VOLUME 9
JANUARY 28, 2003  

Notes on ascomycete systematics

Nos 3580-3623

Edited by

O.E. Eriksson, H.O. Baral, R.S. Currah, K. Hansen, C.P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe, and G. Rambold

Abstract

Eriksson O.E., Baral H.O., Currah R.S., Hansen K., Kurtzman C.P., Laessøe T., and Rambold G. (Eds). 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580-3623. - Myconet 9: 91-103.
The present paper presents 44 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels. The new order Orbiliales and new class Orbiliomycetes are described. A signature sequence in SSU rDNA from members of Ascomycota is discussed.

Introduction

The series ?Notes on ascomycete systematics? was published in Systema Ascomycetum during many years (5-16; 1986-1998) and was then continued on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/ myconet/notes.html) and as hard copies in Myconet (2,4-6,8; 1999-2002). An alphabetic list of all notes is available on the Internet (http://www.umu.se/myconet/all.html). Hard copies of new Notes are published in Myconet once or twice a year. A numeric list of the New Notes in the present issue is provided at the end of this paper.

Authors of Notes

Ove E. Eriksson 3590, 3591 - 3594; Hans-Otto Baral 3584 - 3585, 3587 - 3589, 3591 - 3592; Karen Hansen 3580; Guy Marson 3591; Thomas Laessøe 3601; Evi Weber 3591.

1. O.E. Eriksson (Web Ed.), Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, 2. H.-O. Baral, Tuebingen, Germany, 3. R.S. Currah, Edmonton, Canada, 4. K. Hansen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5. C.P. Kurtzman, Peoria, USA, 6. T. Laessøe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7. G. Rambold, Bayreuth, Germany.

3596. Aliquandostipitaceae Inderbitzin
Pang et al. (2002: 1033) treated this as single family in the new order Jahnulales. - See Notes 3595 (Aliquandostipite) and 3598 (Jahnulales)! - (2003-01-15).

3595. Aliquandostipite Inderbitzin
Aliquandostipite has hitherto been the single genus in the family Aliquandostipitaceae, but was found to be closely related to Jahnula Kirschst. and the new genus Pantescospora Abdel-Wahab & El-Sharouney and placed in the new order Jahnulales (Pang et al. 2002: 1033). One of the original species, A. sunyatsenii Inderbitzin, was treated as Jahnula sunyatsenii (Inderbitzin) Pang, E.B.G. Jones & Sivichai, as it agreed with two other Jahnula species in ascus morphology and clustered with them with 98% BT support in a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. - See Note 3598 (Jahnulales)! - (2003-01-15).

3600. Amauroascus J. Schr?t.
See Note 3602 (Auxarthron)! - (2003-01-21)

3583. Ameghiniella Speg.
See Note 3584 (Diplocarpa)! - (2002-12-27).

3601. Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn
Sivanesan & Alcorn (2002: 741) placed this new genus in the Chaetosphaeriaceae with the anamorph Dischloridium camelliae Alcorn & Sivan.The authors found the greatest similarity with Chaetosphaeria, but the nature of the anamorph made the new genus necessary. A similarity with members of the Lasiosphaeriaceae is noted based on the phialidic germination of the ascospores. - (T. Laessøe: 2003-01-21).

3602. Auxarthron G.F. Orr & Kuehn
Sol? et al. (2002: 388) performed phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region (incl. 5.8S rDNA) from all currently accepted species of Auxarthron and several species of Amauroascus and similar genera in Onygenales. The analyses indicated that Auxarthron is monophyletic, but the sequence data could not resolve the relationships among the Amauroascus species. - (2003-01-21).

3603. Baeomycetales nom. nud.
Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138) used this name to accommodate the genus Baeomyces. The order was included in the group "Unitunicate Ascohymenials". More sequences should be included in a broad study of Lecanoromycetes until the value of this new order can be assessed. - (2003-01-21).

3604. Boedijnopeziza S. Ito & S. Imai
Synonym of Cookeina. - See Note 3607 (Cookeina)! - (2003-01-21).

3580. Caloscyphaceae Harmaja
The family Caloscyphaceae (Pezizales) was erected by Harmaja (2002) for the presumed monotypic genus Caloscypha. The family was based partly on phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA by Landvik et al. (1997) which showed that Caloscypha, previously placed in Pyronemataceae (= Otideaceae), clusters within a Helvella/Tuber clade. Morphologically Caloscyphaceae is distinguished by eguttulate, uninucleate spores, without a cyanophilic secondary wall at any stage of development, some paraphyses tapering apically and presence of carotenoid pigments (Harmaja 2002). Uninucleate spores and carotenoid pigments are not otherwise shown to be present in the rDNA lineage where Caloscypha is grouping (Landvik et al. 1997). The anamorphic state of C. fulgens has been shown to be Geniculodendron pyriforme, a pathogen on seeds of conifers (Paden 1978). The taxonomic position of Caloscypha has been debated (Eckblad 1968, Le Gal 1969) and it has been pointed out to be rather isolated in the Pezizales/Pyronemataceae (Nannfeldt in Korf 1972, Eckblad 1968). I suggest that Caloscyphaceae be accepted, although further molecular studies are needed to resolve the relationships of Caloscypha to the rest of the Pezizales and to fully justify this new family. In the phylogenetic analyses by Landvik et al. (1997) forcing Caloscypha to group with a lineage comprising members of Pyronemataceae could not be rejected. - (K. Hansen: 2002-12-02).

