Myconet

M Y C O N E T
ISSN 1403-1418

VOLUME 8
NOVEMBER 28, 2002

Notes on ascomycete systematics
Nos 3304-3579

Edited by
O.E. Eriksson, H.O. Baral, R.S. Currah, K. Hansen, C.P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe, and G. Rambold

Abstract

Eriksson O.E., Baral H.O., Currah R.S., Hansen K., Kurtzman C.P., Laessøe T., and Rambold G. (Eds). 2002. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3303-3579 - Myconet 8: 1-54.

The paper presents 277 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels.

Introduction

The series "Notes on ascomycete systematics" has been published in Systema Ascomycetum (Eriksson & Hawksworth 1986-1998) and since 1999 in Myconet in an electronic version on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/myconet/notes.html) and as hard copies once or twice a year in a journal with the same name (Eriksson 1999a-2000ab, Eriksson et al. 2001). An alphabetic list of all Notes is available on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/myconet/all.html). The author of a Note is indicated within parentheses at the end of the entry if the author has added some own new information (other Notes are published anonymously). The date of the electronic publication is also given there. A numeric list of the new Notes is provided at the end of this paper.

Authors of Notes

André Aptroot 3502, 3474, 3546, 3551; Ove E. Eriksson 3306, 3312, 3313, 3315, 3318, 3320, 3321, 3329, 3331, 3333, 3339, 3342-3343, 3346, 3380, 3384, 3388, 3395, 3401, 3408, 3414, 3418, 3421, 3423, 3409, 3410, 3518; Karen Hansen 3454, 3465, 3467, 3471; Robert Lücking 3474; Thorsten Lumbsch 3517; H. Mayrhofer 3555; G. Rambold 3520, 3555; Amy Rossman 3308; Einar Timdal 3475-3477; James Trappe 3471.

1. O.E. Eriksson (Web Ed.), Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, 2. H.-O. Baral, Tuebingen, Germany, 3. R.S. Currah, Edmonton, Canada, 4. K. Hansen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5. C.P. Kurtzman, Peoria, USA, 6. T. Laessøe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7. G. Rambold, Bayreuth, Germany.

Notes

3403. Acanthogymnomyces Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2000) tentatively referred this genus to Eoterfeziaceae, but pointed out that further molecular studies are needed to draw final conclusions about its relationships. This was accepted in Note 3167 (Acanthogymnomyces). Kirk et al. (2001: 2) listed the genus among Pezizomycetidae inc. sed. - (2001-11-30).

3404. Ameghiniella Speg.
Kirk et al. (2001: 17) accepted this generic name and treated Ionomidotis E.J. Durand ex Thaxt. as a synonym, on the basis of studies by Gamundí (1991). - (2001-11-30).

3478. Amorphothecaceae Parbery
This family was described by Parbery (1969: 346) to accommodate the single genus and species Amorphotheca resinae Parbery, the kerosene fungus. Kirk et al. (2001: 18) placed the family in their subclass Eurotiomycetideae, but stated that the position was uncertain as no molecular data were available. There is now a sequence of the ITS region of Amorphotheca resinae in GenBank, submitted by Managbanag et al. Their paper is not yet published, but they placed the genus in Amorphothecaceae among Ascomycota incertae sedis. This is accepted here, as a BLAST search indicated that the species is most closely related to two "Cladosporium" species and to Byssoascus, Myxotrichum and Oidiodendron spp., the latter genus containing anamorphs of Byssoascus and Myxotrichum in Myxotrichaceae, currently accommodated among Ascomycota familiae incertae sedis. - (2002-02-18).

3518. Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter
Kang et al. (1998) analysed ITS sequences from putative members the Amphisphaeriaceae and the Xylariaceae and concluded that the families were not closely related, but informed in a recent paper (2002: 321) that several of the sequences contained ambiguities or were contaminated and had been withdrawn from GenBank. A new set of sequences were analysed. All sequences had been checked in a BLAST search ”to confirm the homology of the sequence and find out its phylogenetic allies in GenBank”. This is advisable, but BLAST searches are not very reliable, even if the expect value (e) given in BLAST indicates a close relationship between two sequences (a BLAST search for ITS of Amphisphaeria umbrina listed as closest sequences some comprising the whole ITS region, but others were lacking the ITS1 or the ITS2 region, all with ”good” e values). The problem with ITS sequences is that they are often difficult or impossible to align, unless the taxa are very closely related. In the present study, the authors concluded that the order Xylariales should be conceived in a broad sense (although the bootstrap value for the basal branch was rather low; 81%), thus as it has been in all outlines of the ascomycetes in Systema Ascomycetum since 1987 and in Myconet. If Dothideales had been chosen as outgroup (cf. their Fig. 1), the tree (Fig. 2) would have had Xylariales as one branch and Diaporthales + Sordariales as a sister branch, thus in accordance with the classification in Myconet (subclasses Xylariomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae, resp.). It may be difficult to obtain much better result with ITS sequences in a case like this. The authors performed also an analysis of SSU rDNA sequences, which placed Amphisphaeria umbrina in a clade with members of the Xylariaceae (Hypoxylon fragiforme, Xylaria curta and X. hypoxylon), but again with low bootstrap support (81%). - (OE: 2002-06-20).

3521. Amphorothecium P.M. McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix
McCarthy et al. (2001: 292) proposed the new lichen genus Amphorothecium with the single species A. occultum P.M. McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix. It had perithecioid ascomata, very large asci and ascospores with (13-) 17 (-21) transsepta. The authors could not find any suitable family for the new genus, but A. Aptroot (pers. comm.) believes that it may belong in Trichotheliales. Provisionally, it may be placed in that order with a "?". - (2002-09-20).

3451. Amylascus Trappe
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3405. Anatexis Syd.
Von Arx (in Müller & von Arx 1962: 154) transferred the type species of Anatexis Syd., A. elmeri Syd., to Englerula Henn. Thus, Anatexis Syd. is a synonym of that generic name. - (2001-11-30).

3356. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3357. Annulatascus K.D. Hyde
Réblová & Winka (2001: 481) included Annulatascus hongkongensis K.D. Hyde (Annulatascaceae) in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of Sordariomycetes. The species formed a clade with Ascolacicola austriaca Réblová, Winka & Jaklitsch, Rhamphoria delicatula Niessl and Aquaticola ”hongkongensis” (described?, Annulatascaceae), but with no or low BT support for the branches, except for a subclade of the two first mentioned species (97% in NJ). The four species were the sister group of a Xylariales (incl. Diatrypales) clade, but without BT support. The relationships of the four species are uncertain and further studies are required. The authors stated that Rhamphoria was the only genus of the Trichosphaeriaceae included in the study. In that family they accepted also Coniobrevicolla Réblová, Crassochaeta Réblová, Neorehmia Höhn. and Trichosphaeria Fuckel, but they stated that also the Annulatascaceae matched the circumscription of Trichosphaeriaceae well. They concluded that "to confirm whether the clade consisting of taxa partly referred to both families is the true Trichosphaeriaceae and to relegate the Annulatascaceae in its synonymy, the sequence data of Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.: Fr.) Fuckel, the type species of the genus, are required". - (2001-11-20).

3358. Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer
Fallah & Shearer (2001: 570) described the new genus and species Aquadulciospora rhomboidia Fallah & Shearer, found on decomposed stems of Scirpus and Juncus in freshwater in Wisconsin, U.S.A. The authors stated that the new genus shares many characters with other taxa in Xylariales, especially with the Hyponectriaceae, but the thin-walled, immersed ascomata were not seated under any kind of clypeal tissue. The asci were inamyloid, thick-walled, fasciculate, each with 8 non-septate, ellipsoid-rhomboid to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The hamathecium consisted of paraphyses that were widest at the base. - (2001-11-20).

3359. Aquaticola W.H. Ho, K.M. Tsui, Hodgkiss & K.D. Hyde
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3554. Arecacicola J.E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
Taylor et al. (2002: 370) described the new genus and species Arecacicola calami J.E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde (Lasiosphaeriaceae), found on Calamus sp. in Java (Indonesia). It was compared with Lasiosphaeria and differed in ascomata permanently immersed in pseudostromata (hosts cells and fungal hyphae), asci without apical ring and ascospores without apical appendages. - (2002-10-04).

3406. Ariefia Jacz.
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: 36) considered Ariefia Jacz. a synonym of Zopfiella G.Winter (Lasiosphaeriaceae). - (2001-11-30).

3381. Arthoniomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 37) used this name for the taxon treated as class Arthoniomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3321. Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner
Bhattacharya et al. (2000 included Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt in phylogenetic analyses of ascomycetes (see Note 3312, Ascomycota). It was the sister group of a clade of three taxa: Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevis. and Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. (Gyalectales), and Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman (Ostropales) and part of a larger clade of lichenized taxa belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes. However, the Arthrorhaphidaceae are currently referred to Patellariales in Dothideomycetes. No other member of that class was included in the analysis by Bhattacharya et al. It was, therefore, of interest to perform a phylogenetic analysis that included both Arthrorhaphis and a member of the Patellariaceae and some other Dothideomycetes.

A BLAST search for sequences similar to the SSU rDNA sequence of Arthrorhaphis citrinella was performed. Among the 50 first listed sequences, 45 were from members of the Lecanoromycetes, five from members of the Dothideomycetes, and among the latter was Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg. (Patellariaceae). Sequences from 57 lichens from the list and other lichens represented in the paper by Bhattacharya et al. were aligned with 30 members of the Dothideomycetes, e.g. Rhytidhysteron rufulum and most of the species included in an analysis of the Dothideomycetes by Lumbsch & Lindemuth (2001). Three other taxa were included as outgroups (Neolecta, Morchella, Wilcoxina). Several analyses with different constellations of taxa were performed, and they all gave the same answer: bootstrap analyses of consensus trees did not cluster Arthrorhaphis with any other taxon with any significant value, whereas Rhytidhysteron rufulum formed a clade with members of Pleosporales with very high bootstrap values (96-100%). This indicates that Arthrorhaphis is not very closely related to Rhytidhysteron and Arthrorhaphidaceae should not continue to be included in the Patellariales. Most probably it is closest to Lecanoromycetes, as indicated in the BLAST search and in the phylogenetic trees, although in the latter without any bootstrap support. The family can provisionally be included among Lecanoromycetes familiae incertae sedis with a "?". - (OE: 2001-10-29).

3475. Arthrosporum A. Massal.
Timdal (1992) and Ekman (1996) discussed the delimitation of Arthrosporum A. Massal. versus Toninia A. Massal. Both authors concluded that the genera are very closely related, if not synonymous (Toninia being the older). Both authors also agreed that Toninia is closely related to Bacidia (see Note 3477), but neither author accepted the Bacidiaceae. It is evident from the their discussions, however, that Arthrosporum should be moved from the Catillariaceae to the Bacidiaceae as the families are circumscribed in the Current outline. - (E. Timdal: 2001-12-18).

3407. Ascocratera Kohlm.
Harris (in Aptroot 1991: 28) maintained that Ascocratera probably is a synonym of Ditremis Clem. (Monoblastiaceae), but that name has been proposed for rejection versus Anisomeridium. - See Note 1456 (Ditremis)! - (2001-11-30).

3360. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3382. Ascomycetes sensu P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001
Kirk et al. (2001: 41) used this name for the taxon treated as subphylum Pezizomycotina in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3502. Ascomycota (see Appendix 1, p. 38)
This Note deals with the estimated species numbers of higher taxa in the ninth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2001). The contributors to the Dictionary provided emendations to the numbers of species currently accepted in each genus. No comments were solicited for species numbers for higher categories, as they would be generated semi-automatically from the genera upwards. Obviously, this has not worked out well, as can be seen from e.g. page 37 which features Arthonia, Arthoniaceae and Arthoniales. The genus Arthonia has 400 species attributed to it, but the family Arthoniaceae is reported to contain only 21. The whole order Arthoniales is given a number of species of 363, still well below the number accepted for one of the genera it contains.

