999: 827). The position of the family within Saccharomycetales is uncertain. - (E: 2000-01-27).

2950. Phaffomycetaceae Y. Yamada et al.
Yamada et al. (1999: 827) suggested this new family, based on Phaffomyces Y. Yamada. - (E: 2000-01-27).

3019. Phragmitensis K.M. Wong, Poon & K.D. Hyde
Wong et al. (1998: 379) introduced the new genus and species Phragmitensis marina K.M. Wong, Poon & K.D. Hyde, collected on intertidal culms of Phragmites australis in Hong Kong. It was referred to Ascomycota incertae sedis. - (E: 2000-04-07).

3125. Phyllachorales M.E. Barr
Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin (1998: 97) discussed the classification of this order. They stated that ”18S rDNA studies of Phyllachorales, including Phyllachora, Coccodiella, Glomerella, Ophiodothella, and Sphaerodothis, suggest that the order is polyphyletic”. For Glomerella, see Note 3114. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3126. Physosporella Höhn.
The genus has been treated as a synonym of Anisostomula in the Hyponectriaceae (Petrak 1923), of Plectosphaera Theiss. in the Polystigmataceae (von Arx & Müller 1954: 200), and of Physalospora in the Physosporellaceae (Barr 1976: 618), and Hyponectriaceae (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1986). Wang & Hyde (1999: 169) excluded the genus from the Hyponectriaceae and stated that it needs further study. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3054. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 9) proposed this new class in Taphrinomycotina (q.v.) for the single order Pneumocystidales. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3101. Podosphaera Lév.
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 25) included this genus in Erysiphaceae tribe Cystotheceae and treated Sphaerotheca as a synonym. - See Note 3086 (Erysiphaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3013. Pseudonaevia Svrcek
Nauta & Spooner (1999b: 65) accepted this genus in Dermateaceae subfam. Dermateoideae. - (E: 2000-03-21).

2945. Pyronemataceae Corda
The family should be recognized in a broad sense. See Note 2942 (Chalazion)! - (SL & OEE: 2000-01-26).

3127. Rhachidicola K.D. Hyde & Fröhl.
Several families were considered when Rhachidicola was introduced by Hyde & Fröhlich (1995), but Wang & Hyde (1999: 167) accommodated the genus in the Hyponectriaceae, as they found similarities with Hyponectria in ascus and ascoma morphology. - (E: 2000-08-18).

3039. Rhynchostoma P. Karst.
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 8) gave a thorough description of the type species of Rhynchostoma P. Karst., R. minutum P. Karst. (Rhynchostomataceae). See Note 3040 (Rhynchostomataceae). - (KW & OEE: 2000-06-14).

3040. Rhynchostomataceae Winka & O.E. Erikss.
Winka & Eriksson (2000a: 7) described the new family Rhynchostomataceae Winka & O.E. Erikss. The single genus is Rhynchostoma P. Karst. In a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences, this family clustered with members in the class Chaetothyriomycetes. - (KW & OEE: 2000-06-14).

2995. Roccellaceae Chev.
Myllys et al. (1999: 461) analysed ITS and SSU rDNA sequences from genera in the Roccellaceae. Several alternative alignments were tested for the ITS data. They were analysed cladistically using parsimony jackknifing, separately as well as in combination with the SSU rDNA data. Simultaneous analysis of the combined data sets gave the best results. Their studies indicated that ”the fruticose/crustose habits have evolved multiple times”. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3021. Rogellia Döbb.
Döbbeler (1999: 91) described the new genus Rogellia in the Odontotremataceae (Ostropales). It was found on the abaxial side of middle or lower leaves of Polytrichadelphus magellanicus (Polytrichaceae, Bryophyta) from Tierra del Fuego. - (E: 2000-02-24).

3055. Saccharomycetes G. Winter
This class was supported in recent studies by Tehler et al. (2000). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3056. Saccharomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 10) proposed this new subphylum for the single order Saccharomycetales. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3057. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 10) proposed this new class in Taphrinomycotina (q.v.) for the single order Schizosaccharomycetales. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

2959. Scleropezicula Verkley
Verkley (1999: 132) described the new genus Scleropezicula Verkley, with the single species S. alnicola (J.W. Groves) Verkley (bas. Pezicula alnicola J.W. Groves. A new genus, Cryptosympodula Verkley, was described to accommodate the anamorph of this genus, C. appendiculata Verkley. Scleropezicula differed from Pezicula in several respects: the ascus morphology, anatomy of the basal stroma and medullary excipulum, and there were several differences in the anamorphs. - (E: 2000-02-08).