3605. Coenogonium Ehrenb.
This generic name (typified by C. linkii Ehrenb.) was accepted by Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138), with Dimerella Trevis. as a synonym, in the family Coenogoniaceae. - See Note 3610 (Dimerella). - (2003-01-21).

3606. Coenogoniaceae (Fr.) Stizenb.
Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138) used this name to accommodate the genus Coenogonium Ehrenb. No author names were given, but the name was taken up by Stizenberger (1862: 140), based on "Coenogonieae (Fr.) Mass. Sched.". Petractis was closely related, according to their analyses. - (2003-01-21).

3607. Cookeina Kuntze
Weinstein et al. (2002: 673) performed a phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences from the genus Cookeina (Sarcoscyphaceae). Cookeina instititia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kuntze, type species of the genus Boedijnopeziza S. Ito & S. Imai, fell within the Cookeina cluster, and the generic name was treated as a synonym of Cookeina. - (2003-01-21).

3608. Cudonia Fr.
Wang et al. (2002: 641) compared Cudonia (with one new species) and Spathularia with Lophodermium (Rhytismataceae) and conluded that both morphological and molecular data indicate that previous suggestions of a close relationship between these taxa is correct. The new species Cudonia sichuanensis Zheng Wang was intermediate between the pileate species of Cudonia and spathulate species of Spathularia. The ascomata of the two genera are hemiangiocarpous. A membran-like structure covering young hymenia is seen in both genera and is not a character distinguishing the genus Spathulariopsis Maas Gest., which was treated as a synonym of Spathularia by Wang et al. - (2003-01-21).

3609. Decorospora Inderbitzin, Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Inderbitzin et al. (2002: 657) described the new genus Decorospora with the single species D. gaudefroi (Pat.) Inderbitzin, Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. It is a segregate from Pleospora, and phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences demonstrated that it belongs in the Pleosporaceae cluster, that has a 100% BT support, but Pleospora itself is more closely related to some other genera in the family. The species occurs on sea shore plants (Salicornia spp., etc.) and the ascospores have a unique type of perispore with 4-5 apical pointed extensions. - (2003-01-21).

3610. Dimerella Trevis.
L?cking & Kalb (2000) treated this generic name (lectotypified by D. lutea (Dickson) Trevis.) as a synonym of Coenogonium Ehrenb. Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138) received support for this in phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. - See Note 3605 (Coenogonium)! - (2003-01-21).

3611. Dioicomyces Thaxt.
Santamaria (2000: 615) revised the genus Dioicomyces Thaxt. (Laboulbeniaceae) and provided a key to the 23 species accepted based on morphology. - (2003-01-21).

3584. Diplocarpa Massee
Diplocarpa Massee 1895 versus Ionomidotis Durand 1923.
The descriptions of the type species of Diplocarpa, the European D. bloxamii (Berk. ex Phill. 1887) Seaver, e.g. by Massee & Crossland (1901: 181), Dennis (1949: 56; 1981: 164), and Roffler (2002: 14) leave little doubt that this taxon is very close to or even conspecific with the lectotype species of Ionomidotis Durand, the North American I. irregularis (Schwein. 1832) Durand (selected by Korf 1958), as described by Seaver (1951: 92) and Zhuang (1988: 271). The type of Poloniodiscus Svrc?ek & Kubic?ka, the European P. fischeri Svrc?ek & Kubic?ka, as described by Svrc?ek & Kubic?ka (1967: 154) was already considered to be a synonym of I. irregularis by Korf (1973: 303) and Zhuang (1988). Ionomidotis irregularis is currently placed in the Encoelioideae (Zhuang 1988: 271), while Diplocarpa is filed in the Hyaloscyphaceae (Dennis, l.c.) or Dermateaceae (Nauta & Spooner 2000: 24, see Eriksson 2000: 10, Note 3006).

The differences in the descriptions mainly concern apothecial size and shape, and hair vestiture, being c. 1-10 mm large, hairy, circular cups in D. bloxamii, 10-50 mm large, hairless, ear-shaped cups in I. irregularis, and up to 100 mm large, hairy, ear-shaped cups in P. fischeri. Recent European collections studied had hairy cups ranging between 1-5 (circular) and 5-35 mm (ear-shaped) (for figures see Baral et al. 2001, and Roffler l.c.).

The habitual resemblance with an Encoelia (Fr.) P. Karst., the pustulate exterior, the excipulum made up of thick-walled parenchymatic cells, releasing a deep blood-red or purple-brown dye on mounting in KOH (known as "ionomidotic reaction", Korf 1958: 15), clearly assign this taxon to the Encoelioideae. Its two most characteristic features are (1) the strongly inflated, lanceolate apices of paraphyses with thick-walled, light yellowish walls and septa, and (2) the presence of long hairs, at least near the margin. The transfer of D. bloxamii to the Dermateaceae by Nauta & Spooner (l.c.) was based on the ectal excipulum being a textura angularis (not textura prismatica, as erroneously cited by Eriksson, l.c.).

The ionomidotic reaction is very strong in the European specimens studied and identified as D. bloxamii. In the literature, however, this feature is only reported for the North American I. irregularis and the type of P. fischeri. The hairs are actually not reported for I. irregularis, but they are reported in the protologue of P. fischeri to be constantly present, a fact to which Korf (1973) did not refer. Therefore, the numerous North American collections might well be separable from European specimens at the species level. However, Roffler (l.c.) found that the hairs were only inconsistently present at his single collection site in Switzerland. Future research should clarify whether actually American I. irregularis is consistently hairless.

