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Loengrin Umaña and Harrie Sipman published the first Costa Rican lichen field guide (edited by INBio). The guide includes more than 50 species, with colour photographs throughout, descriptions, and data on distribution and ecology. Harrie Sipman is also preparing an account on lichen species occurring in the Costa Rican paramo region (above 3,000 m), as a chapter in Martin Kapelle's upcoming book on the Costa Rican paramo. Thus far, the list includes more than 220 taxa. Additional contributions to the foliicolous lichen flora will be published soon by Robert Lücking, including the genera Strigula, Porina, and Byssoloma. A Flora Neotropica monograph on foliicolous lichens by the same author is also forthcoming, including some 400 species occurring in Costa Rica. Furthermore, we have started to produce Rapid Color Guides for foliicolous lichens, including many species occurring in Costa Rica. The first set (RCG #130), including 100 photographs, is an introduction and features almost all known genera with representative species. The main set is currently under work and will include some 1000 pictures. We are also preparing a first set for non-foliicolous lichens from Costa Rica, comprising some 180 species in 150 genera. The same set of taxa will also be used for the second edition of the Costa Rica lichen field guide. On top of that, we are now preparing the first descriptions of about 30 new taxa found during the three field trips.

The following publications have so far resulted from the TICOLICHEN project:

GRUBE, M., LÜCKING, R. & UMAÑA TENORIO, L. (2004). A new isidiate species of Arthonia (Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae) from Costa Rica. Mycologia 96: 1157-1160.

CHAVES, J. L., LÜCKING, R., SIPMAN, H. J. M., UMAÑA TENORIO, L. & NAVARRO, E. (2004). A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: the genus Dictyonema (Polyporales: Atheliaceae). The Bryologist 107: 242-249.

LÜCKING, R., SIPMAN, H. J. M. & UMAÑA TENORIO, L. (2004). TICOLICHEN – The Costa Rican lichen biodiversity inventory as a model for lichen inventories in the tropics. The 5th IAL Sym-posium 'Lichens in Focus', August 2004, Tartu (Estonia). Posterabstracts (in press).

Below follows a preliminary (still incomplete) list of publications relevant to the lichen biota of Costa Rica:

AHTI, T. (2000). Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 78. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

APTROOT, A. (1991). A monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia (lichenized and non-lichenized Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 44: 1-178.

ARVIDSSON, L. (1982). A monograph of the lichen genus Coccocarpia. Opera Botanica 67: 1-96.

AWASHTI, D. D. (1975). A monograph of the lichen genus Dirinaria. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 2: 1-108 + maps/plates.

AWASHTI, D. D. & JOSHI, M. (1979). The lichen genera Helminthocarpon, Cyclographa, and Cyclographina (gen. nov.). Norwegian Journal of Botany 26: 165-177.

BARCLAY-ESTRUP, P. (1992). Lichens of Cocos nucifera on Caye Caulker, Belize. Lichenologist 24: 249-254.

BRAKO, L. (1991). Phyllopsora (Bacidiaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 55. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

BREUSS, O. (2000). Flechten aus Costa Rica. I. Regenwald der Österreicher (Bosque Esquinas). Linzer Biologische Beitrage 32: 1043-1051.

CULBERSON, C. F., CULBERSON, W. L. & JOHNSON, A. (1977). Thermally induced chemical artifacts in lichens. Phytochemistry 16: 127-130.

CULBERSON, C. F. & CULBERSON, W. L. (1978). B-Orcinol derivatives in lichens: biogenetic evidence from Oropogon loxensis. Experimental Mycology 2: 245-257.

DEGELIUS, G. (1962). Studies in the lichen family Collemataceae. III. On some American species. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 56: 145-155.

DEGELIUS, G. (1974). The lichen genus Collema with special reference to the extra-European species. Symbolae Botanica Upsalienses 20: 1-215.

DIBBEN, M. J. (1981). Preliminary List of Lichens Collected in Costa Rica (IAL Foray 1978-79). Unpublished report, Section for Botany, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee (Wisconsin), U.S.A.

DIEDERICH, P. (1996). The lichenicolous Heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 61: 1-198.

DODGE, C. W. (1933). The foliose and fruticose lichens of Costa Rica I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 20: 373-467.

DODGE, C. W. (1936). Lichens of the G. Allan Hancock expedition of 1934, collected by W. R. Taylor. The Hancock Pacific Expeditions 3(3): 33-46.