In Appendix 1, the numbers of species are given for the higher taxa that mainly contain lichenized taxa. For enabling a comparison, it largely follows the classification in the Appendix of the Dictionary, which is incidentally not always in congruence with the main body of the text. For comparison, the corresponding taxa in Outline of Ascomycota (Myconet 7, 2001) is given in the first column in Appendix 1. Discrepancies between the two classifications are indicated by an "*" and are commented on after the Appendix, with the taxa in alphabetic order. The numbers are not simply totals of the taxa, but are rounded off so as to reflect real estimates. Based on the generic entries in the Dictionary, the grand total number of accepted described lichenized species is 13700. This is lower than the total of the numbers mentioned below, because several of them contain numbers of non-lichenized species. This is obvious for, e.g., the Arthopyreniaceae, which are partly non-lichenized, but also genera like Arthonia and Opegrapha contain many lichenicolous, but non-lichenized species.

A comparison should be made with the most recent estimate of the numbers of known and probably existing, but still unknown lichen species in Sipman & Aptroot (2001). - (André Aptroot : 2002-05-15).

3380. Ascomycota
The 9th Edition of Dictionary of the Fungi was published in October 2001 (Kirk et al., Eds). In this edition of the Dictionary supraordinal taxa were recognized in Ascomycota. Unfortunately, the classification of higher taxa differs in some respects from that in the Current System in Myconet. In the latter, Ascomycota is divided into three subphyla (see below), one of them, Taphrinomycotina, used provisionally for four classes that almost always cluster together in molecular studies at the base of the ascomycete tree. The Dictionary does not use the subphylum level but has six classes, the four classes from Taphrinomycotina, and two classes that correspond to the subphyla Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina. This does not cause any problem with Saccharomycotina, as it contains only one class, Saccharomycetes, but Pezizomycotina contains eleven classes (eight in the Current System and three added here), which were treated as subclasses in the class Ascomycetes in the Dictionary. There are at least three drawbacks with this new classification: (i) Virtually the same taxa are recognized at different levels in the two classifications, (ii) the subclass level is lost for the present subclasses in Sordariomycetes if that class is reduced to a subclass, (iii) the name Ascomycetes will represent only a part of the ascomycetes. The budding yeasts, for instance, which we talk about as ascomycetes, are not a part of the class Ascomycetes (moreover, browsers are often not sensitive to capital letters and will treat the words ”ascomycetes” and ”Ascomycetes” as the same). It should be added that there is the same problem with the name Basidiomycetes for one of the basidiomycete classes.

There are now several alternative supraordinal classifications of the Ascomycota, but we should try to approach a common and more stable classification. That would be important for all users of an ascomycete system (e.g. GenBank). The following are the higher taxa of Ascomycota used in Myconet and with the corresponding taxa in the Dictionary within parentheses. One further class has recently been accepted (Laboulbeniomycetes, see Note 3388), another one is proposed ad interim below (Spathulosporomycetes, see Note 3401), both corresponding to subclasses in the Dictionary. One further class (Orbiliomycetes, see Note 3395) is not represented by any taxon above the familial level in the Dictionary. The new classes are not formally described (as was neither any of the eleven new subclasses in the Dictionary). - (OE: 2001-11-30).

TAPHRINOMYCOTINA (-)

Neolectomycetes (Neolectomycetes)
Pneumocystidomycetes (Pneumocystidomycetes)
Schizosaccharomycetes (Schizosaccharomycetes)
Taphrinomycetes (Taphrinomycetes)

SACCHAROMYCOTINA (-)

Saccharomycetes (Saccharomycetes)

PEZIZOMYCOTINA (Ascomycetes)

Arthoniomycetes (Arthoniomycetidae)
Chaetothyriomycetes (Chaetothyriomycetidae)
Dothideomycetes (Dothideomycetidae)
Eurotiomycetes (Eurotiomycetidae)
Laboulbeniomycetes (Laboulbeniomycetidae)
Lecanoromycetes (Lecanoromycetidae)
Leotiomycetes (Erysiphomycetidae and Leotiomycetidae)
Orbiliomycetes (-)
Pezizomycetes (Pezizomycetidae)
Sordariomycetes (Meliolomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae)
Spathulosporomycetes (Spathulosporomycetidae)

3312. Ascomycota
Lutzoni et al. (2001: 937) discussed the origin of lichenization in Ascomycota. They used a "Bayesian statistical procedure based on Markow chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods to account for phylogenetic uncertainty". The phylogenetic tree from their analysis can be compared with the tree from a parsimony analysis in a paper on the origin of spliceosomal introns by Bhattacharya et al. (2000). The two studies resulted in similar trees. Some changes in the classification of the included ascomycetes may be necessary, but more representatives of at least the following taxa should be included in further broad analyses before any major changes of the current system can be recommended: Acarosporaceae, Gyalectales, Pyrenulales, and Umbilicariaceae. It should be noted that the Lecanoromycetes are paraphyletic in the tree published by Lutzoni et al. The clade included taxa that are currently accommodated in the Chaetothyriomycetes and Eurtiomycetes, but without statistical support. - See also Notes 3313 (Icmadophilaceae) and 3320 (Verrucariales). (OE: 2001-10-25).

3361. Ascotaiwania Sivan & H.S. Chang
Réblová & Winka (2001: 481) included Ascotaiwania mitriformis Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde and A. sawadae H.S. Chang & S.Y. Hsieh (Sordariomycetes inc. sed.) in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of Sordariomycetes. They clustered with Carpoligna pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf (fam. inc. sed.) with 100% BT support both in MP and NJ analyses. Réblová & Winka pointed out that "it is difficult to find any other common features of Ascotaiwania and Carpoligna than unitunicate asci with large refractive apical annulus, persistent paraphyses, symmetrical, transversely septate ascospores and similar anatomy of the perithecial wall and absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus". They stated that new sequence data of representatives of several families are needed to clarify the relationships of the two genera. - See Note 3000 (Ascotaiwania)! (2001-11-20).

3567. Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.-M. Ju
Rogers & Ju (2002: 478) described the new genus and species Ascovirgaria occulta J.D. Rogers & Y.-M. Ju (Xylariaceae) from Hawaii. The ascomata were immersed in decayed wood and covered by a rudimentary blackening stroma reminiscent of Eutypa. The anamorph was Virgaria nigra (Link) Nees, a well-known, cosmopolitan hyphomycete (see Ellis 1971: 211). - (2002-11-04).

3303. Aspilidea Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 149) described the new genus Aspilidea in the Lecanorales, "?subord. Acarosporineae". The single species was A myrinii (Fr.) Hafellner (bas. Parmelia myrinii Fr.). The new genus was compared with Aspicilia and Bellemerea. - (2001-10-22).

3408. Aulographaceae Luttr. ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David
Kirk et al. (2001: ix) validated the family name Aulographaceae Luttr. The family was discussed by Eriksson (1981: 33) and compared with other similar families. The putative type species, Aulographum hederae Lib., was described and illustrated. There are no molecular studies of any members of the family, and, therefore, the status and position of the family is difficult to judge. Kirk et al. accommodated the family in Microthyriales. There is neither any molecular information on any of the other families included by them in this order, viz. Leptopeltidaceae, Microthyriaceae, and Schizothyriaceae. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3555. Awasthia Essl.
According to Poelt (in Miehe 1990), the genus Awasthia Essl. (1978) is to be considered a synonym of Umbilicaria Hoffm. (1789). The sterile type collection of the type species has originally been described as Physcia melanotricha Awasthi. Due to a thallus structure being different from that in Physcia, the genus Awasthia has been established based on this species by Esslinger (1978). - (H. Mayrhofer & G. Rambold: 2002-10-04).

3479. Bacidiaceae W. Watson
Ekman (2001: 783) performed a phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region from 66 members of the Lecanorales and found that Ramalina was an ingroup in Bacidiaceae. He suggested that the best solution was to include Bacidiaceae W. Watson (1929) in Ramalinaceae C. Agardh (1821). - (2002-02-18).

3532. Baculifera Marbach & Kalb
Marbach & Kalb (in Marbach 2000: 113) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 14 species, with Baculifera orosa Marbach & Kalb as type species. The authors adopted a very narrow generic concept and discussed the possibility to merge Baculifera with Hafellia (prob. = Buellia, see Note 3540). In fact, bacilliform conidia, that should characterize Baculifera, is the most common type of conidia in Buellia, and norstictic acid, present in Baculifera, is the most common substance in Buellia s. lat. (A. Nordin pers. comm.). - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3409. Boliniales P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: x) erected the new order Boliniales to accommodate two families, Boliniaceae Rick and Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr. Molecular studies by Andersson et al. (1995) indicated that Camarops (Boliniaceae) was closely related to Chaetomium, Neurospora and Sordaria (Sordariales), but not to Obolarina and Xylaria (Xylariales), and the family was, therefore, included in the Sordariales. Further studies including more taxa have supported this classification, but Camarops has always branched off at the base of the Sordariales tree. There are no molecular data for Catabotrys, but the Boliniaceae and Catabotrydaceae differ morphologically from other members of the Sordariales in several respects, notably by having perithecia embedded in large stromata. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3480. Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
Zhou & Stanosz (2001: 1033) designed two PCR primers for the amplification of part of the mt SSU rDNA gene from filamentous ascomycetes. These and two other primers were tested on 32 isolates of 23 species in 10 ascomycete genera. The analysis indicated that Botryosphaeria was monophyletic if B. vaccinii (Shear) M.E. Barr were excluded from the genus. - (2002-02-18).

3322. Botryotinia Whetzel
See Note 3325 (Sclerotinia)! - (2001-10-29).

3452. Boudiera Cooke
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3304. Bryodina Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 150) described the new genus Bryodina in the Lecanoraceae. The type species B. rhypariza (Nyl.) Hafellner & Türk (bas. Lecanora rhypariza Nyl.) and a second species were accepted. Bryonora sect. Rhyparizae Poelt & Obermayer was cited as a synonym of Bryodina. - (2001-10-22).

3533. Buellia De Not.
Marbach (2000: 1) accepted the proposal by Moberg et al. (1999; see Note 2528) that Buellia should be typified by B. aethalea (Ach.) Th.Fr. and not by B. disciformis Fr., which he treated as Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Marbach & H. Mayrhofer (Marbach 2000: 264). Marbach proposed several new segregate genera. Nordin (2000: 42) preferred to use the generic name Buellia in a broad sense, as he was convinced that the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi will not accept the proposal to adopt B. aethalea as the new type species (B. disciformis is already the conserved type), and he would like to see further support for the new genera before they are accepted. - (2002-09-24).

3410. Calloriella Höhn.
Kirk et al. (2001: 85) placed this genus in Helotiales inc.sed. and claimed that Nannfeldt (1932) had indicated a relationship with the Orbiliaceae, but Nannfeldt only pointed out the resemblance with the paraphyses in that family. Calloriella was treated among "Gattungen … die zwar offenbar zu Dermateaceae (sensu meo) gehören" (1932: 192-193). - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3305. Calvitimela Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 150) described the new genus Calvitimela in Lecanorales (?Lecanoraceae). The type species C. armeniaca (DC.) Hafellner (bas. Rhizocarpon armeniacum DC.) and two other species were accepted. The three species had earlier been accommodated in Tephromela, but they differed in several respects from the Tephromela atra Group. - (2001-10-22).

3494. Calycidium Stirt.
Wedin (2002: 63) revised the genus Calycidium Stirt. and accepted two species. He suggested that it may belong in Lecanorales suborder Cladoniineae. - (2002-04-15).

3442. Calyptronectria Speg.
Rossman et al. (1999: 175) placed this genus in the Melanommataceae. - (2001-12-11).

3522. Candelariaceae Hakul.
LaGreca & Lumbsch (2001: 211) treated Candelariaceae as a synonym of Lecanoraceae, as both anatomical and molecular data (ITS region) indicated that the former were an ingroup in Lecanoraceae. Chemically the Candelariaceae have been distinguished by yellow to orange pulvinic acid derivates, but the authors pointed out that such have been found also in the Lecanoraceae. Only two of the five genera in the Candelariaceae were included in the study, but we suggest that the family be merged with Lecanoraceae. - (2002-09-20).

3362. Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf
Réblová & Winka (2000: 951) stated that Carpoligna pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf resembles Chaetosphaeria, but the anamorph Pleurothecium recurvatum differs much from the anamorphs of Chaetosphaeria species. They found no close relationships between Carpoligna and Hypocreales or Microascales, as was the case with two other Chaetosphaeria species (see Note 3363, Chaetosphaeria), but later (2001: 481), in a phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of the Sordariomycetes, they found that it clustered with Ascotaiwania with 100% BT support (see Note 3361, Ascotaiwania). - (2001-11-20).