Ionomidotis has been placed in synonymy with Cordierites Mont. 1840 by Korf (1973), and with Ameghiniella Speg. 1887 by Gamund? (1991, see Eriksson & Hawksworth 1991: Note 1269; 1992: Note 1342), while Zhuang (1988) distinguished between the three genera. The type species of both Cordierites and Ameghiniella are devoid of long hairs as well as lanceolate paraphyses.

The generic concepts in the Encoelioideae are difficult to establish by morphological criteria. It is especially difficult to determine whether the absence of a character (like hairs) is apomorphic or plesiomorphic. Furthermore, the homogeneity of the group and its relation to the Sclerotiniaceae is also far from clear. Obviously, hairs have been overestimated in the past as a character at the family level. From the above, there is no doubt that both Ionomidotis and Poloniodiscus are synonyms of the older name Diplocarpa which in turn is probably closely related to Encoelia, a genus which has strong affinities with the Sclerotiniaceae (Baral & Richter 1997, Encoelia subgen. Kirschsteinia; Holst-Jensen et al. 1997, Encoelia fascicularis (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Karst.). However, until molecular data from a wide range of taxa become available, I am unable to decide whether the still older names Ameghiniella and Cordierites represent well-founded separate groups. At the moment, I support the broader generic concepts favoured by Korf (1973) and Gamund? (1991).

Two Australian collections tentatively identified by Beaton & Weste (1976: 453) as D. bloxamii differ in apothecia seated on rhizomorph-like threads and releasing a green pigment in KOH, and in ascospores ornamented by longitudinal ridges. These probably represent a different though closely related species of the Diplocarpa-group. Also these authors compared their specimens with the encoelioid genus Cordierites. - (H.-O. Baral: 2002-12-27).

3590. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Studies on a signature region in SSU rDNA from various members of Ascomycota (see Note 3592, Orbiliomycetes) are of interest to the classification of the Eurotiomycetes. In the diagram below, the end-loop of E23-1 (numbers acc. to Neefs et al. 1993) has the following sequences (second column) in the families in this class (small letters = nucleotides bound in the helix at the endloop; red bases = differences against CTCACC; number of sequences in the third column):

EUROTIOMYCETES
Eurotiales
1. Elaphomycetaceae CTCACC 4
2. Monascaceae CTCATC 1
3. Trichocomaceae CTCACC 28

Onygenales
1. Arthrodermataceae cTCACg 6
2. Ascosphaeraceae CTCACC 1
3. Eremascaceae CTCACC 1
4. Gymnoascaceae cTCACg 2
5. Onygenaceae *1* tTCGCg 14 CTCACC 7

*1* exceptions in Onygenaceae cTCACg (Apinisia graminicola AF015781), cTTAGCg (Castanedomyces australiensis AJ131786), TTCACC (Malbranchea albolutea L28063, but other Malbranchea spp. have tTCGCg), TTCGCC (Auxarthron ruffianum L28062, but U29395 has tTCGCg).

The signature CTCACC is the most common one in E23-1 in SSU rDNA in Ascomycota. It occurs also in many taxa in the order Eurotiales (but Monascaceae has CTCATC). In Onygenales there is much more variation. Two families have the CTCACC sequence, Ascosphaeraceae and Eremascaceae. Two families have cTCACg (where the end nucleotides become a part of the adjacent helix): Arthrodermataceae and Gymnoascaceae. The fifth family, Onygenaceae, has both these signatures and four other types. This indicates that the family may be heterogenous, but also that some sequences may be incorrect. Further studies are needed to explain these data. - (O.E. Eriksson: 2003-01-07).

3612. Gyalectales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138) included this order in Ostropales s.lat. - See Note 3616 (Ostropales)! - (2003-01-21).

3585. Hyalorbilia Baral & G. Marson
The new genus is separated from Orbilia Fr. by a mostly symmetrical guttulation of the ascospores (living state, one or several spore bodies near each spore end, the ectal excipulum on the flanks of a horizontally oriented textura prismatica, and the asci having rounded, thin-walled apices (dead state) and a rather short and thick stalk that arises from croziers. The paraphyses are not or only slightly inflated at the apex and are conglutinated with the asci by a gel that externally terminates by a very thin, mostly finely warted, pale chlorinaceous layer of exudate. The best known species transferred to the genus is Orbilia inflatula (P. Karst.) P. Karst. (Baral 1994, Baral & Marson 2001). - (H.-O. Baral: 2002-12-27).

3586. Ionomidotis Durand
See Note 3584 (Diplocarpa)! - (2002-12-27).

3597. Jahnula Kirschst.
Pang et al. (2002: 1033) demonstrated that this genus was closely related to Aliquandostipite (Aliquandostipitaceae). - See Notes 3595 (Aliquandostipite) and 3598 (Jahnulales)! - (2003-01-15).

3598. Jahnulales Pang, Abdel-Wahab, El-Sharouney, E.B.G. Jones & Sivichai
Pang et al. (2002: 1033) described the new order Jahnulales to accommodate the single family Aliquandostipitaceae in the class Dothideomycetes. The three genera (Aliquandostipite, Jahnula and Pantescospora) accepted in this order form a morphologically distinct group, and is not closely related to any of the other orders accepted in the class. They clustered with 100% BT support in a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. - See Note 3595 (Aliquandostipite)! - (2003-01-15).