EGEA, J. M. & TORRENTE, P. (1993). Cresponea, a new genus of lichenized fungi in the order Arthoniales (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 48: 301-331.

EGEA, J. M. & TORRENTE, P. (1993). Restitución del género de hongos liquenizados Catarraphia Massal. Cryptogamie, Bryologie Lichénologie 14: 329-335.

EGEA, J. M. & TORRENTE, P. (1993). The lichen genus Bactrospora. Lichenologist 25: 211-255.

EGEA, J. M. & TORRENTE, P. (1994). El género de hongos liquenizados Lecanactis (Ascomycotina). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 54: 1-205.

FARLOW, W. G. (1902). Thallophytes and musci of the Galapagos Islands. Lichenes. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 38: 83-89, 261.

FLENNIKEN, D. (1996). Tropical lichens in the University of Northern Iowa Herbarium. Evansia 13: 78.

GALLOWAY, D. J. & ARVIDSSON, L. (1990). Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (Lichens) II. Ecuadorean species. Lichenologist 22: 103-135.

GALLOWAY, D. J. & JØRGENSEN, P.-M. (1987). Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae II. The genus Leioderma Nyl. Lichenologist 19: 345-400.

GIERL, C. & KALB, K. (1993). Die Flechtengattung Dibaeis. Eine Übersicht über die rosafrüchtigen Arten von Baeomyces sens. lat. nebst Anmerkungen zu Phyllobaeis gen. nov. Herzogia 9: 593-645.

GÓMEZ, L. D. (1972). Los basidioliquenes de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical 20: 81-92.

GRÜNINGER, W. & MONGE-NÁJERA, J. (1988). Use of the temperate lichen Hypogymnia physodes (Parmeliaceae) to evaluate air pollution in the tropics. Revista de Biología Tropical 36: 545-547.

GUDERLEY, R. (1999). Die Lecanora subfusca-Gruppe in Süd- und Mittelamerika. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 87: 131-257.

HAFELLNER, J. (1979). Karschia. Revision einer Sammelgattung an der Grenze von lichenisierten und nichlichenisierten Ascomyceten. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 62: 1-248.

HAFELLNER, J. (1981). Monographie der Flechtengattung Letrouitia (Lecanorales, Teloschistineae). Nova Hedwigia 35: 645-729.

HAFELLNER, J. (1993). Die Gattung Pyrrhospora in Europa. Eine erste Übersicht mit einem Bestimmungsschlüssel der Arten nebst Bemerkungen zu einigen aussereuropäischen Taxa (lichenisierte Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). Herzogia 9: 725-747.

HAFELLNER, J. (1995): Über Piccolia, eine lichenisierte Pilzgattung der Tropen (Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 58: 107-122.

HAFELLNER, J. (1997). A world monograph of Brigantiaea (lichenized Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). In Tibell, L., & Hedberg, I. (eds.). Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson: 35-74. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

HAFELLNER, J. & ROGERS, R. W. (1990). Maronina - a new genus of lichenised ascomycetes (Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae) with multispored asci. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38: 99-108.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1959). New or interesting Parmelias from North and tropical America. The Bryologist 62: 123-132.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1960). A revision of the South American species of Parmelia determined by Lynge. Contributions From The United States National Herbarium 36: 1-41.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1961). The occurrence of Lobaria amplissima (Hoffm.) Schreb. in tropical America. Lichenologist 1: 266-267.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1965). A monograph of Parmelia subgenus Amphigymnia. Contributions From the United States National Herbarium 36: 193-358.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1965). Studies on the Parmelia borreri group. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 59: 37-48.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1968). A synopsis of the lichen genus Pseudevernia. The Bryologist 71: 1-11.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1971). Five new Parmeliae from tropical America. Phytologia 22: 30-35.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1972). New species of Parmelia sect. Hypotrachyna (Lichenes). Phytologia 22: 433-438.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1972). Typification of species in the lichen family Thelotremataceae described by Acharius. Bot. Not. 125: 186-198.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1972). Studies on the lichen family Thelotremataceae. 2. Phytologia 27: 490-501.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1974). Notes on species of Parmotrema (Lichenes: Parmeliaceae) containing yellow pigments. Mycotaxon 1: 105-116.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1974). New species of Parmelia (lichens) from tropical America 1. Phytologia 28: 265-271.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1975). A revision of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in tropical America. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 25: 1-73.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1975). A monograph of the lichen genus Relicina (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 26: 1-32.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1976). A monograph of the lichen genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 31: 1-62.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1976). A monograph of the lichen genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 32: 1-29.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1976). A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelina Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 33: 1-60.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1977). New species in the lichen genus Parmotrema Mass. Mycotaxon 5: 432-448.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1978). A revision of the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Panama. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 38: 1-60.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1980). Generic delimitation in the lichen family Thelotremataceae. Mycotaxon 11: 130-138.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1980). Taxonomy and distribution of the Parmelia flaventior group (lichens: Parmeliaceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 47: 75-84.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1987). New or interesting species of Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliacee). Mycotaxon 30: 319-334.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1989). A new lichen genus, Psiloparmelia Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 35: 41-44.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1990). A synopsis of the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 74: 1-250.