3411. Catabotrydaceae Petr.
See Note 3409 (Boliniales)! - (2001-11-30).

3503. Ceratostomataceae G. Winter
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included several genera and species of this family in a molecular study, but the basal type of the family, Melanospora chionaea (Fr.) Corda (bas. Ceratostoma chioneum Fr.: Fr.), was not one of them. However, all the species included in their analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA and RPB2 data appeared to be closely related to the Hypocreales. The family can be transferred to the order Hypocreales in subclass Hypocreomycetidae. It is obviously not monophyletic. It contains the genera Melanospora and Sphaerodes (but, see Notes 3504 and 3507). Persiciospora can be included in Nectriaceae, Scopinella in Hypocreales and Syspastospora in Hypocreaceae, all with a ”?”. All the genera not treated by Zhang & Blackwell can be retained in Ceratostomataceae with a ”?”, until molecular data are available. - (2002-05-30).

3495. Cetradonia J.C. Wei & Ahti
Wei & Ahti (2002: 23) described the new genus Cetradonia J.C. Wei & Ahti, with the single species C. linearis (Evans) J.C. Wei & Ahti (bas. Cladonia linearis Evans), endemic to the southern Appalachian Mts, eastern North America. The genus was accommodated in a new monotypic family, Cetradoniaceae J.C. Wei & Ahti. It was characterized by a strap-shaped, branched primary thallus, that was corticate below. The podetia were solid and originated on the ventral side of the primary thallus. The new genus was compared with Cladonia, Gymnoderma and Neophyllis. - (2002-04-15).

3496. Cetradoniaceae J.C. Wei & Ahti
See Note 3495 (Cetradonia)! - (2002-04-15).

3412. Chaetocrea Syd.
Rossman et al. (1999: 178) placed this genus in the Tubeufiaceae. - (2001-11-30).

3363. Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.
Réblová & Winka (2000: 939) studied the relationships of anamorphs and teleomorphs of Chaetosphaeria spp., using ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. Included in the study were species of Chaetosphaeria and Melanopsammella, but also Porosphaerella cordanophora, Striatosphaeria codinaeophora and representatives of eight of the Chaetosphaeria anamorph genera. The ITS sequences did not resolve the relationships between these taxa and with other groups of Sordariomycetes, despite the matrix was based on careful reconstructions of the secondary structures of part of ITS1 and the whole ITS2. The phylogenetic analysis of the LSU rDNA sequences demonstrated that Chaetosphaeria was paraphyletic. Two of the species in the matrix did not cluster with the rest of the species (one of them, C. aterrima, clustered with Hypocreales, another one, C. tulasneorum, and two anamorphs with Microascales). Moreover, Striatosphaeria codinaeophora and Melanopsammella Höhn. were ingroups in Chaetosphaeria. The authors identified four subgroups in Chaetosphaeria s.str. and suggested (2001: 489) that these lineages were possible candidates for recognition at generic or subgeneric level in the future (see also Réblová 2000: 153). For practical reasons the latter seems to be the best alternative, as the teleomorphs are very similar and the species can hardly be identified without studies of their anamorphs. The situation is the same as in Mycosphaerella (Dothideomycetes), which, however, has many more types of anamorphs. - (2001-11-20).

3383. Chaetothyriomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 101) used this name for the taxon treated as class Chaetothyriomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Notes 3380 (Ascomycota) and 3384 (Chaetothyriomycetes). (2001-11-30).

3384. Chaetothyriomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Eriksson et al. (2001) accepted two orders in this class in the Current System in Myconet: Chaetothyriales and Verrucariales. The family Rhynchostomataceae is also a member of the class (Winka & Eriksson 2000: 7). Lindemuth et al. (2001: 1176) now add still one unexpected genus to the group - Glyphium Nitschke ex F. Lehm, that has been accommodated in the Mytilinidiaceae (Dothideomycetes). It differs from other members of the Chaetothyriomycetes in many respects, e.g. in having a hamathecium of hyphae from the bottom and sides of the locule in the ax-head-shaped ascomata. Other members of the class have been found to have periphysoids or to lack a hamathecium. - See Notes 3380 (Ascomycota), 3383 (Chaetothyriomycetidae) and 3423 (Glyphium)! (OE: 2001-11-30).

3443. Chailletia Jacz.
Kirk et al. (2001: 101) accepted this name in the Valsaceae. There are three earlier homonyms. - See Note 895 (Azbukinia)! (2001-12-11).

3364. Chlorociboria Seaver ex Ramamurthi, Korf & R.L. Batra
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3534. Chrismofulvea Marbach
Marbach (2000: 151) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 4 species. Type species: Chrismofulvea dialyta (Nyl.) Marbach. The distinguishing character versus the other Buellia-like genera should be the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid, but that is a weak character at the generic level. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3535. Ciposia Marbach
Marbach (2000: 158) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate the single species C. wheeleri (R.C. Harris) Marbach. The new genus is based on one collection and the differences against other Buellia species are not strong enough for erecting a new genus (A. Nordin, pers. comm.). - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3365. Clohiesia K.D. Hyde
Réblová & Winka (2001: 481) included Clohiesia corticola K.D. Hyde (Annulatascaceae) in phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of Sordariomycetes. The species clustered within Sordariales and did not appear to be close to Annulatascus. However, its relationships to other taxa within the order was unresolved and sequences from other genes should be studied. - (2001-11-20).

3509. Coccotrema Müll. Arg.
Schmitt et al. (2001: 315) tested the generic concepts in the Coccotremataceae, using mt SSU rDNA, LSU nrDNA, and ITS data. The two genera Coccotrema Müll. Arg. and Lepolichen Trevis. formed a monophyletic group, but Lepolichen nested within Coccotrema and the name was proposed to be treated as a synonym of that name. - (2002-06-10).

3510. Coccotremataceae Henssen ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
See Note 3515 (Pertusaria)! - (2002-06-10).

3523. Coniarthonia Grube
Grube (2001b: 492) described the new genus Coniarthonia Grube in the Arthoniaceae to accommodate six species with crystallized red pigments and hydrophobic ascomatal structures. The type species was Coniarthonia pyrrhula (Nyl.) Grube. - (2002-09-20).

3413. Cookellaceae Höhn. ex Sacc. & Trotter
Kirk et al. (2001) included this family in the Myriangiales, a very plausible placement, but no molecular data are available for the family. - (2001-11-30).

3366. Cordierites Mont.
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3556. Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs
Viljoen et al. (2000: 366) described the new genus Cornuvesica to accommodate the single species C. falcata (E.F. Wright & Cain) C.D. Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs in the Ophiostomataceae. The anamorph was morphologically similar to Chalara, but conidia were obovoid, had one truncate end and did not appear to be produced through the process of ring wall building, so the anamorph was stated to represent a genus distinct from Chalara. - (2002-10-04).

3414. Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon
Kirk et al. (2001) included this order in Dothideomycetes (as Dothideomycetidae), but molecular data do not support that or any other placement of the order with high BT values (Winka & Eriksson 2000: 6; Note 3035). The layered ascus wall is most probably a symplesiomorphic character. The order should remain among Ascomycota incertae sedis until we have more molecular information. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3536. Cratiria Marbach
Marbach (2000: 160) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 13 species. Type species: Cratiria lauricassiae (Fée) Marbach. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3415. Cryptomycetaceae Höhn.
Kirk et al. (2001: 136) included this family in Rhytismataceae, but there are not yet any molecular data available for the type species Cryptomyces maximus (Fr.) Rehm. - (2001-11-30).

3330. Cudonia Fr.
See Note 3333 (Geoglossaceae)! - (2001-10-31).

3416. Cudoniaceae P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: ix) described the new family Cudoniaceae in Helotiales. As discussed in Note 3333 (Geoglossaceae), Cudonia and the closely related genus Spathularia belong in Rhytismatales. The new family Cudoniaceae should be accepted in that order. - (2001-11-30).

3350. Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
Fröhlich & Hyde (2000: 308) described the new genus and species Cyanopulvis australiensis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde (Xylariaceae) on Calamus sp. from North Queensland, Australia. It has gregarious stromata with stellate ectostroma. They are dark-coloured, but covered by a thin layer of a whitish blue powder. The asci are short-stiped, each with an urn-shaped, amyloid apical ring. The ascospores are naviculate, have a long germ slit, are covered by a gelatinous sheath and have apical pad-like appandages. - (2001-11-06).

3524. Cybebe Tibell
Tibell (2001: 519) found that the generic type Cybebe gracilenta (Ach.) Tibell clustered within Chaenotheca in a phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region. He stated that the correct name of the species was Chaenotheca gracilenta (Ach.) Middelb. & Mattsson. - See Note 481 (Cybebe)! (2002-09-20).

3331. Cyclaneusma DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter
This genus is currently included in Rhytismataceae in the ascomycete system in Myconet. The position of the genus was uncertain in phylogenetic studies by Gernandt et al. (2001). All this refers also to Naemacyclus. The two genera clustered together with 100% bootstrap support, and, according to the authors, both morphological and molecular characters indicated that Cyclaneusma should be treated as a synonym of Naemacyclus. In contrast to members of the Rhytismataceae and Phacidiaceae, neither of the two genera have the ascomata covered by a black clypeus. They can provisionally be listed among Helotiales incertae sedis. - (OE: 2001-10-31).

3417. Cyphelium De Not.
Kirk et al. (2001: 141, 585 and 591) included Cyphelium De Not. (1846) and Cyphelium Ach. (1815) as accepted genera in Coniocybaceae and Caliciaceae, respectively. To avoid confusion, it should have been added that the former is an illegitimate name. - (2001-11-30).

3482. Daldinia Ces. & De Not.
There are several recent important papers on the genus Daldinia, e.g. by Johanneson et al. (2000), Ju et al. (1997, 1999), Rogers et al. (1999), Stadler et al. (2001abcd), treating secondary metabolites in stromata and cultures, new taxa, key to accepted species, etc. Secondary metabolite profiles and colours of KOH-extractable stromatal pigments correlated strongly among Daldinia spp. (Stadler et al. 2001c). PCR-based methods provided data that allowed for recognition of species and even varieties and sub-populations within a given morphological species. The genus is well defined by the presence of internal alternating light- and dark-coloured layers. Daldinia spp. did not contain mellein derivates, which provided an arguement for not including Daldinia in Hypoxylon. - (2002-03-11).

3332. Darkera H.S. Whitney, J. Reid & Piroz.
The position of this genus was uncertain in the phylogenetic trees published by Gernandt et al. (2001). It is currently included among Rhytismatales incertae sedis, but differs in several respects (e.g. ascus structure) from typical members of the order and should now rather be listed among Leotiomycetes incertae sedis. - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! - (2001-10-31).

3418. Dawsomyces Döbbeler
Kirk et al. (2001) listed this genus among Arthoniales inc. sed., but Döbbeler (1981) described appressoria in this bryophilous fungus, and such are not known in Arthoniales. Döbbeler placed the genus among Dothideales inc. sed., which in the current system rather corresponds to Dothideomycetes inc. sed. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3568. Degelia Arwidss. & D.J. Galloway
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included D. plumbea, member of Degelia sect. Amphiloma, in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. The analysis indicated that the species was not a member of the Pannariaceae. The structure of the ascus apex is different from that typical of the Pannariaceae, and the position of the species is uncertain. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3453. Delastria Tul. & C. Tul.
See Note 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3419. Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr
Kirk et al. (2001: 148) treated this familial name as a synonym of Sporormiaceae. This is not supported by phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences, and the ascus top is different in the two families. - See Note 3184 (Delitschiaceae)! (2001-11-30).

3519. Dianesea Inácio & P.F. Cannon
Inácio & P.F. Cannon (2002: 71) examined original material of Cocconia palmae F. Stev. and found that the original description must have been based on two different fungi, both present in the material. One of them was Hysterostomina palmae F. Stev., the other one was lectotypified to represent Cocconia palmae, which was placed in the new genus Dianesea Inácio & P.F. Cannon. The position of this new genus was uncertain, but the authors stated that it seems most closely allied to the Coccoideaceae. We suggest Dothideomycetes inc. sed. - (2002-06-20).