3102. Setoerysiphe Y. Nomura
Braun (1995, 1999) and Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated this generic name as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See Note 3085 (Erysiphe)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3029. Siphula Fr.
Platt & Spatafora (2000: 475) performed a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from mainly a number of lichenized and nonlichenized discomycetes. In one of two equally most parsimonious trees Siphula and Thamnolia clustered with 100% bootstrap support with Icmadophila and Dibaeis (Icmadophilaceae). This is in agreement with previous studies using SSU rDNA sequences. - See Note 2578 (Siphula). - (E: 2000-05-31).

3058. Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 10) proposed this new class to accommodate the ”unitunicate pyrenomycetes”. It was strongly supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3059. Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 10) proposed this new subclass to accommodate the orders Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales, and Sordariales. It was not supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a), but the orders usually cluster together, although with low statistical values. The two other subclasses in Sordariomycetes are probably monophyletic taxa, strongly supported by molecular data. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

2960. Sphaerangium Sacc.
See Note 2956 (Mycosphaerangium)! - (E: 2000-02-08).

3103. Sphaerotheca Kunze
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 25) treated this generic name as a synonym of Podosphaera Lév. in Erysiphaceae tribe Cystotheceae. Sphaerotheca is a nomen conservandum, but unfortunately not against Podosphaera. If that had been the case, about 50 new combination had been avoided and the important pathogen Sphaerotheca mors-uvae Schwein. would have kept its name. - See Note 3083 (Erysiphaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

2951. Starmera Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata
Yamada et al. (1999: 827) presented a study of cactophilous yeasts and proposed the new genus Starmera, based on Starmera amethionina (Starmer, Phaff, M. Miranda & M.W. Mill.) Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata. The position of the genus is uncertain. - (E: 2000-01-27).

3104. Stereosphaeria Kirschst.
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

2996. Sulcopyrenula H. Harada
Harada (1999: 567) transferred two species from Pyrenula to the new genus Sulcopyrenula H. Harada. It differed from other genera in the Pyrenulaceae in having longitudinally sulcate ascospores. - (E: 2000-03-17).

3060. Taphrinomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 11) proposed this new class in Taphrinomycotina (q.v.) to accommodate the orders Protomycetales and Taphrinales. Eriksson (1999) included the former order in Taphrinales. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3061. Taphrinomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 11) proposed this new subphylum to accommodate four classes: Neolectomycetes, Pneumocystidomycetes, Schizosaccharomycetes, and Taphrinomycetes. These taxa normally cluster together in cladistic analyses, but they differ much from each other, at least in the ribosomal genes. The group is probably paraphyletic. It was not supported in recent analyses by Tehler et al. (2000), and Winka & Eriksson (2000a), and is used provisionally until more informative molecular data are available. - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

3030. Thamnolia Ach. ex Schaerer
Platt & Spatafora (2000: 475), in a study of LSU rDNA sequences, received strong evidence for a close relationship between Thamnolia, Dibaeis, Icmadophila, and Siphula. - See Notes 2583 (Thamnolia) and 3029 (Siphula). - (E: 2000-05-31).

2952. Thelebolaceae (Brumm.) Eckblad
Van Brummelen (1998: 425) examined ascus tops of members of the Thelebolaceae, using TEM. Material from the following genera was used: Cleistothelebolus, Coprobolus, Coprotiella, Dennisiopsis, Lasiobolidium, Lasiothelebolus, Leptokalpion, Mycoarcticum, Ochotrichobolus, and Zukalina. He recognized six different types of asci. - (E: 2000-01-27).

2977. Thelocarpella Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Navarro-Rosinés et al. (1999: 835) described Thelocarpella gordensis Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux gen. et sp. nov. (Acarosporaceae, Lecanorales). It was characterized by ”entirely immersed perithecioid ascomata, a hamathecium consisting of a typical paraphysoid network, multispored asci (more than 1000 spores in optical section), and colourless small oblong spores”. The endolithic ascomata were associated with a protococcoid green alga. The fungus resembled a Verrucariaceae, but the hamathecium differed and the authors considered the new genus more similar to Thelocarpon (Thelocarpaceae), but as the asci are more thin-walled in that genus they preferred to accommodate Thelocarpella in the Acarosporaceae. - (E: 2000-03-03).

Correction Note 2715 ”Trianiomyces”, read ”Triainomyces”.

2997. Trichotheliaceae (Müll.Arg.) Bitter & F. Schill.
Lücking & Cáceres (1999: 349) discussed the morphology and evolution of the genus Porina and came to the conclusion that the ”evolutionary relationships within the family Trichotheliaceae are more complex than assumed ...” and ”it is therefore suggested to follow McCarthy & Malcolm (1997) and Lücking (1998) and retain only Porina (including Clathroporina and Polycornum, see Lücking 1998) and Trichothelium as separate genera within the Trichotheliaceae” (p. 353). - (E: 2000-03-17).