3613. Lepraria Ach.
Ekman & T?nsberg (2002: 1262) studied the relationships of Lepraria and Leproloma using ITS region (incl. 5.8S rDNA) and SSU rDNA sequences. Most species in these two genera formed a monophyletic group that was closely related to Stereocaulon. The authors proposed that Leproloma be treated as a synonym of Lepraria. - (2003-01-21).

3614. Leproloma Nyl. ex Cromb.
Leproloma = Lepraria. - See Note 3613 (Lepraria)! - (2003-01-21).

3615. Lichenostigma Hafellner
Calatayud et al. (2002: 1230) broadened the concept of this genus to include also dictyosporous species. - (2003-01-21).

3581. Lobariaceae Chevall.
Thomas et al. (2002: 123) used ITS region sequences in studies of the relationships between members of the genera Dendriscocaulon, Lobaria, Nephroma, Peltigera, Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta in Peltigerales and with Lecanora muralis and Parmelia saxatilis as outgroups. Also one member of Degelia and one of Psoroma were included. They appeared at the base of a Peltigera clade in both an ML and NJ analysis. The peltigeralean genera were monophyletic in both analysas, except Pseudocyphellaria (a strong support for species with white medulla belong in three different clades). Dendriscocaulon, as expected, nested within a Sticta clade. - (2002-12-02).

3582. Megaspora (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner & V. Wirth
Ivanova & Hafellner (2002: 113) performed a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region sequences from members of the genera Aspicilia, Bellemerea, Lecidea, Megaspora, Ochrolechia and Pertusaria. Megaspora is currently placed in a separate family (Megasporaceae) in Pertusariales, but according to the authors, the analysis indicated that Megaspora was most closely related to Aspicilia (93% BT support), and not to the members of the Pertusariaceae (Ochrolechia and Pertusaria). However, Pertusaria was the sister group of Lecidea + Bellemerea, and not to Ochrolechia (no bootstrap support). It is doubtful whether ITS data are reliable in this case, dealing with relationships of genera and higher taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences have been inconclusive (Stenroos & DePriest 1998, Note 2567) and we should await further studies of other sequences before we make any changes in the current system. - (2002-12-02).

3587. Microspora Velen. 1934
The type species, M. dubia Velen., was restudied from the holotype material (Baral ined., a detailed account is in preparation) and found to be a later synonym of Tromeropsis microtheca (P. Karst.) Sherw., the type species of the monotypic genus Tromeropsis Sherw. (in Hawksworth & Sherwood 1981). Thus, Tromeropsis would become a later synonym of Microspora. The latter name is, however, antedated by the homonym Microspora Thuret (1850, nom. cons., Chlorophyceae, see Index Nominum Genericorum: http://rathbun.si.edu/botany/ing/). Therefore, Microspora Velen. is to be considered a nomen rejiciendum, and the name Tromeropsis remains valid.

Tromeropsis has saccate, inamyloid, functionally fissitunicate asci containing about 128 small ellipsoid spores. Its relation is very probably close to Patellaria Fr. (Patellariales), with which it shares a refractive, extracellular, oleaginous exudate among the paraphyses. This kind of exudate occurs also in a habitually similar genus, Pragmopora Massal., which might as well be related despite its unitunicate asci.

In pure culture T. microtheca produced an anamorph related to Hyphozyma de Hoog & M.T. Sm. (Weber 2002: 176, fig. 9). The conidiogenous cells resemble the adelophialides of Lecythophora Nannf. (anamorph of Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke), but conidiogenesis is holoblastic. In a molecular analysis, Tromeropsis clustered near the Helotiales and Erysiphales (Weber et al. 2002: 192), while in an analysis presented at the IMC7 in Oslo 2002 (Collado et al. 2002) it clustered near Pragmopara, but also near Lasiostictis Sacc. and Melittosporiella H?hn. (Rhytismatales). - (H.-O. Baral: 2002-12-27).

3591. Orbiliales Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber
A combination of several unique morphological characters indicate that the family Orbiliaceae Nannf. forms a very distinct group of inoperculate, non-lichenized discomycetes, well separated from Helotiales, where they were previously placed, and the other orders currently accepted in the class Leotiomycetes. Therefore, a new order Orbiliales is proposed. Recent phylogenetic analyses of molecular data support this conclusion, and also that the new order should be placed in a separate new class Orbiliomycetes. - See also Note 3592 (Orbiliomycetes).

Orbiliales Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber, ordo nov., Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral, cl. nov.
Apothecia hyalina, roseo-aurantiaca, lutea, atroolivacea vel atrolilacea, margine glabra, nonnumquam denticulata vel pilosa. Asci inamyloidei, apice tenuiter vel crasse tunicati, lateraliter tenuiter tunicati, rotundati vel truncati, ex uncis nati vel deuncinati, saepe bifurcati. Ascosporae saepe pro parte inverse orientatae, cum corpusculo refringenti, saepe lacrimaeformi vel filiformi, nonnumquam flexuoso, etiam globoso vel lentiforme, c. 1-5 ?m diam., ad apicem sporae affixo (raro cum 2-6 corpusculis bipolaribus), solutione KOH dissoluto, in statu emortuo evanescenti. Paraphyses apice incrassato vel non incrassato, saepe exsudato tecto. Excipulum ectale e textura globulosa-angularis vel prismatica-porrecta. Status anamorphus conidiis hyalinis, uni- vel plerumque multiseptatis, raro aseptatis, saepe ramosis.