HALE, M. E. Jr. (1990). New species of Parmotrema (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) from tropical America. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38: 109-119.

HALE, M. E. Jr. & FLETCHER, A. (1990). Rimelia Hale & Fletcher, a new lichen genus (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). The Bryologist 93: 23-29.

HALE, M. E. Jr. & LOPEZ-FIGUEIRAS, M. (1978). New species of Everniastrum and Hypotrachyna from South America (Lichenes: Parmeliaceae). The Bryologist 81: 590-593.

HALE, M. E. JR. & KUROKAWA, S. (1964). Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia. Contributions From the United States National Herbarium 36: 1121-191.

HALE, M. E. JR. & WIRTH, M. (1971). Notes on Parmelia subgenus Everniiformes with descriptions of six new species. Phytologia 22: 36-40.

HENSSEN, A. (1963). Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 18(1): 1-123.

HENSSEN, A. (1981). A corticolous species of Gyalectidium from Costa Rica. Lichenologist 13: 155-160.

HENSSEN, A. (1986). The genus Paulia (Lichinaceae). Lichenologist 18: 201-229.

HENSSEN, A. (1995). Psoroglaena costaricensis, a new lichen from Costa Rica, and remarks on other taxa of the genus Psoroglaena (Verrucariaceae). Bibliotheca Lichenologica: 199-210.

JØRGENSEN, P.-M. (1989). Omphalina foliacea, a new basidiolichen from America. Nordic Journal of Botany 9: 89-95.

JØRGENSEN, P. M. (1997). Further notes on hairy Leptogium species. In Tibell, L. & Hedberg, I. (eds.). Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson: 113-130. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala.

JØRGENSEN, P.-M. (1998). Acantholichen pannarioides, a new basidiolichen from South America. The Bryologist 101: 444-447.

JØRGENSEN, P.-M. (2000). New or interesting Parmeliella species from the Andes and Central America. Lichenologist 32: 139-147.

KALB, K. & VEZDA, A. (1988). Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechtenfamilie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 29: 1-80.

KAPPELLE, M. & SIPMAN, H. J. M. (1992). Foliose and fruticose lichens of Talamanca montane Quercus forests, Costa Rica. Brenesia 37: 51-58.

LAMB, M. & WARD, A. (1974). A preliminary conspectus of the species attributed to the imperfect lichen genus Leprocaulon Nyl. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 38: 499-553.

LETROUIT-GALINOU, M.-A. (1957). Revision monographique du genre Laurera (Lichens, Trypéthéliacées). Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique 25: 207-264

LUMBSCH, H. T., PLÜMPER, M., GUDERLEY, R. & FEIGE, G. B. (1997). The corticolous species of Lecanora sensu stricto with pruinose apothecial discs. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 32(1): 131-161.

MARBACH, B. (2000). Corticole und lignicole Arten der Flechtengattung Buellia sensu lato in den Subtropen und Tropen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 74: 1-384.

MCCARTHY, P. M. (2000). Key to the saxicolous taxa of Porina. Lichenologist 32: 1-13.

MENDEZ, O. I. & FOURNIER, L. A. (1980). Los líquenes como indicatores de la contaminación atmosférica en el área metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical 28: 31-39.

MOBERG, R. (1990). The lichen genus Physcia in Central and South America. Nordic Journal of Botany 10: 319-342.

MÜLLER ARGOVIENSIS, J. (1891). Lichenes. In Durand, T. & Pittier, H. (eds.), Primitiae Florae Costaricensis. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 30: 49-97.