3420. Dichomyces Thaxt.
Tavares (1985: 268) cited Dichomyces Thaxt. as a synonym of Peyritschiella Thaxt. (Laboulbeniaceae). - (2001-11-30).
3421. Discocainia J. Reid & A. Funk
This genus has been placed in the Helotiaceae by some authors, in the Rhytismataceae by others (e.g. Kirk et al. 2001: 161). The rupturing of the ascomata, the apically tapering asci and the curled paraphyses in D. arctica (Ehrenb.: Fr.) L. Holm (1975 Pl. I3, Fig. 1C) suggest Rhytismataceae. This species agrees closely with the type species D. treleasei (Sacc.) J. Reid & A. Funk. and differs mainly in the existence in the latter species "of a peculiar cylinder-like band of dark cells in the excipulum, delimiting a central excipular core" (Holm 1975: 146). - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3385. Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 165) used this name for the taxon treated as class Dothideomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3323. Dumontinia L.M. Kohn
See Note 3325 (Sclerotinia)! - (2001-10-29).

3367. Encoelia (Fr.) P. Karst.
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3537. Endohyalina Marbach
Marbach (2000: 201) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 2 species. Type species: Endohyalina rappii (Imshaug ex R.C. Harris) Marbach. The genus, mainly based on the lack of pigmentation in the excipulum, is doubtful (A. Nordin, pers. comm.). - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3422. Endotryblidium Petr.
Magnes (1997: 122) referred this genus to the Patellariaceae with a ”?”. The base of the ascomata, immersed in the substrate, resembled that in the Hysteriaceae, but stromatic parts were barely carbonized and hamathecial filaments almost unbranched and the opening of the ascomata was more irregular than in the Hysteriaceae. - (2001-11-30).

3454. Eoterfeziaceae G.F. Atk.
The Eoterfeziaceae is currently placed in the Pezizales (Eriksson et al. 2001a). However, on morphological grounds there are no obvious indications of a relationship to the Pezizales and, therefore, I propose that Eoterfeziaceae be moved from the order to the Ascomycota incertae sedis. The family was restricted to Eoterfezia (Eriksson 1999), and recently the new genus, Acanthogymnomyces was added (Udagawa & Uchiyama 2000, Eriksson et al. 2001b). Eoterfezia includes two species, E. parasitica and E. perlucida (Jeng & Cain 1976). The second species deviated rather radically from the type species, but until the latter is recollected critical comparisons cannot be made. Cleistothelebolus, Lasiobolidium, Orbicula and Warcupia earlier placed in Eoterfeziaceae (Benny & Kimbrough 1980) have been transferred to the Pyronemataceae, as suggested by Malloch (Dissing & Schumacher 1994) and taken up in later versions of Systema Asomycetum. Hawksworth et al. (1995) suggested a relationship with Amorphothecaceae. Also Amorphotheca is listed amongst genera incertae sedis in Eriksson (1999).

Eoterfezia, so far as can be said definitively (mostly based on the second more recently described species), possesses small, cleistothecial ascomata (up to ca. 500 µm in diam.), first globose, but becoming discoid to convex (by collapse? ) (Jeng & Cain 1976). It is presumed to be parasitic on perithecia (Sordariales) occurring on dung. The peridium is membranaceous, transparent, either composed of coalescing hyphae or of a narrow layer of angular cells, covered by a hyaline granular layer. The asci are globose, thin-walled and do not possess an operculum or any other type of apical apparatus, but rather they are evanescent. The spores are non-septate, smooth and hyaline, and 6.5 x 4.5 µm. Paraphyses are absent, but some hyaline, septate filaments (ascogenous hyphae?) or capillitium-like threads (in type species) are described. Further studies of Eoterfezia are needed to understand its true affinities within the Ascomycota. - (Karen Hansen: 2001-12-18).

3386. Erysiphomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 184) used this name for a subclass that accommodated only the order Erysiphales, which was included in the class Leotiomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3326. Eudarluca Speg.
See Note 3329 (Wilmia)! - (2001-10-30).

3387. Eurotiomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 165) used this name for the taxon treated as class Eurotiomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3538. Fluctua Marbach
Marbach (2000: 207) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate the single species F. megapotamica (Malme) Marbach. This genus is close to Amandinea and not distinct enough to justify a new monotypic genus (A. Nordin, pers. comm.). - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3569. Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from three Fuscopannaria species in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. Two of them, F. incisa and F. leucosticta, clustered with 100% statistical support with Moelleropsis nebulosa within a Pannariaceae clade. The third species, F. leucophaea, clustered with the same high support with two Lobaria species (Lobariaceae). The structure of the ascus apex is different from that typical of the Pannariaceae, and the position of the species is uncertain. - See Notes 3572 (Moelleropsis) and 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3539. Gassicurtia Fée
Marbach (2000: 212) accepted this genus and treated 15 species. Type species: Gassicurtia coccinea Fée. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3444. Gemmularia Raf. Ex Steud.
Kirk et al. (2001: 206) treated this generic name as a synonym of Pachyma Fr., which was stated to be anamorphic Macrohyporia, Lentinus, Polyporus (2001: 372). - (2001-12-11).

3333. Geoglossaceae Corda
Nannfeldt (1942: 7) published a classical paper on the Geoglossaceae of Sweden, in which he pointed out that Neolecta Speg. (as Spragueola Massee) seems to take a very isolated position within the family. Today the genus is even accommodated in a separate family, order and class. Nannfeldt stated that also the genus Leotia was very isolated within the family through its gelatinous pileate ascomata, the narrowly clavate asci not taking any blue colour with iodine, and oblong-fusiform ascospores. The isolated position was confirmed by Verkley (1994) in his studies of the apical apparatus in asci. Today it is the type genus of a separate family (Leotiaceae) or even order (Leotiales).

In his paper from 1942 (p.7) Nannfeldt also wrote:
"The two genera Spathularia and Cudonia are closely akin, but show no affinity to the rest of the family. Their development is hemiangiocarpous, as demonstrated by Durand (1908) and Duff (1922) for Cudonia lutea and by Durand (1908) for Spathularia velutipes. Their asci are characteristically clavate, [the ascospores] sometimes constricted at the middle, hyaline, multiguttulate, and finally multiseptate, and surrounded by a hyaline gelatinous sheath; the paraphyses are filiform, branched and strongly circinate at the tips. Their hymenial characters are thus very similar to those of Phacidiaceae (sensu meo). As in that family, the hymenium is not naked from the beginning but covered by a stromatic layer".

Landvik (in Landvik et al. 1993, 1996) sequenced the 18S rRNA gene from Cudonia confusa Bres. and Spathularia flavida Pers. and stated (1996: 35) that Cudonia and Spathularia probably should be excluded from the Geoglossaceae, but she had too few sequences from other inoperculate discomycetes to be able to draw any conclusions about the true relationships of the two genera. Therefore, Cudonia and Spathularia have been kept in Geoglossaceae with a "?" until sequences from a sufficient number of other taxa have become available. Gernandt et al. (2001) have now published phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from a large number of inoperculate discomycetes and found that Cudonia and Spathularia cluster together with 100% bootstrap value within Rhytismataceae (which were included in Phacidiaceae by Nannfeldt in 1932). The authors stated that "If this placement is correct, it must reflect common ancestry with Rhytismataceae …Validation of the position of Cudonia and Spathularia should be accompanied by a new family designation for these genera". Both morphological and molecular data indicate that this is correct. As an example may be mentioned that Bellemere (1977: 241 and Fig. 3D) studied SEM graphs of asci of Spathularia flavida and found that the asci are of the Hypoderma type (type genus of Hypodermataceae, a synonym of Rhytismataceae). A first measure now should be to transfer the two genera from Geoglossaceae to Rhytismatales incertae sedis until a new family has been described to accommodate them. - (OE: 2001-10-31). - A new family was later described in Kirk et al. (2001). See Note 3416 (Cudoniaceae)!

3563. Globonectria Etayo
Etayo (2002: 46) described the new genus Globonectria Etayo to accommodate the single species G. cochensis Etayo, found on Lobaria pallida in Colombia. Ascomata resembled Pronectria, but the ascospores were globose, non-septate and verruculose. - (2002-10-15).

3497. Gloeoheppia Gyeln.
See Note 3499 (Lichinaceae)! - (2002-04-15).

3423. Glyphium Nitschke ex F. Lehm
Lindemuth et al. (2001: 1176) studied the relationships of this genus, including SSU and LSU rDNA sequences in phylogenetic analyses. Most unexpectedly they found that G. elatum (Grev.) Zogg clustered with members of the Chaetothyriomycetes with 100% BT support. The genus was placed in the Lophiaceae by Zogg (1962: 99), in the Mytilinidiaceae by Eriksson (1981: 107). The genera Lophium and Mytilinidion have been considered closely related to Glyphium, but morphologically the latter genus is quite distinct with its ax-head-shaped ascomata with tufts of hyphae growing down from the lower parts of the narrower sides (see Eriksson 1981, SEM graphs of Lophium Figs 95-96, Glyphium Figs 139-142, Mytilinidion Figs136-137). We need molecular data for information whether any of the genera Lophium and Mytilinidion should be transferred with Glyphium to Chaetothyriomycetes. If that be the case Lophiaceae or Mytilinidiaceae might be available for accommodating Glyphium also. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3334. Gremmeniella M. Morelet
The position of this genus was uncertain in the phylogenetic trees published by Gernandt et al. (2001). The genus is now accommodated in the Helotiaceae and can remain there until further information is available. - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (2001-10-31).

3324. Grovesinia M.N. Cline, J.L. Crane & S.D. Cline
See Note 3325 (Sclerotinia)! - (2001-10-29).

3351. Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde
Smith & Hyde (2001: 107) described the new genus and species Guestia gonetropospora G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde (Xylariaceae) on Mauritia flexulosa from Ecuador. It has pseudostromata, each with 1-4 perithecia. It resembles Anthostomella, but Guestia has a long vase-shaped apical ring in the asci and the authors also emphasized differences in ascospore morphology versus Anthostomella. Differences between Guestia and some other xylariaceous genera were discussed. - (2001-11-06).

3424. Gymnoascoideus G.F. Orr, K. Roy & G.R. Ghosh
Sugiyama et al. (1999: 251) included the generic type Gymnoascoideus petalosporus G.F. Orr, K. Roy & G.R. Ghosh in a phylogenetic study of SSU rDNA sequences from onygenalean fungi. The genus clustered with 99.1% BT value with members of the Gymnoascaceae, indicating that the genus after all should be transferred from the Arthrodermataceae to that family, despite some morphological differences (see Note 1818, Gymnoascoideus). - (2001-11-30).

3540. Hafellia Kalb, H. Mayrhofer & Schneid.
Marbach (2000: 249) accepted the genus Hafellia Kalb, H. Mayrhofer & Schneid., but with a wider morphological concept than the original one. One of the species, Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Marbach & H. Mayrhofer, is based on Buellia disciformis Fr., which is the type species of Buellia. Hafellia will be a synonym of that name if a proposal for a new type will be rejected - See Notes 3533 (Buellia) and 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3557. Halorosellinia Whalley, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Læssøe
Whalley et al. (2000: 368) described the new genus Halorosellinia (Xylariaceae), with the single species H. oceanica (Schatz) Whalley, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Læssøe. The authors compared the new genus with Nemania, Stilbohypoxylon and Xylaria. - (2002-10-04).

3368. Helotiaceae Tul. & C. Tul.
Zhuang et al. (2000: 478) studied the relationships of Leotiaceae subfam. Encoelioideae (sensu Korf 1973). using SSU rDNA sequences. Sequences from 13 species were analysed. Seven of the sequences were new (from species in Chlorencoelia, Cordierites, Encoelia, Holwaya, Unguiculariopsis, and Velutarina). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Helotiales, Sclerotiniaceae) was used as outgroup. The Encoelioideae were not monophyletic in the NJ tree. Spathularia probably belongs in Rhytismatales (Note 3333). An analysis with that genus as outgroup would probably have resulted in a similar tree. The authors reported that there was molecular evidence for a close relationship between Cordierites / Encoelia (93,6% BT support), Chlorociboria / Neobulgaria (93,9%), Bulgaria / Holwaya (97,4%), Leotia / Microglossum (99%), and Unguiculariopsis / Velutarina (99,4%). - (2001-11-20).

3335. Hemiphacidiaceae Korf
See Note 3343 (Rhabdocline)! - (2001-10-31).

3498. Heppia Nägeli
See Note 3499 (Lichinaceae)! - (2002-04-15).

3525. Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Abdul Gafur & Tsuda
Tanaka et al. (2002: 92) described the new genus Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Abdul Gafur & Tsuda (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales), supported by ITS analyses. Type species: Heteroepichloë bambusae (Pat.) E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Abdul Gafur & Tsuda. - (2002-09-20).