Typus: Orbiliaceae Nannfeldt, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Scient. Ups. , Ser. IV, 8(2): 250 (1932).

Key characters: (1) Living ascospores with one apical (more rarely several bipolar), high-refractive, KOH-soluble cytoplasmic inclusion of various shapes, but unknown function ("spore body" = "SB"). (2) Asci inamyloid (with or without KOH-pretreatment); (3) Part of the ascospores regularly inversely oriented (if heteropolar). (4) Sterile tissue frequently with one or a few globose, low-refractive, KOH-soluble cytoplasmic bodies ("SCBs") per cell, in addition in c. 23% of the taxa with unique ring-, horseshoe-, or keyhole-shaped, often pale reddish "SCBs". (3) Anamorphs (as far as known) forming comparatively large, holoblastic, hyaline conidia (phragmo- to staurosporous, sometimes didymosporous, exceptionally amerosporous).

Further characteristics: Asci cylindric(-clavate), 8-128-spored, without or with apical thickening (then often with apical chamber), truncate (with "shoulders", as in Neolecta, Sara Landvik, pers. comm.) in front view (hemispherical in side view) or hemispherical in both views, lateral wall always thin-walled; ascus base arising from croziers (Hyalorbilia) or simple septa (base then mostly forked or inversely T- or L-shaped, Orbilia). Paraphyses in c. 30% of the taxa with strongly enlarged apices; marginal excipular cells in c. 20% of the taxa with short to very long glassy processes; exterior of apothecia frequently covered by an amorphous, hyaline or yellowish, rarely dark olivaceous or purplish exudate.

The "spore bodies" are formed by an invagination of the plasmalemma in the final stage of spore maturation, and always remain attached to the spore wall, either broadly (lens-shaped SBs) or often only by a thin thread. Chemically they behave like vacuoles: they are filled with a refractive substance that stains selectively deep blue under vital staining with cresyl blue. Though very conspicuous under the light microscope (bright field optics, unstained), they cannot further be seen in dead spores, but well so in material fixed for the TEM. Their derivation from mitochondria, as proposed by Benny et al. (1978), is certainly erroneous: the authors believed that the "spore bodies" attach at the spore wall only at maturity; however, this is a misinterpretation that orginates from the 2-dimensional TEM sections which do not always hit the thin attachment of the "spore body". For figures illustrating "spore bodies" see Patouillard (1882: 11, pl. II, 6), Rolland (1901: pl. IV, 1d), Chenantais (1918: pl. III, fig. 2b-c), Benny et al. (1978: fig. 17), Baral (1989: 126, tab. 4, f; 1992: 366, fig. 37; 1994: fig. 1c, 2c, 3c), Kohlmeyer et al. (1998: figs. 7, 9, 11, 12).

The anamorphic states detected so far belong in about twelve genera (see below; Pfister 1997, Scholler et al. 1999, Kohlmeyer et al. 1998, Weber et al., in prep.). Gamsylella belongs in the Orbiliomycetes, inferred from molecular analyses, but no teleomorphic state is so far known. There are several recent papers on predatory species. Some species catch nematodes with constricting rings, others with adhesive nets, knobs or columns. Specific antibiotics produced by the fungus and killing nematodes have been identified (Anderson et al. 1999). One species of an undescribed teleomorphic genus is rotifer trapping (Baral & Marson, in prep.). Four anamorphic genera with predatory species on nematodes were accepted by Scholler et al. (1999). A further anamorphic genus preys on rotifers (Tanabe et al. 1999). Phylogenetic studies on the anamorphs have also been published by Ahr?n et al. (1998), Hagedorn & Scholler (1999), Liou & Tzean (1997), and Tanabe et al. (1999). Furthermore, pollen grains are invaded by haustoria in pure culture in all species tested (but also in some non-orbiliaceous discomycetes, Weber et al., in prep.). Algae often grow in association in the field, but were so far never found to be attacked. Thus a lichenization, as suggested by Benny et al. 1978), could not be confirmed (Weber et al., in prep.).

The group was currently considered to comprise roughly 10-20 good teleomorphic species. During a monographic work on mainly recent collections from various continents (Baral & Marson, in prep.) the number of recognized species has increased to presently c. 230 species, which exhibit an incredible amount of so far unreported character diversity. A few main reasons explain why these species have largely been overlooked in the past: (1) the frequent minuteness of the apothecia, (2) their, in our experience, strongly predominant adaption to xeric habitats where non-lichenized discomycetes are generally not expected to grow, (3) the strongly prevailing herbarium taxonomy which has lead to the neglection of the taxonomically most important SBs and SCBs.

Accepted genera:
Teleomorphic states: Orbilia Fr. (c. 210 species, = Hyalinia Boud., = Habrostictis Fuckel, = Cheilodonta Boud., = Radotinea Velen., = Orbiliaster Dennis, = Orbiliella Kirschst.), Hyalorbilia Baral & Marson 2001 (c. 20 species). Three further, very small genera are still undescribed.