2978. Trimmatothelopsis Zschacke
Navarro-Rosinés et al. (1999: 840) examined the generic type Trimmatothelopsis versipellis (Nyl.) Zschacke and found that it had a hamathecium of anastomosing physes and, therefore, could not be a member of the Verrucariaceae. They considered the generic name a synonym of Acarospora (Acarosporaceae). - (E: 2000-03-03).

2998. Umbilicariaceae Chevall.
See Note 2992! - (E: 2000-03-17).

2979. Uncinocarpus Sigler & G.F. Orr
Sigler et al. (1998: 1624) broadened the concept of Uncinocarpus to include ”keratinophilic fungi with discrete, globose gymnothecial ascomata without differentiated ascomatal hyphae and bearing uncinate, helical, or no appendages; oblate, punctate ascospores sometimes with irregular reticulations; bulbous initials, and Malbranchea or Chrysosporium anamorphs”. Brunneospora Guarro & Punsola was treated as a synonym on the bases of ascospore shape, substrate preferences, and a Chrysosporium state. - (E: 2000-03-03).

3105. Uncinula Lév.
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated this generic name as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See Note 3085 (Erysiphe)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3106. Uncinuliella R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen
Braun & Takamatsu (2000: 3) treated this generic name as a synonym of Erysiphe DC. - See Note 3085 (Erysiphe)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3107. Urosporella G.F. Atk.
See Note 3083 (Clypeosphaeriaceae)! - (E: 2000-07-25).

3070. Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch
This new genus was proposed by Crous & Schoch (in Schoch et al. 2000: 50) to accommodate Calonectria-like members of the Nectriaceae with Xenocylindrocladium anamorphs. See Notes 3064 (Calonectria) and 3068 (Nectricladiella). - (E: 2000-06-26).

3062. Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson & Winka (1997: 12) proposed this new subclass for the single order Xylariales. It is probably monophyletic and received strong support in analyses by Tehler et al. (2000) and Winka & Eriksson (2000a). - (OEE & KW: 2000-06-14).

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Numeric list of New Notes

2940. Ascochalara Réblová
2941. Helminthosphaeria Fuckel
2942. Chalazion Dissing & Sivertsen
2943. Lichenopeltella Höhn.
2944. Otideaceae Eckblad
2945. Pyronemataceae Corda
2946. Arthophacopsis Hafellner
2947. Ascosubramania Rajendran
2948. Camaropella Lar.N. Vassilj.
2949. Phaffomyces Y. Yamada
2950. Phaffomycetaceae Y. Yamada et al.
2951. Starmera Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata
2952. Thelebolaceae (Brumm.) Eckblad
2953. Cannonia J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde
2954. Ornatispora K.D. Hyde, Goh, J.E. Taylor & J. Fröhl..
2955. Discosphaerina Höhn.
2956. Mycosphaerangium Verkley
2957. Neofabraea H.S. Jacks.
2958. Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul.
2959. Scleropezicula Verkley
2960. Sphaerangium Sacc.
2961. Appendispora K.D. Hyde
2962. Entoleuca Syd.
2963. Montagnula Berl.
2964. Nemania Gray
2965. Fluminicola S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
2966. Neophyllis F. Wilson
2967. Ascomycota
2968. Chromendothia Lar. N. Vassiljeva
2969. Dictyodothis Theiss. & Syd.
2970. Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf.
2971. Antennulariellaceae Woron.
2972. Brunneospora Guarro & Punsola
2973. Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss. & Sydow
2974. Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan
2975. Metacapnodiaceae Hughes & Corlett
2976. Orphnodactylis Malloch & Mallik
2977. Thelocarpella Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
2978. Trimmatothelopsis Zschacke
2979. Uncinocarpus Sigler & G.F. Orr
2980. Ascagilis K.D. Hyde
2981. Biporispora J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Candoussau
2982. Encephalographa A. Massal.
2983. Jahnula Kirschst.
2984. Helicogonium W.L. White
2985. Myriogonium Cain
2986. Acanthothecis Clem.
2987. Alectoriaceae (Hue) Tomas.
2988. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.
2989. Distorimula San Martín, Lavín & Esqueda
2990. Fissurina Feé
2991. Icmadophilaceae Triebel
2992. Lasallia Mérat
2993. Loxosporopsis Henssen
2994. Parmeliaceae Zenker
2995. Roccellaceae Chev.
2996. Sulcopyrenula H. Harada
2997. Trichotheliaceae (Müll.Arg.) Bitter & F. Schill.
2998. Umbilicariaceae Chevall.
2999. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
3000. Ascotaiwania Sivan & H.S. Chang.
3001. Belonium Sacc.
3002. Bulbomollisia Graddon
3003. Cainiaceae Krug
3004. Crustomollisia Svrcek
3005. Dictyocyclus Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & C.Y. Chen
3006. Diplocarpa Massee
30