3369. Holwaya Sacc.
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3570. Hosseusia Gyeln.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 626, Table 1) commented on Hosseusia: "identity unknown until type is recovered, although hardly in this family [Pannariaceae]". We suggest Lecanorales inc. sed. as a provisional solution. - (2002-11-04).

3370. Hubbsia W.A. Weber
Tehler et al. (1997: 255) monographed the genus Hubbsia W.A. Weber and accepted two species, one of them transferred from Reinkella Darb. - (2001-11-20).

3425. Hyalocrea H. Syd. & Syd.
Kirk et al. (2001: 240) listed this genus among Dothideales inc. sed., but judging from the information provided by Pirozynski (1977) and Rossman (1987) the genus might just as well be related to Capronia in the Chaetothyriales, although the ascomata were described as white to pale luteous. Molecular data are needed to place this group of small mycoparasites in at least the right order. Provisionally the genus can be listed among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. with a "?". - See Note 326 (Hyalocrea)! (2001-11-30).

3426. Hyalomeliolina F. Stev.
Kirk et al. (2001: 240) placed this genus in the Pseudoperisporiaceae, whereas Sivanesan (1987) assigned it to the Parodiopsidaceae. Hughes (1993: 213) examined the type collection of the type species, mentioned earlier concepts of the genus, argued against Petrak´s treatment of the genus (he included mycoparasites), added several details to Sivanesan´s description, but did not argue against his conclusions. The genus may be kept within Parodiopsidaceae with a "?" until molecular data are available. - (2001-11-30).

3352. Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley
Ramaley (2001: 269) described the new genus and species Hyaloseta nolinae A.W. Ramaley (Niessliaceae) from dead leaves of Nolina micrantha, collected in New Mexico, U.S.A. The small, superficial, sphaeroid, ostiolate ascomata were setose. The setae were "aseptate, thick-walled, hyaline" and were expanded "to a glistening, elongate, swollen, more or less ellipsoid tip". The conidial state was Monocillium nolinae A.W. Ramaley. Hyaloseta nolinae had characters of both the Bionectriaceae and Niessliaceae, Monocillium anamorphs had only been found in Niessliaceae. - (2001-11-06).

3455. Hydnotryopsis Gilkey
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3347. Hydrothyria J.L. Russell
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2000) treated Hydrothyria J.L. Russel as a synonym of Peltigera Willd. - See Note 3348 (Peltigera)! (2001-11-05).

3541. Hypoflavia Marbach
Marbach (2000: 291) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 2 species. Type species: Hypoflavia velloziae (Kalb) Marbach. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3564. Hypotrachynicola Etayo
Etayo (2002: 50) described the new genus Hypotrachynicola Etayo. The single species H. rubra Etayo was found on a Hypotrachyna sp. in Colombia. The ascomata were immersed, but protruding through the lichen thallus with a short papilla. The asci were unitunicate, each with 16 non-septate, hyaline ascospores. The hamathecium consisted of periphyses. The position of the genus was uncertain, but provisionally it can be included among Sordariomycetes inc. sed. - (2002-10-15).

3427. Hysteriales Lindau
Kirk et al. (2001: 252) accepted this order. Two SSU rDNA sequences from members of the Hysteriaceae are available from GenBank (Eriksson 2001: 42), viz. of Hysterium pulicare Pers. and Hysteropatella clavispora (Peck) Seaver. In a phylogenetic analysis (Winka & Eriksson 2000) these species formed a clade with 99% BT support and with no support for a close relationship with any other taxa in Dothideomycetes. We need sequences from some more taxa, especially the genera Lophium Fr. and Mytilinidion Duby, but the order can tentatively be accepted. - See Notes 3423 (Glyphium) and 3432 (Mytilinidiaceae). (2001-11-30).

3313. Icmadophilaceae Triebel
Lutzoni et al. (2001: 937) and Bhattacharya et al. (2000) included members of the Icmadophilaceae in phylogenetic analyses of the ascomycetes. It seems clear from their studies that the family should be referred to Lecanoromycetes, but the exact position in the class is uncertain. - (OE: 2001-10-25).

3500. Involucroscypha Raitv.
Raitviir (2002: 46) described the new monotypic genus Involucroscypha Raitv. to accommodate I. involucrata (B. Erikss.) Raitv. It was originally described in Dasyscypha by B. Eriksson (1970: 16) as a unique member of the genus because of ascomata being seated in a cup-shaped involucre arising from a stalk (Eriksson 1970, Pl. IIab). Since then, the genus has been split and it has been clear that the species did not fit in any of the genera in Hyaloscyphaceae. Raitviir has now demonstrated that it should rather be referred to the Dermateaceae on the basis of globose cells in the ectal excipulum and despite the very conspicuous hairs on the apothecia and the inner and outer surfaces of the involucra. Raitviir stated that the hairs are different from those in the Hyaloscyphaceae. Also the asci are different and more similar to those of Coronellaria in Dermateaceae. Moreover, both taxa have lanceolate paraphyses. Eriksson recorded I. involucrata from six localities in northern Sweden on dead twigs of Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Remler (1979) reported it from Austria on the same host species. Raitviir (l.c.) had also seen material on Calluna vulgaris collected by K. Leernum in Finland. It has been found once on a host outside Ericales, viz. on thin twigs of Pinus sylvestris, Pinaceae (leg. M. Karlman) at Umeå in northern Sweden. - (2002-04-17).

3456. Iodophanus Korf
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3457. Iodowynnea Medel, Guzmán & Chacón
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3428. Ionomidotis E.J. Durand ex Thaxt.
See Note 3404 (Ameghiniella)! - (2001-11-30).

3542. Kemmleria Körb.
Marbach (2000: 341) stated that ’Kemmleria varians ist ein lichenicoler Pilz’. It should be restudied. - (2002-09-24).

3458. Kimbropezia Korf & W.Y. Zhuang
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3388. Laboulbeniomycetes Engler
Weir & Blackwell (2001: 1182) published SSU rDNA sequences from three members of Laboulbeniales: Hesperomyces coccinelloides(Thaxt.) Thaxt., Stigmatomyces limnophorae Thaxt., and Zodiomyces vorticellarius Thaxt. Phylogenetic analyses clustered the three species with 100% BT support and strongly suggested that Laboulbeniales belongs within subphylum Pezizomycotina. They were not closely related to other taxa in this molecular study. They are morphologically very different from other ascomycetes. The melanized holdfast does only occur in Laboulbeniales. Weir & Blackwell accepted one order (Laboulbeniales) and five families (the same as in Myconet). - See Notes 3380 (Ascomycota) and 3389 (Laboulbeniomycetidae). (OE: 2001-11-30).

3389. Laboulbeniomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 267) used this name for a subclass that accommodated the orders Laboulbeniales and Pyxidophorales. - See Notes 3380 (Ascomycota), 3388 (Laboulbeniomycetes), and 3434 (Pyxidiophorales)! (2001-11-30).

3390. Lecanoromycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 274) used this name for the taxon treated as class Lecanoromycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3371. Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka
Réblová & Winka (2001: 481) described the new genus and species Lecythothecium duriligni Réblová & Winka. It was shown to have a Sporodesmium anamorph. In phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 35 members of the class Sordariomycetes, L. duriligni clustered with high BT values with Chaetosphaeria, Striatosphaeria and Umbrinosphaeria species (MP 98%, NJ 100%). The new genus was included in Chaetosphaeriaceae and was an ingroup in a paraphyletic Chaetosphaeria. The asci have an apical I- ring. The ascospores are 7-septate, have hyaline end cells and brown central cells. - (2001-11-20).

3337. Leotiales Carpenter
Gernandt et al. (2001: 929) stated that ”The data support separation of Leotiaceae from Helotiaceae, but tree topologies do not provide strong evidence to indicate that Leotiaceae should be placed in a separate order”. - (2001-10-31).

3511. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Lumbsch et al. (2002) received high BT support for this taxon and proposed to reinstate it to accommodate non-pezizalean euascomycetes. However, the Orbiliomycetes should be included in the analysis before that can be done. - (2002-06-10).

3336. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Gernandt et al. (2001) performed very thorough phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from a large number of representatives of Helotiales and Rhytismatales and discussed the delimitation of the two orders and the families within the orders, but they also covered issues as the origins of apothecia, amyloidity as a taxonomic criterion, etc. - See also Notes 3330 (Cudonia), 3331 (Cyclaneusma), 3332 (Darkera), 3333 (Geoglossaceae), 3334 (Gremmeniella), 3335 (Hemiphacidiaceae), 3337 (Leotiales), 3338 (Naemacyclus), 3339 (Orbiliaceae), 3340 (Phacidium), 3341 (Piceomphale), 3342 (Pseudeurotiaceae), 3343 (Rhabdocline), 3344 (Rhytismatales), 3345 (Spathularia), and 3346 (Thelebolaceae). - (2001-10-31).

3391. Leotiomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 276) used this name for the taxon treated as class Leotiomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3571. Lepidocollema Vain.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 626) accepted this genus in the Pannariaceae, with a reference to Henssen & Jahns (1973). - (2002-11-04).

3459. Lepidotia Boud.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3512. Lepolichen Trevis.
Schmitt et al. (2001: 315) proposed that this name should be treated as a synonym of Coccotrema. See Note 3509 (Coccotrema)! - (2002-06-10).

3543. Lepropinacia Dill.
Marbach (2000: 338) stated that the identity of this genus is uncertain and that there is no original material. It should be listed under Excluded genera. - (2002-09-24).

3353. Leptotrema Mont.
Kalb (2001: 326) found that Leptotrema Mont. is a synonym of Myriotrema Fée. - (2001-11-06).

3473. Lichenopyrenis Calatayud, Sanz & Aptroot
Calatayud et al. (2001: 634) described the new genus and species Lichenopyrenis galligena Calatayud, Sanz & Aptroot, a parasite causing galls in thalli of Leptochidium albociliatum. It has also been found in apothecia of the host lichen. The perithecioid ascomata produce fissitunicate asci separated by very wide, mostly simple physes. The pale brown ascospores are 1-septate, and the septum is thickened at the spore wall and bulges out from the ellipsoid outline (esp. with KOH).The anamorph is pycnidial and produces small hyaline conidia acrogenously from branched conidiophores. The genus was tentatively referred to the Pleomassariaceae. - (2001-12-18).

3499. Lichinaceae Nyl.
Schultz & Büdel (2002: 39) published a key to the genera of the Lichinaceae. Gloeoheppia (Gloeoheppiaceae) and Heppia (Heppiaceae) were included in the key, which excluded Finkia, Gyrocollema, Mawsonia and Pseudarctomia, listed in the family in the Current system in Myconet. - (2002-04-15).

3558. Linhartia Sacc. & P. Syd.
Lücking (1999) treated Linhartia as a synonym of Psorotheciopsis in Asterothyriaceae. - See Note 3474 (Solorinellaceae)! (2002-10-04).

3460. Loculotuber Trappe, Parladé & I.F. Alvarez
See Note 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3491. Lophodermium Chevall.
See Note 3493 (Terriera)! - (2002-03-21).

3429. Lophomerum Quell. & Magasi
Kirk et al. (2001: 252) accepted this genus in Rhytismataceae and referred to Johnston (1988). - (2001-11-30).

3544. Mannia Trev.
Marbach (2000: 341) replaced Mannia Trev. 1857 (non Opiz 1828) with the new name Cratiria Marbach. - (2002-09-24).

3461. Marcelleina Brumm., Korf & Rifai
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3545. Mattickiolichen Tomas. & Cif.
Marbach (2000: 341) found that the type species M. triphragmioides (Anzi) Tomas. & Cif. differed from all genera segregated from Buellia s.lat. in its conidiomata, which corresponded to the ’Umbilicaria-Typ nach Vobis (1980)’. Mattickiolichen can be listed among Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. - (2002-09-24).

3546. Melanaspicilia Vain.
Marbach (2000: 342) stated that M. sororia (Th. Fr.) Vain. (lectotype selected by Marbach), differed in several respects from corticolous species of Buellia s.lat. treated by him. However, the type species is conspecific with, or a least very close to, the type of Buellia aethalea, and Melanaspicilia should be treated as a synonym of Buellia. - (André Aptroot: 2002-09-24).