Anamorphic states: Anguillospora Ingold, Arthrobotrys Corda (= Candelabrella Rifai & R.C. Cooke, = Didymozoophaga Soprunov & Galiulina, = Duddingtonia R.C. Cooke, = Geniculifera Rifai, = Monacrosporiella Subram., = Monacrosporium Oudem., = Nematophagus Mekht., = Woroninula Mekht.), Dactylella Grove, Dactylellina M. Morelet (= Dactylosporium Mekht., = Kafiaddinia Mekht., = Laridospora Nawawi), Dicranidion Harkn. (= Pedilospora H?hn.), Drechslerella Subram. (= Dactylariopsis Mekht., = Golovinia Mekht.), Dwayaangam Subram., Gamsylella Scholler et al., ?Helicoon Morgan, Lecophagus M.W. Dick, Tridentaria Preuss, Trinacrium Riess (= Retiarius D.L. Olivier).
(H.-O. Baral, O.E. Eriksson, G. Marson & E. Weber 2003-01-07, updated 2003-01-15).

3592. Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral
The new order Orbiliales and class Orbiolomycetes were proposed in Note 3591. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences support this new order and class. See Pfister (1997), Sugiyama (1998), Winka & Eriksson (2000), Tehler et al. (2000) - Notes 3028 (Orbiliaceae), 3395 (Orbiliomycetes). Harrington et al. (1999) used Orbilia as an outgroup in a phylogenetic study of the Pezizales, as their analyses of sequences from various discomycete taxa had placed Orbilia as the sister group to the Pezizales. The new class is based on all these molecular studies and on the unique set of morphological characters.

Many signature sequences giving further support to this classification will probably be discovered in various genes. We have performed a comparative study of the end-loop in stem-loop E23-1 in SSU rDNA from a large number of ascomycetes (stem-loop numbers as in Neefs et al. 1993) and found that all members of Orbiliomycetes have the sequence CTAACC in this loop and that signature could only be found in a few unrelated taxa.

Signatures in ascomycete classes.
The following are the nucleotides in the end-loop of stem-loop E23-1 with the most common signature in the class in the middle column, and the number of sequences with that signature in the third column:

A S C O M Y C O T A
Taphrinomycotina
Neolectomycetes cTAACg 2
Pneumocystidomycetes GAAAGG, AAGTTG 1 + 1
Schizosaccharomycetes *1* cGCAAg 3+2?
Taphrinomycetes *2* cTAACg 18

Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycetes *3* TTTTT, etc. 30

Pezizomycotina
Arthoniomycetes CTCACC 16
Chaetothyriomycetes *4* CTAATC, etc. 32
Dothideomycetes *5* CTCACC, etc. 77
Eurotiomycetes *6* and Note 3590 CTCACC, etc. 39
Laboulbeniomycetes CTCACC 1
Lecanoromycetes *7* CTCACC, etc. 75
Leotiomycetes *8* CTCACC, etc. 102
Orbiliomycetes *12* CTAACC 21
Pezizomycetes *9* and Note 3593 CTCACC, etc. 67
Sordariomycetes *10* CTCACC, etc. 125
Spathulosporomycetes no sequences publ. yet --- ---
Inc.sed. *11* CTCACC 3

Comments on exceptions in the list:
Taphrinomycotina:
*1* The signatures in sequences from two strains of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus differ from each other (CGCAAAG and CGAA--) and both also from three sequences from S. pombe (cGCAAg).
*2* SSU rDNA sequences from all true members of Taphrinomycetes have the signature cTAACg (except the yeast Saito?lla complicata, which has cTCACg). Neolectomycetes also has cTAACg, which has not been found in any other ascomycete class (except 3 spp. in Helvellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes; see Note 3593). It differs in only one position from the signature in Orbiliomycetes.

Saccharomycotina:
*3* Saccharomycetes has a great variation in the end-loop of E23-1, usually with many T:s, but none of the variants resembles the signatures in any other ascomycetes. However, very similar ones are seen in basidiomycete sequences. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has TTTTT. Some examples of other signatures: CTATG, ATCTTT and ATTTTT.

Pezizomycotina:
In 7 of the 11 classes the dominating signature sequence is CTCACC. Exceptions occur in at least the following cases:
*4* In Chaetothyriomycetes most species have CTAATC, but there are several other variants. CTAACA (Exophiala calicioides AB007655), cTAATg (Exophiala dermaditidis X80702), CTCACC (two Sarcinomyces species, S. crustaceus Y11355, S. petricola Y18702), CTCATC (Capronia pilosella U42473, Exophiala castellanii X78480). Members of the Verrucariales appear to differ from all other ascomycetes in a very large end-loop, containing also bases in the helix and the bulges closest to the end-loop in other ascomycetes.
*5* cTCACg (Phaeosphaeria eustoma AF053732, error?), CTTACC (Melanomma pulvispyrius AF164369, error?),
*6* CTCATC (1), cTCACg (8), cTTAGCg (1), TTCACC (1), TTCGCC (1), tTCGCg (15), - (for more comments, see Note 3590, Eurotiomycetes).
*7* CTAACC (Diploschistes 4, Toninia 1), CTCACA (Graphis scripta AF038878-AF038879), cTCACg (Coenogonium disjunctum AF465458)
*8* cTCACg (Chalazion helveticum AF061716), cTCGCg (members of Thelebolaceae, except Chalazion), TTCACC (Amylocarpus encephaloides U45438, a deviating member of Leotiomycetes)
*9* cTTCTg (Pachyphloeus melanoxanthus AF054899), CTCCTC (Scabropezia scabrosa AF133158), CTCATC (all members of Ascobolaceae). The Helvellaceae deviate from other members of the class in shorter end-loop in most of the species (see Note 3593, Pezizomycetes).
*10* CTGACC (Melanospora fallax U47842, error?), CTAATC (Phialophora verrucosa L36999, contaminant from Chaetothyriomycetes?)
*11* CTAACC (Symbiotaphrina, 3)
*12* In Orbiliomycetes all 21 sequences studied have CTAACC, which is a strong evidence for a close relationship between the taxa in that class. The alternative, random mutations from C to A in the third position in CTCACC during the evolution of each separate species is utterly improbable. The same signature as in Orbiliomycetes (CTAACC) was found in three other groups, viz. Symbiotaphrina (Ascomycota inc. sed.), Diploschistes (Thelotremataceae, Ostropales), and Toninia (Bacidiaceae, Lecanorales).