MÜLLER ARGOVIENSIS, J. (1894 "1893"). Lichenes. In Durand, T. & Pittier, H. (eds.), Primitiae Florae Costaricensis. Séconde énumération. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 32: 122-173.

NYLANDER, W. 1877. Lichenes, Ach. In Polakowsky, H. Bryophytas et cormophytas costaricenses anno 1875 lectas. The Journal of Botany 15: 225-226.

SÉRUSIAUX, E. (1985). Goniocysts, goniocystangia and Opegrapha lambinonii and related species. Lichenologist 17: 1-25.

SÉRUSIAUX, E. (1995). Further new lichen species producing campylidia or complex conidiomata. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 58: 411-431.

SIPMAN, H. J. M. (1983). A monograph of the lichen family Megalosporaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 18: 1-241.

SIPMAN, H. J. M. (1990). Lichenotheca Latinoamericana a museo botanico berolinensi edita, fasciculum primum. Willdenowia 19: 543-551.

STAIGER, B. & KALB, K. (1995). Haematomma-Studien. I. Die Flechtengattung Haematomma. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 59: 1-198.

STAIGER, B. & KALB, K. (1999). Acanthothecis and other graphidioid lichens with warty periphysoids or paraphysis-tips. Mycotaxon 73: 69-134.

TIBELL, L. (1982). Caliciales of Costa Rica. Lichenologist 14: 219-254.

TIBELL, L. (1984). Caliciales Exsiccatae. Fasc. IV (No. 76-100). Publ. Herb. Univ. Uppsala 12: 1-9.

TIBELL, L. (1996). Caliciales. Flora Neotropica Monograph 69. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

TIBELL, L. & KALB, K. (1992). Calicium in the tropical and subtropical Americas. Nova Hedwigia 55: 11-36.

TRIEBEL, D., RAMBOLD, G. & ELIX, J. A. (1995). A conspectus of the genus Phacopsis (Lecanorales). The Bryologist 98: 71-83.

VASCONCELOS, I. A. & XAVIER FILHO, L. (1981). Estudo químico de Teloschistes flavicans var. costaricensis Xavier Filho var. nov. Bol. Soc. Broteriana, ser. 2, 55: 87-93.

VEZDA, A. (1985). Schedae ad Lichenes Selecti Exsiccati Editi ab Instituto Botanico Academiae Scientiarum Cechoslovacae, Pruhonice prope Pragam. Fasc. LXXXI (no. 2001-2025): 1-7.

VEZDA, A. (1994). Neue foliicole Flechten II. Nova Hedwigia 58: 123-143.

VEZDA, A. (1998). Schedae ad Lichenes Rariores Exsiccati. Fasc. 38 (no. 371-380): 1-4.

VICENTE, C., LEGAZ, M. E., PAULO, M. Q. & XAVIER FILHO, L. (1984). Chemical differences between two ecotypes of Parmelia tinctorum. Phyton (Buenos Aires) 44: 121-124.

VITIKAINEN, O. (1994). Notes on some Peltigera of the Neotropics. Acta Botanica Fennica 150: 217-221.

VITIKAINEN, O. (1998). Taxonomic notes on neotropical species of Peltigera. In Marcelli, M. P. & Seaward, M. R. D. (eds.). Lichenology in Latin America: History, Current Knowledge and Applications: 135-139. CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental), São Paulo, Brazil.

WEBER, W. A. (1993). Additions to the Galapagos and Cocos Islands lichen and bryophyte floras. The Bryologist 96: 431-434.

WETMORE, C. (1960). The lichen genus Nephroma in North and Middle America. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 1: 373-452.

WIRTH, M. & HALE, M. E Jr. (1963). The lichen family Graphidaceae in Mexico. Contributions From The United States National Herbarium 36: 63-119.

YOSHIMURA, I. (1995). The lichen genus Anzia (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) in Central and South America. In Daniels, F. J. A., Schulz, M. & Peine, J. (eds.). Flechten Follmann. Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard Follmann: 377-387. Geobotanical and Phytotaxonomical Study Group, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne.

YOSHIMURA, I. (1998). Lobaria in Latin America: taxonomic, geographic and evolutionary aspects. In Marcelli, M. P. & Seaward, M. R. D. (eds.). Lichenology in Latin America: History, Current Knowledge and Applications: 129-134. CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental), São Paulo, Brazil.


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