3430. Melanophloea P. James & Vezda
This genus was accommodated in the Thelocarpaceae in Note 3164 by Eriksson et al. (2001: 18). - (2001-11-30).

3372. Melanopsammella Höhn.
The genus has been used to accommodate Chaetosphaeria species with fragmenting ascospores, but it nested among Chaetosphaeria species in a phylogenetic analysis by Réblová & Winka (2000: 952) and was treated by them as a synonym of that generic name. - See Note 3363 (Chaetosphaeria)! (2001-11-20).

3504. Melanospora Corda
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) found that SSU rDNA data grouped four species of Melanospora (M. brevirostris, M. singaporensis, M. tiffanii, M. zamiae) and several other members of the Ceratostomataceae in Hypocreales and not Sordariales, in which they had been accommodated in recent classifications (Eriksson et al. 2001, Kirk et al. 2001). A placement in Hypocreales had, however, been proposed already in 1994 by Spatafora & Blackwell, based on SSU rDNA studies of two members of Melanospora. Zhang & Blackwell (l.c.) sequenced also the rpb2 gene in two Melanospora species, which grouped with Hypocreales in their analysis, although with low bootstrap support. Partial sequences of LSU rDNA placed the four above mentioned Melanospora species and two Sphaerodes species (S. compressa, S. fimicola) as a monophyletic group at the base of Hypocreales. - (2002-05-30).

3392. Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 314) used this name for a subclass that accommodated only the order Meliolales. This order was included in class Sordariomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet, on the basis of analyses by Saenz & Taylor (1994, 1999). - See Notes 2083 (Meliola), 2908 (Meliolaceae) and 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3373. Microglossum Gillet
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3547. Mischoblastia A. Massal.
Mayrhofer (in Marbach 2000: 342) discussed the typification of this generic name and stated that M. oxidata A. Massal. is the only possible choice. He maintained that characters that recently had been emphasized to separate Mischoblastia from Rinodina were unreliable. However, he stated that the R. lecanorina Group ’mit ihren Ascosporen vom Bicincta-Typ’ has an isolated position within the genus and may have to be segregated as separate genus if molecular data will support that. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3572. Moelleropsis Gyeln.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from two Moelleropsis species in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. One of them, M. nebulosa, clustered with 100% statistical support with two Fuscopannaria species within a Pannariaceae clade. According to the authors, the distinction between the two genera has been increasingly ill-defined. They have a similar hemiamyloid reaction of the hymenium and the ascus apex structure is similar. The authors suggested that the two genera should be merged, but Moelleropsis (1939) is the older name, and conservation of Fuscopannaria (1994) will be necessary to keep it as the correct name of the genus. Further analyses, including more genera, should preceed that action. See Notes 3569 (Fuscopannaria) and 3573 (Pannariaceae)! - The other species, Moelleropsis humida, did not cluster within the Pannariaceae clade. The position of this species is uncertain. - (2002-11-04).

3445. Mollisiaster Kirschst.
Kirk et al. (2001: 328) reported that Arendholz (in litt.) treats this generic name as a synonym of Microscypha (Hyaloscyphaceae). - (2001-12-11).

3492. Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker
Collado et al. (2002) accepted four species in the genus Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker, one of them new to science. Analysis of SSU rDNA sequences indicated that the genus might have affinities with the Xylariales rather than with the Sordariales. However, the BT support for that was low, and the genus is best accommodated among Sordariomycetes incertae sedis until we have further information. - (2002-03-21).

3306. Montagnula Berl.
As pointed out by Holm (1992) and Rossman (Note 3308), Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze may be an older name for Montagnula Berl. However, there have been at least three different interpretations of the name Winterella and more than 14 taxa have been accepted in the genus. To use that generic name for the species in the genus Montagnula might cause confusion. At least 16 taxa have been accepted in Montagnula, a now well established name. The new family Montagnulaceae was recently erected by Barr (1999, Note 3250). A conservation proposal should be submitted and treated by the Committee for Fungi before a transfer of all species in Montagnula to Winterella. - (OE: 2001-10-22).

3314. Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3315. Mycopepon Boise
Bhattacharya et al. (2000: 937) included the single species of Mycopepon, M. smithii Boise, in phylogenetic analyses of the ascomycetes. Boise (1987) stated that this fungus has fissitunicate asci and that the ”fungal peridium, which is pseudoparenchymatous, and hamathecium of cellular pseudoparaphyses suggest that this genus is related to members of the Pleosporales sensu Barr”. She preferred, however, not to refer it to any specific family. The original description does appear to be of a member of the Dothideomycetes. However, molecular data (Bhattacharya et al. 2000) from culture SMH1609 indicated that it belongs in Sordariomycetes, although the exact position of the genus in that class was uncertain. A second sequence from other material of the species is necessary to confirm that it really belongs in Sordariomycetes, and that the sequence is not from a contaminant. - (OE: 2001-10-25).

3431. Mycosphaerellales (Nannf.) P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: x) raised Pseudosphaeriales suborder Mycosphaerellineae Nannf. to ordinal rank. The reference was given to Nannfeldt 1932 p. 38, but the name of the suborder does not appear there, but as a nomen nudum in p. 56. A description from the running text may be extracted in p. 38 (extracted as done for the orders described by Nannfeldt: Diaporthales, Ostropales, and Xylariales), so a reference should have been given to both p. 38 and 56.

Mycosphaerellaceae has usually been accommodated in the order Dothideales. From recent molecular studies it may appear that Mycosphaerella is not very closely related to Dothidea and other members of Dothideales, but that is false if based on sequences of Mycosphaerella citrullina (C.O. Sm.) Grossenb., as that name is a synonym of Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm (see, for instance, Sivanesan 1984: 419). - (2001-11-30).

3446. Myeloconidaceae P.M. McCarthy
McCarthy (2001: 227) erected the new family Myeloconidaceae P.M. McCarthy (as Myeloconaceae; based on Myeloconis; cfr Melanconis - Melanconidaceae) in Trichotheliales. It resembled the Trichotheliaceae in ”ascus structure, ascospore shape and ontogeny and the largely free hamathecium”, but it could be distinguished from that family ”by a combination of unique thallus chemistry, the absence of an involucrellum and by the presence of a deeply pigmented wall of periclinal cells external to the exciple”. - (2001-12-11).

3432. Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst.
Kirk et al. (2001: 345) placed this family in the Hysteriales, but stated that "molecular data are lacking and similarities with the Hysteriaceae may be due to convergence". - See Note 3423 (Glyphium)! (2001-11-30).

3307. Myxobilimbia Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 154) described the new genus Myxobilimbia in Lecanorales ("?subord. Cladoniineae"). Four species were accepted, with M. lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner as type species. - (2001-10-22).

3338. Naemacyclus Fuckel
See Note 3331 (Cyclaneusma)! - (2001-10-31).

3374. Neobulgaria Petr.
See Note 3368 (Helotiaceae)! - (2001-11-20).

3559. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002: 4) transferred Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus Udagawa & Takada to the new genus Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales). - (2002-10-04).

3526. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama
Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002: 4) described the new genus Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiyama (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales) to accommodate the single species N. acanthosporum (Udagawa & Takada) Udagawa & Uchiyama. - (2002-09-20).

3484. Neolecta Speg.
Landvik et al. (2001: 1151) reported that phylogenetic analyses of ten previously unpublished and 30 GenBank ß-tubulin amino acid sequences supported previous studies of rRNA and RPB2 sequences. Neolecta is not closely related to any other ascomycetes producing fruit-bodies, but clusters within a paraphyletic Taphrinomycotina, although with low BT support. New sequences were reported for species in Neolecta, Pneumocystis, Protomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Saitoëlla, and Taphrina. - (2002-03-19).

3393. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it with other ”basal” ascomycetes in a subphylum Taphrinomycotina as in the Current System in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota)! (2001-11-30).

3501. Obscurodiscus Raitv.
Raitviir (2002: 49) described the new monotypic genus Obscurodiscus Raitv. The type species O. myricae (P. Karst.) Raitv. occurs on dead branches of Myrica gale (Myricaceae). Raitviir stated that it is not hyaloscyphaceous, but should be included in Dermateaceae, as "it has typical Mollisiaceous hymenium and its marginal hairs are similar to those of some Pirottaea species". It differed, however, from Pirottaea in lack of grana and lanceolate paraphyses. - (2002-04-17).

3447. Ophiomeliola Starbäck
Kirk et al. (2001: 367) placed this genus in ?Parodiopsidaceae and reported that "material of the type species is effete fide Cannon (in litt., 2001); possibly a synonym of Ophioparodia, but probably based on discordant elements". - (2001-12-11).

3308. Ophiovalsa Petr.
Ophiovalsa Petr. is the correct name for Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze sensu Reid & Booth (1987) in the Diaporthales. -- Use of the name Winterella for Cryptospora suffusa and related species was advocated by Reid & Booth (1987). They wrongly attributed the genus Winterella to Kuntze (1891) suggesting that the type species was C. suffusa. In reality, the name Winterella was based on Cryptospora subgenus Winterella Sacc. In recognizing Winterella at the generic level, Kuntze (1891) refers specifically to the subgenus Winterella using the symbol § for subgenus. Therefore, this genus should be cited as Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze as pointed out by Holm (1992). The only taxon in Saccardo's Cryptospora subgenus Winterella was C. anthostomoides Rehm, so that must be the type species of Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze. This species may belong in Montagnula Berl. (1900) and, if so, Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze (1891) would be an older name for Montagnula. The name Ophiovalsa Petr. is a good genus in the Diaporthales based on the type species, O. suffusa (Fr.) Petr. The genus Winterella has been discussed previously in Notes 507, 545 and 546 (Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1987). Confusion about the genus Winterella stems from the fact that Reid & Booth (1987) did not recognize that Kuntze (1891) was referring to Saccardo's subgenus when he wrote about Winterella. I agree with Holm (1992) and Farr et al. (1979) that Kuntze was referring to the Cryptospora subgenus Winterella by using the symbol for subgenus (§) in common use at the time. Therefore, there is no such taxonomic entity as Winterella Kuntze, only Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze. - See also Note 3306 (Montagnula). (Amy Rossman: 2001-10-22).

3339. Orbiliaceae Nannf.
As in several other studies, Orbiliaceae had a basal position in Pezizomycotina (the euascomycetes) in the thorough phylogenetic study by Gernandt et al. (2001). A new order and class should be described for this group of fungi, strongly supported by both morphological and molecular characters! - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (OE: 2001-10-31).

3394. Orbiliales ad int. (nom.nud.)
See Note 3395 (Orbiliomycetes)! - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3395. Orbiliomycetes ad int. (nom.nud.)
The new class Orbiliomycetes is used ad interim for the members of the family Orbiliaceae. Molecular data have shown that this group of fungi is distinct from the rest of the ascomycetes and it has appeared as the sister group to the rest of Pezizomycotina. Also TEM data support that the Orbiliaceae be placed in its own order and class. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota)!

Benny et al. (1978: 2006) demonstrated in a TEM study that the ascospores of Orbilia luteorubella (Nyl.) P. Karst. contain an electron-opaque body ”that appears to evolve from a mitochondrion that is attached, at one end, to the inner wall of the spore apiculus” (see also Note 2717, Orbilia). The authors also found that the asci were truncate and that the outer ascus wall (=ectotunica) was relatively thicker ”at the shoulders than on the top or sides”. The endotunica was very thin and contained no demonstrable discharge mechanism. The authors suggested that the genus should be excluded from the Helotiales and possibly be included in Lecanorales. However, molecular studies do not support that classification and the type of ascus they described is not known in Lecanorales or any other order in Pezizomycotina.

Pfister (1997: 1), in a morphological and molecular study of teleomorphs and anamorphs of Orbilia, stated that the Orbiliaceae ”to date seem distant from Leotiaceae and the Sclerotiniaceae”. Sugiyama (1998) included the SSU rDNA sequence from Orbilia auricolor in a broad phylogenetic analysis of Ascomycota. Orbilia came out as the sister group of Pezizales and was not close to the Helotiales. Harrington et al. (1999) used Orbilia as an outgroup in a phylogenetic study of the Pezizales. In other parsimony analyses (Note 3028, Orbiliaceae), Orbilia was the sister group of all other members of Pezizomycotina. - (OE: 2001-11-30).