1. Symbiotaphrina contains yeast-like endosymbiotic fungi (in beetles) with uncertain affinities (K. Winka in Eriksson & Hawksworth1997, Jones et al. 1999). We performed a BLAST search for the 50 most closely related sequences to SSU rDNA from Symbiotaphrina kochi. That search did not list one single member of the Orbiliomycetes among the species with the 50 most similar sequences, and the presence of the same signature sequence is no more indication of a close relationship between the two taxa than the wings in birds and bats.

2. Diploschistes species are lichens that belong in the order Ostropales. Other members of the order have the following signature sequences: CTCACC (Conotrema, Petractis, Stictis) and CTCACA (Graphis). There is no doubt about the close relationship between these taxa, which morphologically differ considerably from Orbiliomycetes, and the signature CTAACC has certainly evolved at different occasions in the two groups.

3. The same refers to Toninia sedifolia (AF091591) in Lecanorales (sequence confirmed by S. Ekman, pers. comm.). - (O.E. Eriksson & H.-O. Baral: 2003-01-07).

3616. Ostropales Nannf.
Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138) included members of Ostropales and Gyalectales in phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. They concluded that Gyalectales and also Trapeliaceae should be included in Ostropales s.lat. The authors did not discuss recent systems, and no major changes can be made before more taxa are included in phylogenetic analyses. - (2003-01-21).

3599. Patescospora Abdel-Wahab & El-Sharouney
Abdel-Wahab & El-Sharouney (in Pang et al 2002: 1033) described this new genus in the Aliquandostipitaceae (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes). The single species, P. separans Abdel-Wahab & El-Sharouney, differed morphologically in several respects from the two other genera in the family (Aliquandostipite and Jahnula): immersed to erumpent ascomata, shape of asci, hamathecium structure, deeply constricted ascospores with a thick and firm perispore layer. Molecular analysis indicated that the new genus is closely related to the two other genera in the family. - See Notes 3595 (Aliquandostipite) and 3598 (Jahnulales)! - (2003-01-15).

3617. Phaeosphaeria Miyake
C?mara et al. (2002: 630) studied sequences from the ITS region (incl. 5.8 S rDNA) from a large number of Phaeosphaeria and Leptosphaeria species. The results supported the separation of the two genera. "Peridial wall morphology, anamorph characteristics, and to a lesser extent host", were considered to be phylogeneticall significant at the generic level. This is in line with Holm?s (1957) morphological studies of the genera. - (2003-01-21).

3618. Peziza Fr.
Hansen et al. (2002: 879) performed thorough phylogenetic analyses of ITS region sequences from the core group of Peziza. - (2003-01-21).

3593. Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Studies on a signature region in SSU rDNA from various members of Ascomycota (see Note 3592, Orbiliomycetes) are of interest to the classification of the Pezizomycetes. The end-loop of E23-1 (number acc. to Neefs et al. 1993) has the following sequences in the families in the class (small letters = nucleotide bound in the helix at the endloop; number of sequences with the signature within parentheses):
Ascobolaceae CTCATC (5)
Helvellaceae cAAACg (1), cCAACg (8), cTAACg (3), CTCACC (3). CTCCAC (1)
All other fam. CTCACC (67), CTCCTC (1), cTTCTg (1).
- (O.E. Eriksson: 2003-01-07).

3594. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Smulian (2001: 145) reviewed new information on genetic diversity and cell biology in the genus Pneumocystis P. Delano? & Delano?. A single species, P. carinii P. Delano? & Delano?, with several formae speciales in alveoles of different mammals is currently recognized. Smulian stated that there are differences between these f. spp. in the DNA sequences of all genes studied and that agreement was reached at the International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists (2001) that they should be treated as separate species. More dramatic differences between these taxa were seen in the gene organisation and structure of two gene families, the MSG (major surface glycoprotein) and protease gene families. MSG are surface antigens and there are many in each host specific type of Pneumocystis and there was only 54-86% resemblance between the MSG genes from rat-, human-, mouse- and ferret-derived Pneumocystis. It had been demonstrated earlier that there are two different Pneumocystis taxa in rats. The nomenclature of Pneumocystis taxa was discussed by Eriksson (1994). Typification and valid description of the Pneumocystis spp. will probably be published in the near future (see Smulian 2001: 148).

Studies on a signature sequence in SSU rDNA in Ascomycota (see Note 3592, Orbiliomycetes) indicate that there are large differences in this signature region between different strains of P. carinii, giving further support for recognizing Pneumocystis on different hosts as separate species. ). - (O.E. Eriksson: 2003-01-07).