3513. Orceolina Hertel
Poulsen et al. (2001: 323) revised the genus Orceolina Hertel and accepted two species. Analysis of LSU rDNA sequences supported the placement of the genus in the Agyriaceae with high bootstrap values and the Kishino-Hasegawa test. - (2002-06-10).

3514. Ostropales Nannf.
Lumbsch et al. (2002: 63, Fig. 2) received 96% BT support for a clade consisting of the genus Diploschistes (Thelotremataceae, Ostropales) and members of Agyriales (Trapelia, Trapeliopsis), Gyalectales (Gyalecta), Lecanorales (Lobaria) and Pertusariales (Coccotrema, Ochrolechia, Pertusaria), orders of the class Lecanoromycetes. This is in agreement with results obtained by Winka et al. (1998) and Winka (2000: 13), but analyses including more taxa are needed before the order can be included in Lecanoromycetes. - (2002-06-10).

3462. Pachyella Boud.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3463. Pachyphloeus Tul. & C. Tul.
See Notes 3465 (Pezizaceae) and 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3548. Pachysporaria (Malme) M. Choisy
Marbach (2000: 344) stated that this genus may have to be resurrected and will require a detailed study. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (2002-09-24).

3573. Pannariaceae Tuck.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) published a thorough phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from 21 lichen species, most of them members of the Pannariaceae. They compared their results with the system by Eriksson et al. (2001) and found that some taxa should not be accepted in the family (Degelia sect. Amphiloma, Fuscopannaria subg. Micropannaria, and Moelleropsis; see Notes 3568, 3569 and 3572). The genera Hosseusia (Note 3570) and Triclinum (Note 3579) were not included in the phylogenetic analysis, but should be excluded from the Pannariaceae for other reasons. Three genera should be added to the family (Lepidocollema, Protopannaria and Siphulastrum; see Notes 3571, 3575 and 3578). The ITS studies indicated that Pannaria was confamilial with Fuscopannaria subg. Fuscopannaria, Protopannaria, Psoroma, and Santesoniella. Parmeliella fell outside the family cluster in the optimal tree, but could not be rejected as a member of the family. The authors pointed out that some further genera should be included in a broader study (Degelia sect. Degelia, Erioderma, Fuscoderma, Leioderma, Lepidocollema, Psoromidium and Siphulastrum). - (2002-11-04).

3527. Paralethariicola Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich
Calatayud et al. (2001: 478) introduced the new genus and species Paralethariicola aspiciliae Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich for a lichenicolous fungus with "cleistohymenial apothecia, an exciple with periphyses and marginal hairs, asci with a thickened hemiamyloid apical wall and distinct hemiamyloid ring, and hyaline, 3-septate, curved, falcate or slightly helicoid ascospores" (p. 477). The authors referred the new genus to the Odontotremataceae and compared it with similar genera in that family. - (2002-09-20).

3327. Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss
Tsui et al. (2001: 1002) described Paraniesslia tuberculata K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, gen. et sp. nov., in the Niessliaceae. It differs from other members of the family in its greenish-brown ascospores with tuberculate ornamentations. The species was found on submerged wood in freshwater in Hong Kong. - (2001-10-30).

3574. Parmeliella Müll. Arg.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from Parmeliella triptophylla in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. This species, which is close to the type species of the genus, did not cluster with members of the Pannariaceae, but the authors stated that "apparently, the present data set does not have the power to resolve the question of the position of this genus" (p. 631). It can be retained in the family until data indicating another classification are available. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3348. Peltigera Willd.
Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (2000) performed a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences from 46 putative species of Peltigera and from ten other taxa in Peltigerales. The analysis indicated that Peltigera is a monophyletic genus, but the highest bootstrap support (100%) was received if the monotypic genus Hydrothyria was included in Peltigera. The resolution and bootstrap support increased in analyses of LSU rDNA data combined with morphological and chemical data. Therefore, the authors treated Hydrothyria as a synonym of Peltigera.

The single species in Hydrothyria, H. venosa J.L. Russell, is an aquatic lichen with nonstratified thallus with cyanobacteria (cf. Nostoc) as only photobiont. This species was given the new name Peltigera hydrothyria Miadlikowska & Lutzoni (bas. Hydrothyria venosa J.L. Russell, non Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.). It was accommodated in a separate section in Peltigera, Sect. Hydrothyriae Miadlikowska & Lutzoni. Five other sections were accepted in the genus. - (2001-11-05).

3483. Penzigia Sacc.
Ju & Rogers (2001) obtained a culture of the anamorph of the generic type Penzigia cranioides Sacc. & Paol., stated that it was close to anamorphs of Xylaria and by that provided support for the transfer of the species to that genus. Thus, Penzigia Sacc. was accepted as a younger synonym of Xylaria Hill ex Schrank. - (2002-03-11).

3505. Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included Persiciospora africana in molecular studies of the Ceratostomataceae. It grouped within Hypocreales in analyses of SSU rDNA data, within a Nectriaceae clade in a LSU rDNA tree, but with no bootstrap support. See Note 3504 (Melanospora)! - (2002-05-30).

3515. Pertusaria DC.
Lumbsch & Schmitt (2001: 161) studied the relationships within Pertusaria DC, using LSU rDNA sequences. They found that the genus was polyphyletic, with ”the subgenus Monomuratae more closely related to the Coccotremataceae and Ochrolechia than to taxa of the subgenera Pertusaria and Pionospora”. This means that the family Pertusariaceae was found to be paraphyletic, as one branch included the family Coccotremataceae. - (2002-06-10).

3516. Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb.
See Note 3515 (Pertusaria)! - (2002-06-10).

3464. Peziza Fr.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3465. Pezizaceae Dumort.
Phylogenetic relationships in the Pezizaceae were studied using 90 partial LSU rDNA sequences from 51 species of Peziza and 20 species from eight additional epigeous genera of the family, Boudiera, Iodophanus, Iodowynnea, Kimbropezia, Pachyella, Plicaria, Sarcosphaera and Scabropezia, and five hypogeous genera, Amylascus, Cazia, Hydnotryopsis, Ruhlandiella and Tirmania (Hansen et. al. 2001). All of these genera were confirmed to belong to the family.

To test the monophyly of the Pezizaceae and the relationships to the genera Marcelleina and Pfistera (currently Pyronemataceae), six species from the families Ascobolaceae, Morchellaceae and Pyronemataceae were included. The analyses suggest that the Pezizaceae should be emended to include the non-amyloid Marcelleina. The morphologically distinct Peziza gerardii forms a clade with Marcelleina and appears to be the sister group to the rest of the Pezizaceae. The Ascobolaceae is confirmed to be the sister group to the Pezizaceae, which supports the general view that the amyloid reaction of the ascus is phylogenetically informative in the Pezizales.

Peziza is confirmed to be non-monophyletic. It is composed of at least six major lineages, most of which include other genera of the Pezizaceae and four species of Peziza occur in separate lineages of yet uncertain placement. One well-supported clade, that includes the type species of Peziza, P. vesiculosa, was identified and will serve as a core group for a future circumscription of Peziza. The monotypic genera Kimbropezia and Pfistera were also nested within this clade and should be included in Peziza s. str. Both genera were originally described on the basis of very peculiar ascus apices (Korf & Zhuang 1991, see Note 1272). Van Brummelen (1998) studied the ascus apical structure in Kimbropezia campestris and Pfistera pyrophila by TEM. He found it to be unique in Kimbropezia and considered the genus best placed as a rather aberrant genus in the Pezizaceae, while he found Pfistera to belong to Peziza. Nevertheless, the apical structure in Kimbropezia is suggested to be derived within the core group of Peziza, from a typical Peziza-type (Hansen et al. 2001). Kimbropezia shares all other morphological characters with Peziza core group members. The placement of Kimbropezia in Peziza confirms the findings by Norman & Egger (1999, see Note 3191).

A close relationship between Sarcosphaera and the truffle Hydnotryopsis is suggested for the first time. They form a strongly-supported clade (bootstrap 99-100%).

Likewise, a close relationship between Scabropezia and the truffle Amylascus is strongly indicated (bootstrap 99-100%). Another truffle, Pachyphloeus melanoxanthus (type of Pachyphloeus), was suggested as closely related to Scabropezia, based on nSSU rDNA sequences (Norman & Egger 1999) and morphology (Dissing & Pfister 1981). The morphological features are also shared with Amylascus (Trappe 1971, 1975, Beaton and Weste 1982). The genera Ruhlandiella and Tirmania are nested within another clade of Peziza (not including the type) and Plicaria species. This clade is not strongly supported, but is present in all trees. Iodowynnea is supported as separate from the main groups of Peziza, but a close relationship to some Peziza species is possible. As suggested by Norman & Egger (1999), Peziza quelepidotia (= Lepidotia hispida) is also supported as a separate lineage in the family. In the analysis by Norman & Egger (1999) Peziza quelepidotia formed a clade with P. subisabellina (as Pachyella clypeata), but in the analyses by Hansen et. al. (2001) it forms a clade with P. natrophila (P. quelepidotia and P. nathrophila might be con-specific). Boudiera, Iodophanus and Pachyella are also recognized as distinct genera. It is still premature to propose a phylogenetic classification of the Pezizaceae. - (Karen Hansen: 2001-12-18).

3396. Pezizomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (nom.nud.)
Kirk et al. (2001: 390) used this name for the taxon treated as class Pezizomycetes in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3517. Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Lumbsch et al. (2002) examined a combined data set of nuclear SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences to examine the relationships of major clades of euascomycetes. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian statistics were employed. The Leotiomyceta were strongly supported and all classes as circumscribed by Eriksson & Winka (1997) included in the study received strong support. The relationships among the classes remained uncertain with the exception of a sister-group relationship of Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes and of Chaetothyriomycetes and Eurotiomycetes (see also Lindemuth et al. 2001: 1176). - (Thorsten Lumbsch: 2002-06-10).

3466. Pfistera Korf & W.Y. Zhuang
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3340. Phacidium Fr.
The position of the two representatives of this genus was uncertain in the phylogenetic trees published by Gernandt et al. (2001). - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (2001-10-31).

3520. Phacopsis Tul.
In a study of SSU nrDNA sequence data of the genus Phacopsis by Persoh & Rambold (2002: 43), the two investigated species (P. huuskonenii Räsänen, P. oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel & Rambold) formed a monophyletic clade with all available taxa of the family Parmeliaceae. It is discussed that morphological characters do not conflict with such a placement. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS nrDNA of the type species of Phacopsis (P. vulpina Tul.) and Nesolechia A. Massal (N. oxyspora (Tul.) A. Massal = P. oxyspora) could neither confirm nor reject a monophyletic origin of the two taxa, as previously implied by their synonymisation. - (G. Rambold: 2002-06-20).

3316. Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3467. Phillipsia Berk.
Phylogenetic relationships among species of Phillipsia were studied using ITS rDNA sequences and morphology (Hansen et al. 1999). Four species, P. carnicolor, P. crispata, P. domingensis and P. olivacea, were identified as distinct rDNA lineages, supported by spore morphology. Recognition of segregate species within the P. domingensis complex, which was based on differences in hymenium color, was not supported. Phillipsia lutea and another yellow form were nested within the P. domingensis complex, of those with reddish hymenial colors. Different anamorphs are, however, described for P. lutea and P. domingensis (Paden 1984). Phillipsia rugospora was proposed to be a synonym of P. olivacea. - (Karen Hansen: 2001-12-18).

3549. Physciaceae Zahlbr.
This family has been treated in several recent papers (e.g., Nordin & Mattsson 2001, Scheidegger et al. 2001, Grube & Arup, 2001) and molecular studies have indicated a close relationship with the Caliciaceae (Wedin et al. 2000). A large number of new genera have been introduced (Marbach 2000). It is difficult to assess the relationships and value of these new taxa without extensive molecular studies and several of them should be treated as synonyms of Buellia or Rinodina until more information is available. - (2002-09-24).

3341. Piceomphale Svrcek
This genus is currently included in Helotiales incertae sedis in Myconet. The position of this genus was uncertain also in the phylogenetic trees published by Gernandt et al. (2001). - See Note 3336 (Leotiomycetes)! (2001-10-31).

3433. Pindara Velen.
Kirk et al. (2001: 240) preferred not to treat Pindara as a synonym of Helvella (cf. Note 2668, Pindara) because "Helvella is in need of splitting". - (2001-11-30).