3588. Radotinea Velen.
In the holotype material no apothecia could be found (Baral & Marson, in prep.). Judging from the illustration to the protologue (Velenovsky? 1934: 298, figs. 57, 58, 70), the type species R. caudata Velen. is a clear synonym of Orbilia aristata (Velen.) Velen. (= O. occulta Rehm ss. auct.). Thus Radotinea becomes a synonym of Orbilia Fr. - (H.-O. Baral: 2002-12-27).

3619. Schizosaccharomyces Lindner
Hawksworth (2002: 386) commented on the fact that Schizosaccharomyces pombe is the second fungus of which the whole genome has been sequenced. See Wood et al. (2002: 871). - (2003-01-21).

3620. Spathulariopsis Maas Geest.
Spathulariopsis Maas Geest. is a synonym of Spathularia. - See Note 3608 (Cudonia)! - (2003-01-21).

3621. Sulcispora Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
C?mara et al. (2002: 630) studied sequences from the ITS region (incl. 5.8 S rDNA) from a large number of Phaeosphaeria species. They found that Sulcispora pleurospora (Niessl) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. nested within Phaeosphaeria in phylogenetic analyses. They suggested that Sulcispora (in clade 4) should be treated as a synonym of Phaeosphaeria with the type species in clade 1. - (2003-01-21).

3589. Tapesina Lamb.
The very rare type species of this monotypic genus, Tapesina griseovitellina (Fuckel) H?hn., was redescribed in detail by Baral (2002) on the basis of rich fresh collections using vital characters. The connection to the associated hyphomycete Chalara rubi could be established by the observation that the large phialoconidia of the Chalara germinate with the very same small phialides which also occur on the overmature ascospores of the teleomorph. Tapesina has previously been placed in the Arachnopezizeae mainly because of the presence of a subiculum, but was now proposed to be transferred to relationship of Calycellina due to the presence of yellow, elongate, refractive vacuoles in the living paraphyses, a violet stain of the ascospore wall in cresyl blue, and the Chalara anamorph. The abundant subiculum, the long corkscrew-like brownish hairs on the margin, and the presence of rhomboid crystals in the medullary excipulum separate Tapesina from Calycellina. - (H.-O. Baral: 2002-12-27).

3622. Tazzetta (Cooke) Lambotte
Yao & Spooner (2002: 1243) followed Dennis who pointed out that the generic name Tarzetta (Pezizales) has to be corrected to Tazzetta, as that was the original spelling used by Cooke. - (2003-01-21).

3623. Trapeliaceae M. Choisy ex Hertel
Kauff & Lutzoni (2002: 138) included this family in Ostropales s.lat. It is currently treated as a synonym of Agyriaceae (Eriksson et al. 2001), which was not mentioned by the authors. Two members of the Agyriaceae, Placopsis perrugosa Nyl. and Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch, were included in the study. A broader selection of Agyriaceae should be sequenced and included in analyses before any changes in the current classification can be made. There are, for instance, not yet any rDNA sequences from the type or any other species of Agyrium. - (2003-01-21).

Acknowledgements

The authors of Note 3591 (Orbiliales) are grateful to Prof. Lennart Holm (Uppsala) for revising the Latin diagnosis in the Note. Ove Eriksson thanks a group of students (Lina Ahnby, Sekura Netterling, Emma Persbo, David Tingstr?m, Mikaela Torp, Elisabeth Wall?n) for stimulating discussions during an Orbiliales taxonomy project at Umea University.

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3580. Caloscyphaceae Harmaja
3581. Lobariaceae Chevall.
3582. Megaspora (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner & V. Wirth
3583. Ameghiniella Speg.
3584. Diplocarpa Massee
3585. Hyalorbilia Baral & G. Marson
3586. Ionomidotis Durand
3587. Microspora Velen. 1934
3588. Radotinea Velen.
3589. Tapesina Lamb.
3590. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3591. Orbiliales Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber
3592. Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral
3593. Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3594. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
3595. Aliquandostipite Inderbitzin
3596. Aliquandostipitaceae Inderbitzin
3597. Jahnula Kirschst.
3598. Jahnulales Pang, Abdel-Wahab, El-Sharouney, E.B.G. Jones & Sivichai
3599. Patescospora Abdel-Wahab & El-Sharouney
3600. Amauroascus J. Schr?t.
3601. Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn
3602. Auxarthron G.F. Orr & Kuehn
3603. Baeomycetales nom. nud.
3604. Boedijnopeziza S. Ito & S. Imai
3605. Coenogonium Ehrenb.
3606. Coenogoniaceae (Fr.) Stizenb.
3607. Cookeina Kuntze
3608. Cudonia Fr.
3609. Decorospora Inderbitzin, Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
3610. Dimerella Trevis.
3611. Dioicomyces Thaxt.
3612. Gyalectales Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
3613. Lepraria Ach.
3614. Leproloma Nyl. ex Cromb.
3615. Lichenostigma Hafellner
3616. Ostropales Nannf.
3617. Phaeosphaeria Miyake
3618. Peziza Fr.
3619. Schizosaccharomyces Lindner
3620. Spathulariopsis Maas Geest.
3621. Sulcispora Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
3622. Tazzetta (Cooke) Lambotte
3623. Trapeliaceae M. Choisy ex Hertel

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