3448. Placuntium Ehrenb.
This genus has been accepted by some mycologists (e.g. Terrier 1942, Darker 1967), but others have treated the name as a synonym of Rhytisma (e.g. Nannfeldt 1932, B. Eriksson 1970). - (2001-12-11).

3317. Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr
See Note 3318 (Pleosporales)! - (2001-10-25).

3318. Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
Five orders are currently accepted in the class Dothideomycetes in Myconet, all supported by morphological as well as molecular characters. Families not yet represented in any molecular studies are provisionally included in Chaetothyriomycetes / Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. Recent molecular studies now support earlier morphological evidence that the following families can be moved from that group to the order Pleosporales: Montagnulaceae (Liew et al. 2000), Phaeosphaeriaceae (Berbee 1996, Dong et al. 1998, Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin 1999, Olivier et al. 2000, Liew et al. 2000, Lumbsch & Lindemuth 2001), Pleomassariaceae (Liew et al. 2000), Venturiaceae (Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin 1999, Olivier et al. 2000). - (OE: 2001-10-25).

3397. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it with other ”basal” ascomycetes in a subphylum Taphrinomycotina as in the Current System in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3485. Pneumocystis P. Delanoë & Delanoë
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3449. Porodothion Fr.
Kirk et al. (2001: 423) cited Porodothion Fr. (1825) as an obligate synonym of Porothelium Eschw. (1824) (Pyrenulales). - (2001-12-11).

3375. Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels
The position of this genus was uncertain in phylogenetic studies of LSU rDNA by Réblová & Winka (2000: 946, Fig. 3). - (2001-11-20).

3309. Protomicarea Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 156) described the new genus Protomicarea in Lecanorales ("subord. Cladoniineae, ?Psoraceae"). The single species was P. limosa (Ach.) Hafellner (syn. Lecidea limosa Ach.). - (2001-10-22).

3486. Protomyces Unger
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3575. Protopannaria (Gyeln.) P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman
Pannaria subg. Protopannaria Gyeln. was raised to generic rank by Jørgensen (2000). Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from Protopannaria pezizoides in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. This species clustered with high statistical support within a Pannariaceae cluster. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3342. Pseudeurotiaceae Malloch & Cain
The Pseudeurotiaceae are included among Ascomycota familiae incertae sedis in the Current system in Myconet. They clustered with inoperculate discomycetes in phylogenetic analyses by Gernandt et al. (2001), but without bootstrap support. The present classification can be kept until relationships with Leotiomycetes is supported by studies of more genes. - (OE: 2001-10-31).

3560. Pseudopaulia M. Schultz
Schultz (2002: 446) described the new genus and species Pseudopaulia tesselata M. Schultz (Lichinaceae) from Socotra. Phylogenetic MP analysis of SSU rDNA sequences clustered the species with Lichina species with 89% BT support. - (2002-10-04).

3450. Pseudotulostoma O.K. Miller & T. Henkel
Miller & Henkel (in Miller et al. 2001: 1269) described the new genus and species Pseudotulostoma volvata O.K. Miller & T. Henkel from Guyana. It was found under Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) and may be ectomycorrhizal. The fungus is epigeous, has a black stalk that ”expands just beneath the enlarged, rounded apical gleba”. This structure develops from a basal woody volva. The apex of the head has ”no sign of an opening and weathers away to expose a mazaedium which is gray”. Analyses of SSU rDNA indicated that the fungus is related to Elaphomyces, and it was accommodated in the Elaphomycetaceae. The ultrastructure of the ascospores was similar in the two genera. The Eurotiales branch had a 100% BT support in one of their most parsimonious trees and was the sister group of an Onygenales branch. Stalked ascomata are known earlier both in Eurotiales (Trichocoma) and Onygenales (Onygena), but they are not volvate and not as large as those in Pseudotulostoma. - (2001-12-11).

3576. Psoroma Michaux
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from three Psoroma species in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. Together with Santesoniella polychidioides they formed a cluster with high statistical support within a Pannariaceae cluster. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3310. Pycnora Hafellner
Hafellner (in Hafellner & Türk 2001: 157) described the new genus Pycnora in Lecanorales (Lecanoraceae). The type species P. xanthococca (Sommerf.) Hafellner (bas. Lecidea xanthococca Sommerf.) and two other species were accepted. - (2001-10-22).

3434. Pyxidiophorales P.F. Cannon
Cannon (in Kirk et al. 2001: xi) established the new order Pyxidiophorales. The single family, Pyxidiophoraceae G.R.W. Arnold, was accommodated in Laboulbeniales by Eriksson (1999: 76) and Weir & Blackwell (2001: 1189). The latter authors pointed out the distinctive life cycle in Pyxidiophora. The family Pyxidiophoraceae is probably the sister group of the other four families in Laboulbeniales. The order Pyxidiophorales can be accepted as long as we do not have evidence of these assumptions being wrong. - (2001-11-30).

3481. Ramalinaceae C. Agardh
See Note 3479 (Bacidiaceae)! - (2002-02-18).

3435. Ramalodium Nyl.
See Note 3437 (Staurolemma)! - (2001-11-30).

3354. Reimnitzia Kalb
Kalb (2001: 325) described the new monotypic lichen genus Reimnitzia Kalb (Thelotremataceae), based on R. santensis (Tuck.) Kalb (bas. Thelotrema santense Tuck.). The main feature separating the genus from other members of the family was the distinct epithecium, formed by densely interwoven, branched, upper parts of the paraphyses. - (2001-11-06).

3376. Reinkella Darb.
Tehler et al. (1997: 262) stated that Reinkella lirellina Darb. "is a lichenicolous fungus parasitising a sterile, sorediate and isidiate, unidentified species of Roccella". Morphological features indicated that R. lirellina is a member of the Opegraphaceae. - (2001-11-20).

3343. Rhabdocline Syd.
A close relationship between Rhabdocline and Keithia Sacc. (now a synonym of Didymascella Maire & Sacc.) was pointed out already by Nannfeldt (1932: 73). Nannfeldt included these genera in the Phacidiaceae, but some of the genera, including Rhabdocline and Didymascella, were later accommodated in the new family Hemiphacidiaceae by Korf (1962). This placement was accepted by DiCosmo et al. (1983), although Rhabdocline has been placed in the Rhytismataceae in some papers, e.g. in Dictionary of the Fungi (Hawksworth et al. 1983, 1995) and that classification was adopted by Eriksson (1984) and in later versions of Outline of the ascomycetes. Gernandt et al. (2001) demonstrated in phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences that Rhabdocline is closely related to the genera of Hemiphacidiaceae included in the study, in agreement with Korf’s (1962) classification. - (OE: 2001-10-31).

3565. Rhagadostomella Etayo
Etayo (2002: 109) described the new genus Rhagadostomella Etayo. The single species R. gregaria Etayo was found on Sticta weigelii in Colombia. The small, black, globose ascomata were gregarious, erumpent or sessile and lacked a hamathecium. The asci were 8-spored. The ascospores were arranged in a bundle in the upper part of each ascus. They were cylindric, 1-septate and hyaline. Etayo assumed that this species belonged in Nitschkiaceae. - (2002-10-15).

3377. Rhamphoria Niessl
See Note 3357 (Annulatascus)! - (2001-11-20).

3344. Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter
The phylogenetic studies of Helotiales and Rhytismatales by Gernandt et al. (2001) solved some of the problems re the delimitation of the orders, but, as they pointed out, SSU rDNA sequences are not yet available from two of the families in the latter order, Ascodichaenaceae and Cryptomycetaceae. - See Notes 3333 (Geoglossaceae), 3336 (Leotiomycetes). (2001-10-31).

3561. Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Vasilyeva (2002: 399) described the new genus Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva (Valsaceae). The type species R. ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva was collected on dead branches of Acer ukurunduensis in the Khabarovsk Territory, Russia. The genus was ”superficially similar to Diaporthe or Phragmodiaporthe but differs in elongated ascospores of Winterella type”. - (2002-10-04).

3468. Ruhlandiella Henn.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3398. Saccharomycetes G. Winter
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it in a separate subphylum as in the current and previous systems in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3487. Saccharomycopsis Schiønn.
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3488. Saitoëlla S. Goto, J. Sugiyama, M. Hamamoto & K. Komagata
See Note 3484 (Neolecta)! - (2002-03-19).

3550. Samboa Tomas. & Cif.
Marbach (2000: 338) stated that the identity of this genus is uncertain and that there is no original material. It should be listed under Excluded genera. - (2002-09-24).

3577. Santesoniella Henssen Arwidss. & D.J. Galloway
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 625) included sequences from Santesoniella polychidioides in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from putative members of the Pannariaceae. It formed a cluster with high statistical support with three Psoroma species within a Pannariaceae cluster, but data did not exclude the possibility that it should be accepted as a separate genus. - See Note 3573 (Pannariaceae)! (2002-11-04).

3436. Sarcosagium A. Massal.
This genus was accommodated in the Thelocarpaceae in Note 3164 by Eriksson et al. (2001: 18). - (2001-11-30).

3469. Sarcosphaera Auersw.
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3470. Scabropezia Dissing & Pfister
See Note 3465 (Pezizaceae) and 3471 (Terfeziaceae)! - (2001-12-18).

3399. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Kirk et al. (2001: 487) accepted this class, but did not accommodate it with other ”basal” ascomycetes in a subphylum Taphrinomycotina as in the Current System in Myconet. - See Note 3380 (Ascomycota). (2001-11-30).

3325. Sclerotinia Fuckel
Holst-Jensen et al. (1998: 705) performed an extensive analysis of ITS sequences from Sclerotinia and related genera and concluded that "Sclerotinia is probably polyphyletic and characterized by symplesiomorphies rather than synapomorphies". They believed that the best taxonomic treatment might be to "relax the generic delimitation of Sclerotinia to include Dumontinia, Grovesinia and probably also Botryotinia", but they refrained "from applying a strict cladistic approach to the circumscription of these four genera until additional supportive evidence is available". - (2001-10-29).

3506. Scopinella Lév.
Zhang & Blackwell (2002: 148) included Scopinella solani in molecular studies of the Ceratostomataceae. It grouped within Hypocreales in analyses of SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA data, but with no bootstrap support for a close relationship with any specific taxon within the order. - See Note 3504 (Melanospora)! - (2002-05-30).

3551. Sculptolumina Marbach
Marbach (2000: 296) described this new genus in the Physciaceae to accommodate 2 species. Type species: Sculptolumina japonica (Tuck.) Marbach. The genus seems indistinguishable from Rinodina in the current sense, especially from the R. oxydata-group, which has identical ascospores. Actually, one of the species of Sculptolumina was recently transferred to Rinodina, as R. atrofusca (Vain.) Aptroot, and the genus can be regarded as a synonym of Rinodina. - See Note 3549 (Physciaceae)! (André Aptroot: 2002-09-24).

3578. Siphulastrum Müll. Arg.
Ekman & Jørgensen (2002: 626) accepted this genus in the Pannariaceae, with references to Jørgensen & Galloway (1992) and Jørgensen (1998). - (2002-11-04).

3476. Solenopsora A. Massal.
Timdal (1992) and Ekman (1996) discussed the delimitation of this genus versus Toninia A. Massal. and Bacidia De Not./Bacidina Vezda, respectively. Both authors used a wider family concept than the Current outline does, but it is evident from their descriptions of the ascus of Solenopsora that the genus should be moved from the Bacidiaceae to the Catillariaceae. - (E. Timdal: 2001-12-18).

3474. Solorinellaceae Vezda & Poelt
Vezda & Poelt (1990) excluded Solorinella, Gyalidea, and Linhartia from the Asterothyriaceae (residual genus =Asterothyrium) and erected the new family Solorinellaceae (Ostropales). Vezda (1973) also placed Psorotheciopsis s.str. (excl. Linhartia) in the Megalosporaceae (Lecanorales; see Sipman 1983). However, several cladistic analyses of morphological and anatomical characters clearly depicted the genera Asterothyrium, Psorotheciopsis (incl. Linhartia), Gyalidea, and Solorinella as a monophyletic unit, and hence the family Asterothyriaceae sensu Vezda & Poelt (1987) and Eriksson & Hawksworth (1987) was reinstated by Lücking (1999). - (André Aptroot & Robert Lücking: 2001-12-18).

3400. Sordariomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David 2001 (<